Mushaf View — Surah 2 2:250

When the faithful party, who were few under the command of Talut, faced their enemy, who were many under the command of Jalut,
قَالُواْ رَبَّنَآ أَفْرِغْ عَلَيْنَا صَبْرًا
(they invoked: "Our Lord! Pour forth on us patience...") meaning, send down patience on us from You.
وَثَبِّتْ أَقْدَامَنَا
(and set firm our feet) meaning, against the enemy and save us from running away and from feebleness,
وَانصُرْنَا عَلَى الْقَوْمِ الْكَـفِرِينَ
(and make us victorious over the disbelieving people.)
Allah said:
فَهَزَمُوهُم بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ
(So they routed them by Allah's leave) meaning, they defeated and overwhelmed them by Allah's aid and support. Then,
وَقَتَلَ دَاوُودُ جَالُوتَ
(and Dawud killed Jalut)
Israelite accounts claimed that (Prophet) David killed Goliath with a slingshot that he had, which he launched at Goliath causing his death.
Talut promised that whoever killed Jalut, would marry his daughter and would share his kingship and authority. He kept his promise. Later, the kingship was transferred to Prophet Dawud in addition to being granted Prophethood by Allah. So, Allah said:
وَآتَـهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ
(...and Allah gave him (Dawud) the kingdom) that Talut had and,
وَالْحِكْــمَةِ
(and Al-Hikmah) that comes with the prophethood, meaning, after Shamwil. Allah then said:
وَعَلَّمَهُ مِمَّا يَشَآءُ
(and taught him of that which He willed.) meaning, what He willed of the knowledge that He bestowed on (Prophet) Dawud.
Next, Allah said:
وَلَوْلاَ دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُم بِبَعْضٍ لَفَسَدَتِ الأَرْضُ
(And if Allah did not check one set of people by means of another, the earth would indeed be full of mischief.)
This Ayah indicates that if it were not for the fact that Allah checks one set of people with another, such as when Talut and the bravery of Dawud helped the Children of Israel (against Goliath), then people would have perished. Similarly, Allah said:
وَلَوْلاَ دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لَّهُدِّمَتْ صَوَمِعُ وَبِيَعٌ وَصَلَوَتٌ وَمَسَـجِدُ يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا اسمُ اللَّهِ كَثِيراً
(For had it not been that Allah checks one set of people by means of another, monasteries, churches, synagogues, and Masjids, wherein the Name of Allah is mentioned much, would surely, have been pulled down.) (22:40)
Allah then said:
وَلَـكِنَّ اللَّهَ ذُو فَضْلٍ عَلَى الْعَـلَمِينَ
(But Allah is full of bounty to the `Alamin (mankind, Jinn and all that exists)) meaning, by His mercy and favor He fixes some of them by some others. Surely, Allah has the wisdom, the supreme authority and the clear proof against His creation in all of His actions and statements.
Allah said:
تِلْكَ آيَـتُ اللَّهِ نَتْلُوهَا عَلَيْكَ بِالْحَقِّ وَإِنَّكَ لَمِنَ الْمُرْسَلِينَ
(These are the verses of Allah, We recite them to you (O Muhammad ) in truth, and surely, you are one of the Messengers (of Allah).)
This Ayah states, `These Ayat (verses) of Allah that We have narrated for you in truth conform to the exact manner that these stories have occurred and to the truth that still remain in the (Divine) Books that the scholars of the Children of Israel have and know. Allah said: O Muhammad,
وَأَنَّكَ
(you are)
لَمِنَ الْمُرْسَلِينَ
(one of the Messengers (of Allah)) emphatically stating the truth of his prophethood

(And when they went into the field against Goliath and his hosts they) those who believed (said: Our Lord! Bestow on us endurance) honour us by bestowing patience on us, (make our foothold sure) in war, (and give us victory against the disbelieving folk) Goliath and his people.

So when they went forth against Goliath and his troops facing them in military columns they said ‘Our Lord pour out upon us patience and make firm our feet by strengthening our hearts for this struggle and grant us victory over the disbelieving folk!’

Verse 249: قَالَ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ مُبْتَلِيكُم بِنَهَرٍ (He said: Allah is going to test you by a
river).
The wisdom behind this test, as perceived by this humble commentator, appears to be as follows. Not difficult to imagine is the excitement created on such occasions but there are not many who would stay firm in their hour of trial. And should such a time come, the weakness shown by such people becomes contagious making others panic as well. Allah Almighty willed that such people be pruned out. This purpose was accomplished by this test, which is very appropriate, because steadfastness is necessary in fighting. So, being patient, when water is made available without asking in a state of intense thirst, is a proof of steadfastness, and dashing for water is a proof of its absence. Later on comes the unusual: Those who drank too much water became mysteriously more incapacitated. This has appeared in Ruh al-Ma'ani on the authority of Ibn Abi Haim from Ibn ` Abbas ؓ . Now the events and sayings mentioned in this story tell us that there were three kinds of people among them:
(1) The weak in faith who failed to make the grade in their hour of
trial.
(2) The perfect who fully succeeded in their trial but did feel concerned about how low they were in numbers.
(3) The most perfect who did not bother even about that.

What is essential to gain a victory in any such encounter is that the participants must have the capacity to persevere, whatever the odds, and must obey their leader. Saul forbade his soldiers to drink water from the river in order to test their obedience and perseverence. According to the Bible, only 600 out of the whole army were able to refrain from drinking water. Those who could not resist drinking it were confirmed in their moral weakness. That was why they were all the more terrified at the sight of the apparently strong army of their enemies. But those who had not drunk the river water had by their obedience confirmed their patience and endurance. Then they realized that God alone brought defeat or granted victory. In the words of the Bible, ‘Then all this assembly shall know that the Lord does not save with sword and spear, for the battle is the Lord’s and He will give you into our hands’ (1 Samuel,
17:47
).