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فَوَسۡوَسَ إِلَیۡهِ ٱلشَّیۡطَـٰنُ قَالَ یَـٰۤءَادَمُ هَلۡ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَىٰ شَجَرَةِ ٱلۡخُلۡدِ وَمُلۡكࣲ لَّا یَبۡلَىٰ ۝١٢٠
fawaswasa ilayhi l-shayṭānu qāla yāādamu hal adulluka ʿalā shajarati l-khul'di wamul'kin lā yabl
Ta Ha / Ta Ha (20:120)
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Abdel Haleem

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But Satan whispered to Adam, saying, ‘Adam, shall I show you the tree of immortality and power that never decays?’
fawaswasa ilayhi l-shayṭānu qāla yāādamu hal adulluka ʿalā shajarati l-khul'di wamul'kin lā yabl

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Tafsir Commentary

The Story of Adam and Iblis Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "Verily, man was named Insan only because he was given a covenant, but he forgot it (Nasiya)." `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported the same from Ibn `Abbas. Mujahid and Al-Hasan said that he forgot means, "He abandoned it." Concerning Allah's statement, وَإِذْ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلَـئِكَةِ اسْجُدُواْ لاًّدَمَ (And when We said to the angels: "Prostrate yourselves to Adam.") He, Allah mentions how Adam was honored and what respect was given to him. He mentions how He favored him over many of those whom He created. A discussion of this story has already preceded in Surat Al-Baqarah, Surat Al-A`raf, Surat Al-Hijr and Surat Al-Kahf. It will also be mentioned again at the end of Surah Sad. In this story, Allah mentions the creation of Adam and that He commanded the angels to prostrate to Adam as a sign of honor and respect. He also explains the enmity of Iblis for the Children of Adam and for their father, Adam, before them. Due to this Allah says, فَسَجَدُواْ إِلاَّ إِبْلِيسَ أَبَى (They prostrated themselves (all) except Iblis; he refused.) This means that he refrained from prostrating and became arrogant. فَقُلْنَا يـَادَمُ إِنَّ هَـذَا عَدُوٌّ لَّكَ وَلِزَوْجِكَ (Then We said: "O Adam! Verily, this is an enemy to you and to your wife...") here wife refers to Hawwa'. فَلاَ يُخْرِجَنَّكُمَا مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ فَتَشْقَى (So let him not get you both out of Paradise, so that you will be distressed.) meaning, `Do not be hasty in doing something that will get you expelled from Paradise, or else you will be fatigued, discomforted and worried, seeking your sustenance. But here, in Paradise, you live a life of ease with no burdens and no difficulties.' إِنَّ لَكَ أَلاَّ تَجُوعَ فِيهَا وَلاَ تَعْرَى (Verily, you will never be hungry therein nor naked.) The reason that Allah combined hunger and nakedness is because hunger is internal humiliation, while nakedness is external humiliation. وَأَنَّكَ لاَ تَظْمَؤُا فِيهَا وَلاَ تَضْحَى (And you (will) suffer not from thirst therein nor from the sun's heat.) These two characteristics are also opposites. Thirst is the internal heat and being parched from lack of water, while the suns heat is the external heat. فَوَسْوَسَ إِلَيْهِ الشَّيْطَـنُ قَالَ يـَادَمُ هَلْ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَى شَجَرَةِ الْخُلْدِ وَمُلْكٍ لاَّ يَبْلَى (Then Shaytan whispered to him, saying: "O Adam! Shall I lead you to the Tree of Eternity and to a kingdom that will never waste away") It has already been mentioned that he caused them to fall through deception. وَقَاسَمَهُمَآ إِنِّي لَكُمَا لَمِنَ النَّـصِحِينَ (And he swore by Allah to them both: "Verily, I am one of the sincere well-wishers for you both.") 7:21 It has already preceded in our discussion that Allah took a promise from Adam and his wife that although they could eat from every fruit, they could not come near a specific tree in Paradise. However, Iblis did not cease prodding them until they both had eaten from it. It was the Tree of Eternity (Shajarat Al-Khuld). This meant that anyone who ate from it would live forever and always remain. A Hadith has been narrated which mentions this Tree of Eternity. Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi reported from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, «إِنَّ فِي الْجَنَّةِ شَجَرَةً يَسِيرُ الرَّاكِبُ فِي ظِلِّهَا مِائَةَ عَامٍ مَا يَقْطَعُهَا، وَهِيَ شَجَرَةُ الْخُلْد» (Verily, in Paradise there is a tree which a rider can travel under its shade for one hundred years and still not have passed it. It is the Tree of Eternity.) Imam Ahmad also recorded this narration. Concerning Allah's statement, فَأَكَلاَ مِنْهَا فَبَدَتْ لَهُمَا سَوْءَتُهُمَا (Then they both ate of the tree, and so their private parts became manifest to them,) Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ubayy bin Ka`b said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, «إِنَّ اللهَ خَلَقَ آدَمَ رَجُلًا طُوَالًا كَثِيرَ شَعْرِ الرَّأْسِ، كَأَنَّهُ نَخْلَةُ سَحُوقٍ،فَلَمَّا ذَاقَ الشَّجَرَةَ سَقَطَ عَنْهُ لِبَاسُهُ، فَأَوَّلُ مَا بَدَا مِنْهُ عَوْرَتُهُ، فَلَمَّا نَظَرَ إِلَى عَوْرَتِهِ جَعَلَ يَشْتَدُّ فِي الْجَنَّةِ، فَأَخَذَتْ شَعْرَهُ شَجَرَةٌ فَنَازَعَهَا، فَنَادَاهُ الرَّحْمَنُ: يَا آدَمُ مِنِّي تَفِرُّ، فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ كَلَامَ الرَّحْمَنِ قَالَ: يَا رَبِّ لَا، وَلَكِنِ اسْتِحْيَاءً، أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ تُبْتُ وَرَجَعْتُ أَعَائِدِي إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ؟ قَالَ: نَعَم» (Verily, Allah created Adam as a tall man with an abundance of hair on his head. He looked like a clothed palm tree. Then, when he tasted (the fruit of) the tree, his clothes fell off of him. The first thing that became exposed was his private parts. So when he noticed his nakedness, he tried to run back into Paradise. However, in the process a tree caught hold of his hair (i.e. his hair was tangled in a tree), so he ripped his hair out. Then, the Most Beneficent called out to him saying, "O Adam, are you fleeing from me" When he heard the Words of the Most Beneficent, he said, "No my Lord, but I am ashamed. If I repent and recant would You let me return to Paradise" Allah replied, "Yes.") This is the meaning of Allah's statement, فَتَلَقَّى ءَادَمُ مِن رَّبِّهِ كَلِمَاتٍ فَتَابَ عَلَيْهِ a(Then Adam received from his Lord Words. And his Lord pardoned him.) 2:37 However, this narration has a break in the chain of transmission between Al-Hasan and Ubayy bin Ka`b. Al-Hasan did not hear this Hadith from Ubayy. It is questionable as to whether this narration can be correctly attributed to the Prophet . Allah said, وَطَفِقَا يَخْصِفَانِ عَلَيْهِمَا مِن وَرَقِ الْجَنَّةِ (And they began to cover themselves with the leaves of the Paradise for their covering. ) Mujahid said, "They patched the leaves on themselves in the form of a garment." Qatadah and As-Suddi both said the same. Concerning Allah's statement, فَأَكَلاَ مِنْهَا فَبَدَتْ لَهُمَا سَوْءَتُهُمَا وَطَفِقَا يَخْصِفَانِ عَلَيْهِمَا مِن وَرَقِ الْجَنَّةِ وَعَصَى ءَادَمُ رَبَّهُ فَغَوَى - ثُمَّ اجْتَبَـهُ رَبُّهُ فَتَابَ عَلَيْهِ وَهَدَى (Thus Adam disobeyed his Lord, so he went astray. Then his Lord chose him, and turned to him with forgiveness, and gave him guidance.) Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Prophet said, «حَاجَّ مُوسَى آدَمَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: أَنْتَ الَّذِي أَخْرَجْتَ النَّاسَ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ بِذَنْبِكَ وَأَشْقَيْتَهُمْ؟ قَالَ آدَمُ: يَا مُوسَى، أَنْتَ الَّذِي اصْطَفَاكَ اللهُ بِرِسَالَاتِهِ وَبِكَلَامِهِ، أَتَلُومُنِي عَلَى أَمْرٍ كَتَبَهُ اللهُ عَلَيَّ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَنِي أَوْ قَدَّرَهُ اللهُ عَلَيَّ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَنِي؟ قال رسول اللهصلى الله عليه وسلّم: فَحَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى» (Musa argued with Adam and he said to him, "Are you the one who got mankind expelled from Paradise because of your sin and you caused them grief!" Adam replied, "Are you the one whom Allah chose for His Divine Messages and His direct Speech Are you blaming me for a matter that Allah wrote upon me before He created me") Then, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, (Thus, Adam defeated Musa.) This Hadith has various routes of transmission in the Two Sahihs as well as the Musnad collections.
Then Satan whispered to him saying ‘O Adam shall I guide you to the Tree of Immortality which gives everlasting life to the one who eats thereof and a kingdom that does not waste away?’ that does not perish while he remains immortal.
فوسوس الشيطان لآدم وقال له: هل أدلك على شجرة، إن أكلت منها خُلِّدتَ فلم تمت، وملكت مُلْكًا لا ينقضي ولا ينقطع؟
وقوله "فوسوس إليه الشيطان قال يا آدم هل أدلك على شجرة الخلد وملك لا يبلى" قد تقدم أنه دلاهما بغرور وقاسمهما إني لكما لمن الناصحين وقد تقدم أن الله تعالى عهد إلى آدم وزوجه أن يأكلا من كل الثمار ولا يقربا هذه الشجرة المعينة في الجنة فلم يزل بهما إبليس حتى أكلا منها وكانت شجرة الخلد يعني التي من أكل منها خلد ودام مكثه وقد جاء في الحديث ذكر شجرة الخلد فقال أبو داود الطيالسي حدثنا شعبة عن أبي الضحى سمعت أبا هريرة يحدث عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال " إن في الجنة شجرة يسير الراكب في ظلها مائة عام ما يقطعها وهي شجرة الخلد " ورواه الإمام أحمد.
ثم بين - سبحانه - أن آدم - عليه السلام - مع هذه النصائح والتحذيرات لم يستطيع أن يستمر على الاستجابة لنهى ربه إياه عن الأكل من الشجرة ، بل تغلب عليه ضعفه فاستمع إلى مكر الشيطان ، قال - تعالى - : ( فَوَسْوَسَ إِلَيْهِ الشيطان قَالَ ياآدم هَلْ أَدُلُّكَ على شَجَرَةِ الخلد وَمُلْكٍ لاَّ يبلى ) .والوسوسة : الخطرة الرديئة ، وأصلها من الوسواس ، وهو صوت الحلى ، والهمس الخفى . والوسواس - بكسر الواو الأولى - مصدر وبفتحها الاسم وهو من أسماء الشيطان ، كما قال - تعالى - : ( قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ الناس مَلِكِ الناس إله الناس مِن شَرِّ الوسواس الخناس الذى يُوَسْوِسُ فِي صُدُورِ الناس مِنَ الجنة والناس ) ويقال : وسوس فلان إلى فلان ، أى : أوصلها إليه ، ووسوس له ، أى : من أجله . أى فأوصل الشيطان وسوسته إلى آدم ، وأنهاها إليه ، بأن قال له : يا آدم ، هل أدلك على الشجرة التى من أكل منها عاش مخلدا لا يدركه الموت وصار صاحب ملك لا يفنى ، ولا يصبح باليا ابدا .وناداه باسمه ، ليكون أكثر إقبالا عليه ، وأمكن فى الاستماع إليه .وعرض عليه ما عرض فى صورة الاستفهام الذى بمعنى الحث والحض ، ليشعره بأنه ناصح له وحريض على مصلحته ومنفعته .ثم أكد كل هذا التحريض بالقسم كما فى قوله - تعالى - : ( وَقَاسَمَهُمَآ إِنِّي لَكُمَا لَمِنَ الناصحين ) فكانت نتيجة مكره بآدم وخداعه له ، أن أطاعه فى الأكل من الشجرة كما قال - تعالى - : ( فَأَكَلاَ مِنْهَا ).
وقوله ( فَوَسْوَسَ إِلَيْهِ الشَّيْطَانُ ) يقول: فألقى إلى آدم الشيطان وحدّثه ( قَالَ يَا آدَمُ هَلْ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَى شَجَرَةِ الْخُلْدِ ) يقول: قال له: هل أدلك على شجرة إن أكلت منها خلدت فلم تمت، وملكت ملكا لا ينقضي فيبلى.كما حدثني موسى، قال: ثنا عمرو، قال: ثنا أسباط، عن السديّ( قَالَ يَا آدَمُ هَلْ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَى شَجَرَةِ الْخُلْدِ وَمُلْكٍ لا يَبْلَى ) إن أكلت منها كنت مَلكا مثل الله أَوْ تَكُونَا مِنَ الْخَالِدِينَ فلا تموتان أبدا.
( فوسوس إليه الشيطان قال ياآدم هل أدلك على شجرة الخلد ) يعني على شجرة إن أكلت منها بقيت مخلدا ، ( وملك لا يبلى ) لا يبيد ولا يفنى .
فَوَسْوَسَ إِلَيْهِ الشَّيْطَانُ قَالَ يَا آَدَمُ هَلْ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَى شَجَرَةِ الْخُلْدِ وَمُلْكٍ لَا يَبْلَى (120)قوله { فوسوس إليه الشيطان } تقدم مثله في الأعراف . والفاء لتعقيب مضمون جملتها على مضمون التي قبلها ، وهو تعقيب نسبي بما يناسب مدّة تقلب في خلالها بخيرات الجنة حتى حسده الشيطان واشتد حسده .وتعدية فعل ( وسوس ) هنا بحرف ( إلى ) وباللام في سورة الأعراف ( 20 ) { فوسوس لهما الشيطان } باعتبار كيفية تعليق المجرور بذلك الفعل في قصد المتكلّم ، فإنه فعل قاصر لا غنى له عن التعدية بالحرف ، فتعديته بحرف ( إلى ) هنا باعتبار انتهاء الوسوسة إلى آدم وبلوغها إياه ، وتعديته باللاّم في الأعراف باعتبار أن الوسوسة كانت لأجلهما .وجملة { قَالَ يَا آدَمِ } [ طه : 117 ] بيان لجملة { فوسوس لهما الشيطان }. وهذه الآية مثال للجملة المبيّنة لغيرها في علم المعاني .وهذا القول خاطر ألقاه الشيطان في نفس آدم بطريق الوسوسة وهي الكلام الخفي؛ إما بألفاظ نطق بها الشيطان سراً لآدم لئلا يطّلع عليه الملائكة فيحذروا آدم من كيد الشيطان ، فيكونُ إطلاق القول عليه حقيقة؛ وإما بمجرد توجه أراده الشيطان كما يوسوس للناس في الدنيا ، فيكون إطلاق القول عليه مجازاً باعتبار المشابهة .و { هَلْ أدُلُّكَ } استفهام مستعمل في العَرض ، وهو أنسب المعاني المجازية للاستفهام لقربه من حقيقته .والافتتاح بالنداء ليتوجه إليه .والشجرة هي التي نهاه الله عن الأكل منها دون جميع شجر الجنّة ، ولم يُذكر النهي عنها هنا وذكر في قصة سورة البقرة . وهذا العرض متقدم على الإغراء بالأكل منها المحكي في قوله تعالى في سورة الأعراف ( 20 ) { قال ما نهاكما ربكما عن هذه الشجرة إلا أن تكونا ملكين أو تكونا من الخالدين } ، ولم يدله الشيطان على شجرة الخلد بل كذبه ودله على شجرة أخرى بآية أن آدم لم يخلّد ، فحصل لآدم توهم أنه إذا أكل من الشجرة التي دله عليها الشيطان أن يخلد في الحياة .والدلالة : الإرشاد إلى شيء مطلوب غير ظاهر لطالبه ، والدلالة على الشجرة لقصد الأكل من ثمرتها .وسماها هنا شجرة الخلد } بالإجمال للتشويق إلى تعيينها حتى يُقبِل عليها ، ثم عيّنها له عقب ذلك بما أنبأ به قوله تعالى : { فأكلا منها } [ طه : 121 ].وقد أفصح هذا عن استقرار محبّة الحياة في جبلة البشر .والمُلك : التحرر من حكم الغير ، وهو يوهم آدم أنه يصير هو المالك للجنة المتصرّف فيها غير مأمور لآمر .واستعمل البِلى مجازاً في الانتهاء ، لأنّ الثوب إذا بلي فقد انتهى لبسه .
تفسير الآيتين 120 و121 :ـولكنه نهاه عن أكل شجرة معينة فقال: { وَلَا تَقْرَبَا هَذِهِ الشَّجَرَةَ فَتَكُونَا مِنَ الظَّالِمِينَ } فلم يزل الشيطان يسول لهما، ويزين أكل الشجرة، ويقول: { هَلْ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَى شَجَرَةِ الْخُلْدِ } أي: الشجرة التي من أكل منها خلد في الجنة. { وَمُلْكٍ لَا يَبْلَى } أي: لا ينقطع إذا أكلت منها، فأتاه بصورة ناصح، وتلطف له في الكلام، فاغتر به آدم، وأكلا من الشجرة فسقط في أيديهما، وسقطت كسوتهما، واتضحت معصيتهما، وبدا لكل منهما سوأة الآخر، بعد أن كانا مستورين، وجعلا يخصفان على أنفسهما من ورق أشجار الجنة ليستترا بذلك، وأصابهما من الخجل ما الله به عليم.
قوله تعالى : فوسوس إليه الشيطان تقدم في ( الأعراف ) . قال يعني الشيطان يا آدم هل أدلك على شجرة الخلد وملك لا يبلى وهذا يدل على المشافهة ، وأنه دخل الجنة في جوف الحية . على ما تقدم في ( البقرة ) بيانه ، وتقدم هناك تعيين الشجرة ، وما للعلماء فيها فلا معنى للإعادة
God kept Adam, with his spouse, in paradise, where he was freely and amply provided with all the necessities of life – food, clothing, water and shelter. Adam was not required to do anything in return for these blessings, unlike in the present world where man has to earn all these things by his own hard labour. In paradise, the fruit of a certain tree was prohibited for Adam. But Satan came and described to him the eternal advantages of this fruit. Adam, influenced by what he said, ate it, then immediately felt that he was naked. This was symbolic of the fact that God had instantly withdrawn the guarantee of providing him with sustenance without his having to earn it by his own labour. Thereafter, on his supplication and repentance, he was pardoned. However, he was removed from a world where God’s bounty had been freely given and sent to a world where he had to earn his living by the sweat of his brow. Such was the beginning of human existence on this earth.
فَوَسْوَسَ إِلَيْهِ الشَّيْطَانُ قَالَ يَا آدَمُ هَلْ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَىٰ شَجَرَ‌ةِ الْخُلْدِ وَمُلْكٍ لَّا يَبْلَىٰ ﴿120﴾ فَأَكَلَا مِنْهَا فَبَدَتْ لَهُمَا سَوْآتُهُمَا وَطَفِقَا يَخْصِفَانِ عَلَيْهِمَا مِن وَرَ‌قِ الْجَنَّةِ ۚ وَعَصَىٰ آدَمُ رَ‌بَّهُ فَغَوَىٰ (Then the Shaitan instigated him...And 'Adam disobeyed his Lord and erred- 120, 121.) Here it is pertinent to ask that when Allah had specifically told Sayyidna 'Adam and Sayyidah Hawwa' (علیہما السلام) to abstain from a particular tree or to eat any part of its yield, and had also warned them to beware of shaitan's machinations who was their sworn enemy who would do his best to seduce them and thus cause their expulsion from Paradise, why then, despite all the warnings and admonitions, did Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) let himself fall into the trap laid out for him by the shaitan. His action clearly constituted disobedience of the commands of Allah and were, therefore, acts of sin. There is consensus among scholars that the prophets of Allah are immune from all sins - minor or major, and Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) was a prophet of Allah! So how may one explain his action of eating the fruit of the forbidden tree when Allah had warned him in such clear terms? An answer to all these questions will be found in the commentary of Surah Al-Baqarah which also explains the use of the words عِصٰی (to disobey) and غَوٰی (to err) in reference to Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) . According to the divine Islamic law the action of Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) did not constitute a sin but because he was a prophet of Allah and in His high favour therefore this minor lapse on his part has been described as عِصیَان (disobedience) for which he was admonished by Allah. A further point here is that the word غَوٰی has two meanings: One is "to be deprived" and the other is "to err", or "to go astray". Al-Qushairi and Al-Qurtubi have adopted the first meaning of the word and have explained this verse by saying that as a punishment for his lapse Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) was deprived of the comforts which were available to him in the Paradise and as a result his life became harsh and bitter. It is incumbent on Muslims to show reverence to the prophets of Allah when referring to them Qadi Abu Bakr Ibn Al-` Arabi (رح) when discussing the word عَصٰی (disobeyed) etc. in reference to Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) in his book Ahkam-ul-Qur'an has made an important observation which is reproduced below in his own words: لا یجوز لاحدنا الیوم ان یخبر بذلک عن اٰدم الَّا اذا ذکرناہ فی اثناء قولہٖ تعالیٰ عنہ او قول نَبِیّہ، فامّا ان یبتدیء ذالک من قبل نفسہٖ فلیس بجایٔز لنا فی ابایٔنا الاذنین الینا المماثلین لنا فکیف فی ابینا الاقدام الاعظم الاکرم النّبی المقدّم الذی عذرہ اللہ سبحانہ و تعالیٰ و تاب علیہ وغفرلہ (تفسیر قرطبی و ذکرہ فی البحر المحیط ایضاً ) Today it is not permissible for any of us to use the word عِصیَان (disobedience) in relation to Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) except when it has been used with reference to this verse or to a Hadith of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . When indeed it is not desirable to use this word in relation to our own not-too-distant ancestors, who were like us, how can it be permissible in relation to Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) who is the father of all mankind and more deserving of respect than our own ancestors? Besides he is a revered prophet of Allah whose excuse He accepted and forgave him for his lapse. For such a person the use of the word of (disobedience) is totally forbidden. The same views have been expressed by Qushairi Abu Nasr.
(But the Devil whispered to him) to eat of the tree, (saying: O Adam! Shall I show thee the tree of immortality) whoever eats from it will live for ever and shall never die (and power that wasteth not away) and will remain holding on to a power that will never cease?