By the Mount that is the name of the mountain on which God spoke to Moses
أقسم الله بالطور، وهو الجبل الذي كلَّم الله سبحانه وتعالى موسى عليه، وبكتاب مكتوب، وهو القرآن في صحف منشورة، وبالبيت المعمور في السماء بالملائكة الكرام الذين يطوفون به دائمًا، وبالسقف المرفوع وهو السماء الدنيا، وبالبحر المسجور المملوء بالمياه.
سورة الطور: قال مالك عن الزهري عن محمد بن جبير بن مطعم عن أبيه سمعت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يقرأ فى المغرب بالطور فما سمعت أحدا أحسن صوتا أو قراءة منه أخرجاه من طريق مالك وقال البخاري حدثنا عبدالله بن يوسف أخبرنا مالك عن محمد بن عبدالرحمن بن نوفل عن عروة عن زينب بنت أبي سلمة عن أم سلمة قالت شكوت إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أني أشتكي فقال "طوفي من وراء الناس وأنت راكبة" فطفت ورسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يصلي إلى جنب البيت يقرأ بالطور وكتاب مسطور. يقسم تعالى بمخلوقاته الدالة على قدرته العظيمة أن عذابه واقع بأعدائه وأنه لا دافع له عنهم فالطور هو الجبل الذي يكون فيه أشجار مثل الذي كلم الله عليه موسى وأرسل منه عيسى وما لم يكن فيه شجر لا يسمى طورا إنما يقال له جبل.
افتتح الله - تعالى - هذه السورة الكريمة بالقسم خمسة أشياء هى من أعظم مخلوقاته ، للدلالة على كمال قدرته ، وبديع صنعته ، وتفرد ألوهيته . . . فقال - سبحانه - : ( والطور ) والمراد به جبل الطور ، والمشار إليه فى قوله - تعالى - : ( والتين والزيتون وَطُورِ سِينِينَ ) قال القرطبى : والطور : اسم الجبل الذى كلم الله - تعالى - عليه موسى ، أقسم الله به تشريفا وتكريما له ، وتذكيرا لما فيه من الآيات . . . وقيل : إن الطور اسم لكل جبل أنبت ، ومالا ينبت فليس بطور .
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَالطُّورِ (1)يعني تعالى ذكره بقوله: (والطور) : والجبل الذي يُدعى الطور.وقد بيَّنت معنى الطور بشواهده، وذكرنا اختلاف المختلفين فيه فيما مضى بما أغْنى عن إعادته في هذا الموضعوقد حدثني محمد بن عمرو، قال: ثنا أبو عاصم, قال: ثنا عيسى; وحدثني الحارث, قال: ثنا الحسن, قال: ثنا ورقاء جميعا, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد, في قول الله تبارك وتعالى: (والطور) قال الجبل بالسُّريانية.
مكية( والطور ) أراد به الجبل الذي كلم الله تعالى عليه موسى عليه السلام بالأرض المقدسة ، أقسم الله تعالى به .
وَالطُّورِ (1(القَسَم للتأكيد وتحقيق الوعيد . ومناسبة الأمور المقسم بها للمقسم عليه أن هذه الأشياء المقسم بها من شؤون بعثه موسى عليه السلام إلى فرعون وكان هلاك فرعون ومن معه من جراء تكذيبهم موسى عليه السلام .و { الطور } : الجبل باللغة السريانيّة قاله مجاهد . وأدخل في العربية وهو من الألفاظ المعربة الواقعة في القرآن .وغلب علَماً على طور سينا الذي ناجى فيه موسى عليه السلام ، وأنزل عليه فيه الألواح المشتملة على أصول شريعة التوراة .فالقسم به باعتبار شرفه بنزول كلام الله فيه ونزول الألواح على موسى وفي ذكر الطور إشارة إلى تلك الألواح لأنها اشتهرت بذلك الجبل فسميت طور المعرّب بتوراة .وأما الجبل الذي خوطب فيه موسى من جانب الله فهو جبل حُوريب واسمه في العربية ( الزّبير ( ولعله بجانب الطور كما في قوله تعالى : { آنس من جانب الطور ناراً } وتقدم بيانه في سورة القصص ( 29 ( ، وتقدم عند قوله تعالى : { ورفعنا فوقكم الطور } في سورة البقرة ( 63 ( .والقَسَم بالطور توطئة للقسم بالتوراة التي أنزل أولها على موسى في جبل الطور .
يقسم تعالى بهذه الأمور العظيمة، المشتملة على الحكم الجليلة، على البعث والجزاء للمتقين والمكذبين، فأقسم بالطور الذي هو الجبل الذي كلم الله عليه نبيه موسى بن عمران عليه الصلاة والسلام، وأوحى إليه ما أوحى من الأحكام، وفي ذلك من المنة عليه وعلى أمته، ما هو من آيات الله العظيمة،ونعمه التي لا يقدر العباد لها على عد ولا ثمن.
سورة " والطور "مكية كلها في قول الجميع ، وهي تسع وأربعون آيةروى الأئمة عن جبير بن مطعم قال : سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقرأ بالطور في المغرب . متفق عليه .بسم الله الرحمن الرحيموالطورقوله تعالى : والطور الطور : اسم الجبل الذي كلم الله عليه موسى ; أقسم الله به تشريفا له وتكريما وتذكيرا لما فيه من الآيات ، وهو أحد جبال الجنة . وروى إسماعيل بن إسحاق قال : حدثنا إسماعيل بن أبي أويس ، قال : حدثنا كثير بن عبد الله بن عمرو بن عوف عن أبيه عن جده أنه قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : أربعة أجبل من جبال الجنة وأربعة أنهار من أنهار الجنة وأربعة ملاحم من ملاحم الجنة ، قيل : فما الأجبل ؟ قال : جبل أحد يحبنا ونحبه ، والطور جبل من جبال الجنة ، ولبنان جبل من جبال الجنة ، والجودي جبل من جبال الجنة وذكر [ ص: 56 ] الحديث ، وقد استوفيناه في كتاب " التذكرة " . قال مجاهد : الطور هو بالسريانية الجبل والمراد به طورسينا . وقاله السدي . وقال مقاتل بن حيان : هما طوران يقال لأحدهما : طور سينا والآخر طور زيتا ; لأنهما ينبتان التين والزيتون . وقيل : هو جبل بمدين واسمه زبير . قال الجوهري : والزبير الجبل الذي كلم الله عليه موسى عليه السلام .قلت : ومدين بالأرض المقدسة وهي قرية شعيب عليه السلام . وقيل : إن الطور كل جبل أنبت ، وما لا ينبت فليس بطور ; قاله ابن عباس . وقد مضى في " البقرة " مستوفى .
Mount Tur is that mountain in the desert of Sinai where Moses was awarded prophethood. The Scripture penned on unrolled parchment or the written Book (kitabun mastur) here means the Torah. The frequented house (al-bayt al-ma‘mur) means the Kabah. The lofty vaults of the sky or high roof (as-saqf al-marfu‘) means the sky. The swelling sea (al-bahr al-masjur) means a sea with waves. All these things bear testimony that the Day of seizure by God is certain to come. Almighty God has repeatedly given these very tidings through the prophets. This has also been mentioned in ancient holy scriptures. Heaven and earth announce this in their silent language. The waves of the sea relate this story to every listener.
Commentary
وَالطُّورِ (By the Mount Tur,....52:1) The word Tur in Hebrew means a mountain that has trees [ as opposed to jabal a mountain that does not have trees { Trn.}]. Here Tur stands for mount Sinai which is situated in the land of Madyan where the Holy Prophet Musa (علیہ السلام) had the honour of Allah's speaking to him. Some reports narrate that there are four mountains of Paradise in this world, and one of them is Tur (Qurtubi). Swearing an oath by Tur carries a special significance and honour of the mount. It also signifies that certain injunctions have been revealed by Allah for people to follow. Compliance with them is obligatory.
And from his narration on the authority of Ibn 'Abbas that he said concerning the interpretation of Allah's saying (By the Mount (wa't-Tur)): '(By the Mount) He says: Allah swears by the mount of Zubayr and every mount is a Tur as in the Syriac and Coptic languages, but Allah means here the mount whereon Allah spoke with Moses, and this mount is called the mount of Midian or Zubayr.
Which was revealed in Makkah
The Virtues of Surat At-Tur
Malik narrated that Jubayr bin Mut`im said, "I heard the Prophet reciting Surat At-Tur while praying Maghrib. Surely, I have never heard a more beautiful voice or recitation than his recitation." This Hadith is recorded in the Two Sahihs using a chain of narration that includes Malik. Al-Bukhari recorded that Umm Salamah said, "I complained of being ill to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and he said,
«طُوفِي مِنْ وَرَاءِ النَّاسِ وَأَنْتِ رَاكِبَة»
(Perform Tawaf (of the Ka`bah) behind the crowd, while you are riding.) So, I performed Tawaf while the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was praying beside the House, reciting At-Tur."
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
Allah swears that the Coming of Torment is Near
Allah swears by His creation, a testimony to His great ability, that His torment will surely befall His enemies; they will have no way of escaping it. At-Tur is the mount that has trees, similar to the mount where Allah spoke to Musa, while Musa was on it, and the mount on which Allah started the prophethood of `Isa. A mount that does not have trees is called Jabal, not Tur. Allah said,
وَكِتَـبٍ مُّسْطُورٍ
(And by the Book inscribed), it is said that it means Al-Lawh Al-Mahfuz, (the Preserved Table). It is also said that is refers to the divinely revealed inscribed Books that people recite, and this is why Allah said,
فِى رَقٍّ مَّنْشُورٍ - وَالْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ
(In parchment unrolled. And by Al-Bayt Al-Ma`mur.) In the Two Sahihs it is confirmed that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said in the Hadith about Al-Isra', after ascending to the seventh heaven:
«ثُمَّ رُفِعَ بِي إِلَى الْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ، وَإِذَا هُوَ يَدْخُلُهُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ سَبْعُونَ أَلْفًا، لَا يَعُودُونَ إِلَيْهِ آخِرَ مَا عَلَيْهِم»
(Then, I was taken to Al-Bayt Al-Ma`mur. It is visited every day by seventy thousand angels who will not come back to visit it again.) The angels worship Allah in Al-Bayt Al-Ma`mur and perform Tawaf around it just as the people of the earth perform Tawaf around the Ka`bah. Al-Bayt Al-Ma`mur is the Ka`bah of those who reside in the seventh heaven. During the Isra' journey, the Prophet saw Ibrahim Al-Khalil, who was reclining with his back on Al-Bayt Al-Ma`mur. It was Ibrahim who built the Ka`bah on earth, and surely, the reward is compatible with the action. Al-Bayt Al-Ma`mur is parallel to the Ka`bah; every heaven has its own house of worship, which is also the direction of prayer for its residents. The house that is located in the lower heaven, is called Bayt Al-`Izzah. And Allah knows best. The statement of Allah the Exalted,
وَالسَّقْفِ الْمَرْفُوعِ
(And by the roof raised high.) Sufyan Ath-Thawri, Shu`bah, and Abu Al-Ahwas, all narrated from Simak, from Khalid bin `Ar`arah, from `Ali bin Abi Talib:
وَالسَّقْفِ الْمَرْفُوعِ
(And by the roof raised high) "Meaning the heaven." Sufyan added, "Then `Ali recited,
وَجَعَلْنَا السَّمَآءَ سَقْفاً مَّحْفُوظاً وَهُمْ عَنْ ءَايَـتِهَا مُعْرِضُونَ
(And We have made the heaven a roof, safe and well-guarded. Yet they turn away from its signs.)(21:32)" Similar was said by Mujahid, Qatadah, As-Suddi, Ibn Jurayj, Ibn Zayd and preferred by Ibn Jarir. The statement of Allah the Exalted,
وَالْبَحْرِ الْمَسْجُورِ
(And by the sea that is Masjur.) The majority say it refers to the oceans of the earth. Masjur, means, the sea will be kindled with fire on the Day of Resurrection just as Allah said in another Ayah,
وَإِذَا الْبِحَارُ سُجِّرَتْ
(And when the seas become as blazing fire.)(81:6) i.e., it will be kindled with fire and become a raging fire that surrounds the people in the gathering area, this was reported by Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib from `Ali bin Abi Talib. It was also reported from Ibn `Abbas, and it is the view of Sa`id bin Jubayr, Mujahid, `Abdullah bin `Ubayd bin `Umayr and others. Qatadah said, "Masjur is the `filled sea."' Ibn Jarir preferred this explanation saying, "The sea is not lit with fire now, so it is filled." Allah's statement;
إِنَّ عَذَابَ رَبِّكَ لَوَاقِعٌ
(Verily, the torment of your Lord will surely come to pass.) contains the subject of the vow, indicating that His torment will surely strike the disbelievers, as Allah stated in another Ayah;
مَّا لَهُ مِن دَافِعٍ
(There is none that can avert it.) indicating that when Allah decides to send the torment upon them, none can prevent it or stop it from striking them. Al-Hafiz Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Ad-Dunya recorded that Ja`far bin Zayd Al-`Abdi said, "One night, in Al-Madinah, `Umar went out investigating the welfare of Muslims and passed by the house of a man who was standing in voluntary prayer. `Umar stood quietly, listening to his recitation; the man was reciting,
وَالطُّورِ
(By At-Tur), until he reached the Ayah,
إِنَّ عَذَابَ رَبِّكَ لَوَاقِعٌ - مَّا لَهُ مِن دَافِعٍ
(Verily, the torment of your Lord will surely come to pass. There is none that can avert it.) `Umar said, `By the Lord of the Ka`bah, this is a true vow.' `Umar dismounted his donkey and sat next to a wall for a while. He then went back to his house and fell ill for a month. During his illness, the people would visit him, not knowing what caused his illness." May Allah be pleased with `Umar.
Describing the Day of Torment, the Day of Resurrection
Allah said;
يَوْمَ تَمُورُ السَّمَآءُ مَوْراً
(On the Day when Tamur the heaven Mawr) Ibn `Abbas and Qatadah said: "Shaking violently." Also from Ibn `Abbas, "Split." Mujahid said: "Spin violently." Ad-Dahhak commented on the Ayah, saying, "The earth will violently spin and move by the command of Allah, and its areas will violently move towards each other." This was preferred by Ibn Jarir, because of the meaning of the word, Mawra, which denotes meanings of spinning and shaking. Allah said,
وَتَسِيرُ الْجِبَالُ سَيْراً
(And Tasir the mountains will Sayr.) will fade away and become scattered particles of dust blown away by the wind,
فَوَيْلٌ يَوْمَئِذٍ لِّلْمُكَذِّبِينَ
(Then woe that Day to those who denied), woe to them that Day as a result of Allah's torment, punishment and affliction that He will direct at them,
الَّذِينَ هُمْ فِى خَوْضٍ يَلْعَبُونَ
(Those who were in their falsehood, playing.) meaning, they live in this life in falsehood and make the religion the subject of their mockery and jest,
يَوْمَ يُدَعُّونَ
(The Day when they will be pushed down by force) meaning, they will be violently driven and shoved,
إِلَى نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ دَعًّا
(to the fire of Hell, with a horrible, forceful pushing.) Mujahid, Ash-Sha`bi, Muhammad bin Ka`b, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Ath-Thawri said that this Ayah means, "They will be violently shoved into the Fire." Allah said,
هَـذِهِ النَّارُ الَّتِى كُنتُم بِهَا تُكَذِّبُونَ
(This is the Fire, which you used to deny.) meaning, the angels of punishment will say these words to them, while admonishing and chastising them,
أَفَسِحْرٌ هَـذَا أَمْ أَنتُمْ لاَ تُبْصِرُونَ اصْلَوْهَا
(Is this magic or do you not see Enter therein) meaning, enter the Fire, `which will encircle you from every direction,'
فَاصْبِرُواْ أَوْ لاَ تَصْبِرُواْ سَوَآءٌ عَلَيْكُمْ
(and whether you are patient of it or impatient of it, it is all the same.) `whether you endure its torment and afflictions or not, you will never avert it or be saved from it,'
إِنَّمَا تُجْزَوْنَ مَا كُنتُمْ تَعْمَلُونَ
(You are only being requited for what you used to do.) and surely, Allah is never unjust with anyone. Most certainly, Allah recompenses each according to their deeds.
إِنَّ الْمُتَّقِينَ فِى جَنَّـتٍ وَنَعِيمٍ - فَـكِهِينَ بِمَآ ءَاتَـهُمْ رَبُّهُمْ وَوَقَـهُمْ رَبُّهُمْ عَذَابَ الْجَحِيمِ