The Command and the Wisdom behind the Law of Equality
Allah states: O believers! The Law of equality has been ordained on you (for cases of murder), the free for the free, the slave for the slave and the female for the female. Therefore, do not transgress the set limits, as others before you transgressed them, and thus changed what Allah has ordained for them. The reason behind this statement is that (the Jewish tribe of) Banu An-Nadir invaded Qurayzah (another Jewish tribe) during the time of Jahiliyyah (before Islam) and defeated them. Hence, (they made it a law that) when a person from Nadir kills a person from Quraizah, he is not killed in retaliation, but only pays a hundred Wasq of dates. However, when a person from Quraizah kills a Nadir man, he would be killed for him. If Nadir wanted (to forfeit the execution of the murderer and instead require him) to pay a ransom, the Quraizah man pays two hundred Wasq of dates double the amount Nadir pays in Diyah (blood money). So Allah commanded that justice be observed regarding the penal code, and that the path of the misguided and mischievous persons be avoided, who in disbelief and transgression, defy and alter what Allah has commanded them. Allah said:
كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى ۖ الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالْأُنثَىٰ بِالْأُنثَىٰ ۚ
(Al-Qisas (the Law of equality in punishment) is prescribed for you in case of murder: the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.)
Allah's statement:
الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالْأُنثَىٰ بِالْأُنثَىٰ ۚ
(the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.) was abrogated by the statement life for life (5:45). However, the majority of scholars agree that the Muslim is not killed for a disbeliever whom he kills. Al- Bukhari reported that `Ali narrated that Allah's Messenger ﷺ said:
«وَلَا يُقْتَلُ مُسْلِمٌ بِكَافِر»
(The Muslim is not killed for the disbeliever (whom he kills).)
No opinion that opposes this ruling could stand correct, nor is there an authentic Hadith to contradict it. However, Abu Hanifah thought that the Muslim could be killed for a disbeliever, following the general meaning of the Ayah (5:45) in Surat Al-Ma'idah (chapter 5 in the Qur'an).
The Four Imams (Abu Hanifah, Malik, Shafi`i and Ahmad) and the majority of scholars stated that the group is killed for one person whom they murder. `Umar said, about a boy who was killed by seven men, "If all the residents of San`a' (capital of Yemen today) collaborated on killing him, I would kill them all." No opposing opinion was known by the Companions during that time which constitutes a near Ijma` (consensus). There is an opinion attributed to Imam Ahmad that a group of people is not killed for one person whom they kill, and that only one person is killed for one person. Ibn Al-Mundhir also attributed this opinion to Mu`adh, Ibn Az-Zubayr, `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan, Az-Zuhri, Ibn Sirin and Habib bin Abu Thabit. Allah's statement:
فَمَنْ عُفِىَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَىْءٌ فَاتِّبَاعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَأَدَآءٌ إِلَيْهِ بِإِحْسَـنٍ
(But if the killer is forgiven by the brother (or the relatives) of the killed (against blood money), then it should be sought in a good manner, and paid to him respectfully.) refers to accepting blood money (by the relatives of the victim in return for pardoning the killer) in cases of intentional murder. This opinion is attributed to Abu Al-`Aliyah, Abu Sha`tha', Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, `Ata' Al-Hasan, Qatadah and Muqatil bin Hayyan. Ad-Dahhak said that Ibn `Abbas said:
فَمَنْ عُفِىَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَىْءٌ
(But if the killer is forgiven by the brother (or the relatives) of the killed (against blood money)) means the killer is pardoned by his brother (i.e., the relative of the victim) and accepting the Diyah after capital punishment becomes due (against the killer), this is the `Afw (pardon mentioned in the Ayah)." Allah's statement:
فَاتِّبَاعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ
(...then it should be sought in a good manner,) means, when the relative agrees to take the blood money, he should collect his rightful dues with kindness:
وَأَدَآءٌ إِلَيْهِ بِإِحْسَـنٍ
( and paid to him respectfully.) means, the killer should accept the terms of settlement without causing further harm or resisting the payment.
Allah's statement:
ذَلِكَ تَخْفِيفٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ وَرَحْمَةٌ
(This is an alleviation and a mercy from your Lord.) means the legislation that allows you to accept the blood money for intentional murder is an alleviation and a mercy from your Lord. It lightens what was required from those who were before you, either applying capital punishment or forgiving.
Sa`id bin Mansur reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "The Children of Israel were required to apply the Law of equality in murder cases and were not allowed to offer pardons (in return for blood money). Allah said to this Ummah (the Muslim nation):
كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى ۖ الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالْأُنثَىٰ بِالْأُنثَىٰ ۚ فَمَنْ عُفِيَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَيْءٌ
(The Law of equality in punishment is prescribed for you in case of murder: the free for the free, the servant for the servant, and the female for the female. But if the killer is forgiven by the brother (or the relatives) of the killed (against blood money),)
Hence, `pardoning' or `forgiving' means accepting blood money in intentional murder cases." Ibn Hibban also recorded this in his Sahih. Qatadah said:
ذَلِكَ تَخْفِيفٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ
(This is an alleviation from your Lord)
Allah had mercy on this Ummah by giving them the Diyah which was not allowed for any nation before it. The People of the Torah (Jews) were allowed to either apply the penal code (for murder, i.e., execution) or to pardon the killer, but they were not allowed to take blood money. The People of the Injil (the Gospel - the Christians) were required to pardon (the killer, but no Diyah was legislated). This Ummah (Muslims) is allowed to apply the penal code (execution) or to pardon and accept the blood money." Similar was reported from Sa`id bin Jubayr, Muqatil bin Hayyan and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas.
Allah's statement:
فَمَنِ اعْتَدَى بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَلَهُ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
(So after this whoever transgresses the limits, he shall have a painful torment.) means, those who kill in retaliation after taking the Diyah or accepting it, they will suffer a painful and severe torment from Allah. The same was reported from Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, `Ata' `Ikrimah, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, As-Suddi and Muqatil bin Hayyan.
The Benefits and Wisdom of the Law of Equality
Allah's statement:
وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَوةٌ
(And there is life for you in Al-Qisas) legislating the Law of equality, i.e., killing the murderer, carries great benefits for you. This way, the sanctity of life will be preserved because the killer will refrain from killing, as he will be certain that if he kills, he would be killed. Hence life will be preserved. In previous Books, there is a statement that killing stops further killing! This meaning came in much clearer and eloquent terms in the Qur'an:
وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَوةٌ
(And there is (a saving of) life for you in Al-Qisas (the Law of equality in punishment).)
Abu Al-`Aliyah said, "Allah made the Law of equality a `life'. Hence, how many a man who thought about killing, but this Law prevented him from killing for fear that he will be killed in turn." Similar statements were reported from Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Abu Malik, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Muqatil bin Hayyan. Allah's statement:
يأُولِي الأَلْبَـبِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ
(O men of understanding, that you may acquire Taqwa.) means, `O you who have sound minds, comprehension and understanding! Perhaps by this you will be compelled to refrain from transgressing the prohibitions of Allah and what He considers sinful. ' Taqwa (mentioned in the Ayah) is a word that means doing all acts of obedience and refraining from all prohibitions.
كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ إِن تَرَكَ خَيْرًا الْوَصِيَّةُ لِلْوَلِدَيْنِ وَالاٌّقْرَبِينَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُتَّقِينَ
In retaliation there is life for you that is great longevity O people of pith possessors of intellect because if the would-be killer knew that he would be killed in retaliation he would refrain from such action and would have thereby given life to himself and to the one whom he had intended to kill; and so it retaliation was stipulated by the Law so that you might fear killing fearing retaliation.
There is for you [in retaliation], in God's compensating you in the manner mentioned, a great life, that is, a life whose very essence cannot be described, O people of pith, that is, [O people] of intellect pure of the rind of illusion and the coverings of individual existences and physical bodies; such then is [the case with] this [principle of] retaliation, so that you might be wary, of neglecting it and so that you might adhere to it.
There is for you [in retaliation], in God's compensating you in the manner mentioned, a great life, that is, a life whose very essence cannot be described, O people of pith, that is, [O people] of intellect pure of the rind of illusion and the coverings of individual existences and physical bodies; such then is [the case with] this [principle of] retaliation, so that you might be wary, of neglecting it and so that you might adhere to it.
In retaliation there is life for you O people of pith so that you might fear. In carrying out the retaliation there is life because when one knows that if he kills he will himself be killed he refrains from killing. In this there is life for the one who kills and the one who is killed. But according to the allusive explanation there is greater life in aban- doning retaliation because when one has been annihilated in Him ������ He is the successor for him and his life from Him is more perfect for him than his remaining with himself. When God has inherited from them and succeeded them the remaining of the Successor is dearer than the life of the one who was annihilated.
In retaliation there is life for you O people of pith so that you might fear. In carrying out the retaliation there is life because when one knows that if he kills he will himself be killed he refrains from killing. In this there is life for the one who kills and the one who is killed. But according to the allusive explanation there is greater life in aban- doning retaliation because when one has been annihilated in Him ������ He is the successor for him and his life from Him is more perfect for him than his remaining with himself. When God has inherited from them and succeeded them the remaining of the Successor is dearer than the life of the one who was annihilated.
ولكم في تشريع القصاص وتنفيذه حياة آمنة -يا أصحاب العقول السليمة-؛ رجاء تقوى الله وخشيته بطاعته دائمًا.
وقوله "ولكم في القصاص حياة" يقول تعالى وفي شرع القصاص لكم وهو قتل القاتل حكمة عظيمة وهي بقاء المهج وصونها لأنه إذا علم القاتل أنه يقتل انكف عن صنيعه فكان في ذلك حياة للنفوس وفي الكتب المتقدمة: القتل أنفى للقتل فجاءت هذه العبارة في القرآن أفصح وأبلغ وأوجز "ولكم في القصاص حياة" قال أبو العالية جعل الله القصاص حياة فكم من رجل يريد أن يقتل فتمنعه مخافة أن يقتل وكذا روي عن مجاهد وسعيد بن جبير وأبي مالك والحسن وقتادة والربيع بن أنس ومقاتل بن حيان" يا أولى الألباب لعلكم تتقون" يقول يا أولي العقول والأفهام والنهى لعلكم تنزجرون وتتركون محارم الله ومآثمه والتقوى أسم جامع لفعل الطاعات وترك المنكرات.
هذا وقد نقل عن العرب ما يدل على أنهم تحدثوا عن حكمة القصاص ومن أقوالهم في هذا الشأن : " قتل البعض إحياء للجميع ، وأكثروا القتل ليقل القتل " وأجمعوا على أن أبلغ الأقوال التي عبروا بها عن هذا المعنى قولهم " القتل أنفى للقتل " وقد أجمع أولو العلم على أن قوله - تعالى - ( وَلَكُمْ فِي القصاص حَيَاةٌ ) أبلغ من هذه العبارة التي نطق بها حكماء العرب ، بمقدار ما بين كلام الخالق وكلام المخلوق ، وذكروا أن الآية تفوق ما نطق به حكماء العرب من وجوه كثيرة من أهمها :1 - أن الآية جعلت سبب الحياة القصاص وهو القتل على وجه التساوي ، أما العبارة العربية فقد جعلت سبب الحياة القتل ، ومن القتل ما يكون ظلماً ، فيكون سببا للفناء لا للحياة ، وتصحيح هذه العبارة أن يقال : القتل قصاصا أنفى للقتل ظلما .2 - أن الآية جاءت خالية من التكرار اللفظي ، فعبرت عن القتل الذي هو سبب الحياة بالقصاص . والعبارة كرر فيها لفظ القتل فمسها بهذا التكرار من القتل ما سلمت منه الآية .3 - أن الآية جعلت القصاص سبباً للحياة التي تتوجه إليها الرغبة مباشرة ، والعبارة العربية جعلت القتل سبباً لنفي القتل الذي تترتب عليه الحياة .4 - الآية مبنية على الإِثبات والمثل على النفي ، والإِثبات أشرف لأنه أول والنفي ثان له .5 - أن تنكير حياة في الآية يفيد تعظيماً ، فيدل على أن القصاص حياة متطاولة كما في قوله - تعالى - ( وَلَتَجِدَنَّهُمْ أَحْرَصَ الناس على حَيَاةٍ ) ولا كذلك المثل . فإن اللام فيه للجنس ، ولذا فسروا الحياة فيها بالبقاء .6 - تعريف ( القصاص ) بلام الجنس الدالة على حقيقة هذا الحكم المشتملة على الضرب والجرح والقتل - وغير ذلك ، والمثل لا يشمل ذلك .7 - أن الآية مع أفضليتها عن المثل من حيث البلاغة والشمول واللفظ والمعنى أقل حروفاً من المثل .هذه بعض وجوه أفضلية الآية على المثل ، وهناك وجوه أخرى ذكرها العلماء في كتبهم .وفي قوله : ( ياأولي الألباب ) تنبيه بحرف النداء على التأمل في حكمة القصاص .و ( الألباب ) : جمع لب وهو العقل الخالص من شوائب الأوهام ، أو العقل الذيك الذي يستبين الحقائق بسرعة وفطنة ، ويستخرج لطائف المعاني من مكانها ببراعة وحسن تصرف .وفي هذا النداء تنبيه على أن من ينكرون مصلحة القصاص وأثره النافع في تثبيت دعائم الأمن ، يعيشون بين الناس بعقول غير سليمة ، ولا يزال الناس يشاهدون في كل عصر ما يثيره القتل في صدور أولياء القتلى من أحقاد طاغية ، لولا أن القصاص يخفف من سطوتها لتمادت بهم في تقاطع وسفك دماء دون الوقوف عند حد .وختمت الآية بهذه الجملة التعليلية ( لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُون ) زيادة في إقناع نفوسهم بأمر القصاص ، أي : شرعنا لكم هذه الأحكام الحكيمة لتتقوا القتل حذراً من القصاص ، ولتعيشوا آمنين مطمئنين ، ومتوادين متحابين .وبهذا البيان الحكيم تكون الآيتان الكريمتان قد أرشدنا إلى ما يحمى النفوس ، ويحقن الدماء ، ويردع المعتدين عن الاعتداء ، ويغرس بين الناس معاني التسامح والإِخاء ، ويقيم حايتهم على أساس من الرحمة والعدالة وحسن القضاء .وبعد أن بين - سبحانه - ما يتعلق بالقصاص أتبعه بالحديث عن الوصية ، ليرشد الناس إلى ما ينبغي أن تكون عليه ، وليبطل ما كان من عوائد الجاهلية من وصايا جائرة فقال - تعالى - :( كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الموت . . . )
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَاةٌ يَا أُولِي الأَلْبَابِقال أبو جعفر: يعني تعالى ذكره بقوله: " ولكم في القصَاص حَياةٌ يا أولي الألباب "، ولكم يا أولي العقول، فيما فرضتُ عليكم وأوجبتُ لبعضكم على بعض، من القصاص في النفوس والجراح والشجاج، مَا مَنع به بعضكم من قتل بعض، وقَدَع بعضكم عن بعض، فحييتم بذلك، فكان لكم في حكمي بينكم بذلك حياة. (70)* * *واختلف أهل التأويل في معنى ذلك.فقال بعضهم في ذلك نحو الذي قلنا فيه.* ذكر من قال ذلك:2617- حدثني محمد بن عمرو قال، حدثنا أبو عاصم قال، حدثنا عيسى, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد في قوله: " ولكم في القصَاص حياةٌ يا أولي الألباب " قال، نكالٌ, تَناهٍ.2618- حدثنا أبو كريب قال، حدثنا ابن أبي زائدة, عن ورقاء, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد في قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " قال، نكالٌ, تَناهٍ.2619- حدثني المثنى قال: حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال، حدثنا شبل, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد مثله.2620- حدثنا بشر بن معاذ قال، حدثنا يزيد, عن سعيد, عن قتادة: " ولكم في القصاص حياة "، جعل الله هذا القصاص حياة، ونكالا وعظةً لأهل السفه والجهل من الناس. وكم من رجل قد هَمّ بداهية، لولا مخافة القصاص لوقع بها, ولكن الله حَجز بالقصاص بعضهم عن بعض؛ وما أمر الله بأمر قط إلا وهو أمر صلاح في الدنيا والآخرة، ولا نهي الله عن أمر قط إلا وهو أمر فساد في الدنيا والدين, والله أعلم بالذي يُصلح خَلقه.2621- حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا معمر, عن قتادة في قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة يا أولي الألباب " قال، قد جعل الله في القصاص حياة, إذا ذكره الظالم المتعدي كفّ عن القتل.2622- حدثت عن عمار بن الحسن قال، حدثنا ابن أبي جعفر, عن أبيه، عن الربيع قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " الآية, يقول: جعل الله هذا القصاص حياة وعبرة لكم. كم من رجل قد هَمّ بداهية فمنعه مخافة القصاص أن يقع بها! وإن الله قد حجز عباده بعضهم عن بعض بالقصاص.2623- حدثنا القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج, عن ابن جريج, عن مجاهد قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " قال، نكالٌ, تناهٍ. قال ابن جريج: حَياةٌ. مَنعةٌ.2624- حدثني يونس قال، أخبرنا ابن وهب قال، قال ابن زيد في قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " قال، حياةٌ، بقية. (71) إذا خاف هذا أن يُقتل بي كفّ عني, لعله يكون عدوًّا لي يريد قتلي, فيذكر أن يُقْتَل في القصاص, فيخشى أن يقتل بي, فيكفَّ بالقصاص الذي خافَ أن يقتل، لولا ذلك قتل هذا.2625- حدثت عن يعلى بن عبيد قال، حدثنا إسماعيل, عن أبي صالح في قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " قال، بقاء.* * *وقال آخرون: معنى ذلك: ولكم في القصاص من القاتل بقاء لغيره، لأنه لا يقتل بالمقتول غيرُ قاتله في حكم الله. وكانوا في الجاهلية يقتلون بالأنثى الذكر, وبالعبد الحرّ.* ذكر من قال ذلك:2626- حدثني موسى بن هارون قال، حدثنا عمرو بن حماد قال، حدثنا أسباط، عن السدي: " ولكم في القصاص حياة "، يقول: بقاء, لا يقتل إلا القاتل بجنايته.* * *وأما تأويل قوله: " يا أولي الألباب "، فإنه: يا أولي العقول." والألباب " جمع " اللب ", و " اللب " العقل.* * *وخص الله تعالى ذكره بالخطاب أهلَ العقول, لأنهم هم الذين يعقلون عن الله أمره ونهيه، ويتدبّرون آياته وحججه دونَ غيرهم.* * *القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ (179)قال أبو جعفر: وتأويل قوله: " لعلكم تتقون "، أي تتقون القصاص، فتنتَهون عن القتل، كما:-269- حدثني به يونس قال، أخبرنا ابن وهب قال، قال ابن زيد في قوله: " لعلكم تتقون " قال، لعلك تَتقي أن تقتله، فتقتل به.---------------------الهوامش :(70) قدعه يقدعه قدعًا : كفه . ومنه : "اقدعوا هذه الأنفس فإنها طلعة" ، أي كفوها عما تشتهي وتريد .(71) بقية : أي إبقاء . وأخشى أن تكون"تقية" بالتاء ، أي اتقاء ، كما يدل عليه سائر الأثر . وكلتاهما صحيحة المعنى .
قوله تعالى ( ولكم في القصاص حياة ) أي بقاء وذلك أن القاصد للقتل إذا علم أنه إذا قتل يقتل يمتنع عن القتل فيكون فيه بقاؤه وبقاء من هم بقتله وقيل في المثل القتل قلل القتل وقيل في المثل القتل أنفى للقتل " وقيل معنى الحياة سلامته من قصاص الآخرة فإنه إذا اقتص منه حيا في الآخرة وإذا لم يقتص منه في الدنيا اقتص منه في الآخرة ( يا أولي الألباب لعلكم تتقون ) أي تنتهون عن القتل مخافة القود
تذييل لهاته الأحكام الكبرى طمأن به نفوس الفريقين أولياءَ الدم والقاتلين في قبول أحكام القصاص فبين أن في القصاص حياة ، والتنكير في { حياة } للتعظيم بقرينة المقام ، أي في القصاص حياة لكم أي لنفوسكم؛ فإن فيه ارتداع الناس عن قتل النفوس ، فلو أهمل حكم القصاص لما ارتدع الناس؛ لأن أشدَّ ما تتوقاه نفوس البشر من الحوادث هو الموت ، فلو علم القاتل أنه يَسلم من الموت لأقدم على القتل مستخفاً بالعقوبات كما قال سعد بن ناشب لما أصاب دَماً وهرب فعاقبه أمير البصرة بهدم داره بها :سَأَغْسِلُ عني العار بالسيف جالبا ... عليَّ قضاءُ الله ما كان جالباوأَذْهَل عَن داري وأَجْعَلُ هَدْمَها ... لِعِرْضِيَ من باقي المذمَّة حاجباويَصْغُر في عينِي تلادي إذا انْثَنَتْ ... يَميني بإدراككِ الذي كنتُ طالباولو ترك الأمر للأخذ بالثأر كما كان عليه في الجاهلية لأفرطوا في القتل وتسلسل الأمر كما تقدم ، فكان في مشروعية القصاص حياة عظيمة من الجانبين ، وليس الترغيب في أخذ مال الصلح والعفو بناقض لحكمة القصاص؛ لأن الازدجار يحصل بتخيير الولي في قبول الدية فلا يطمئن مضمر القتل إلى عفو الولي إلاّ نادراً وكفى بهذا في الازدجار .وفي قوله تعالى : { يا أولي الألباب } تنبيه بحرف النداء على التأمل في حكمة القصاص ولذلك جيء في التعريف بطريق الإضافة الدالة على أنهم من أهل العقول الكاملة؛ لأن حكمة القصاص لا يدركها إلاّ أهل النظر الصحيح؛ إذ هو في بادىء الرأي كأنه عقوبة بمثل الجناية؛ لأن في القصاص رزية ثانية لكنه عند التأمل هو حياة لا رزية للوجهين المتقدمَيْن .وقال : { لعلكم تتقون } إكمالاً للعلة أي تقريباً لأن تتقوا فلا تتجاوزوا في أخذ الثأر حدَّ العدل والإنصاف . ولعل للرجاء وهي هنا تمثيل أو استعارة تبعية كما تقدم عند قوله تعالى : { يا أيها الناس اعبدوا ربكم إلى قوله لعلكم تتقون } [ البقرة : 21 ] في أول السورة .وقوله : { في القصاص حياة } من جوامع الكلم فاق ما كان سائراً مسرى المثل عند العرب وهو قولهم ( القتل أَنْفَى لِلْقَتْل ) وقد بينه السكاكي في «مفتاح العلوم» و«ذيله» من جاء بعده من علماء المعاني ، ونزيد عليهم : أن لفظ القصاص قد دل على إبطال التكايل بالدماء وعلى إبطال قتل واحد من قبيلة القاتل إذا لم يظفروا بالقاتل وهذا لا تفيده كلمتهم الجامعة .
يمتن تعالى على عباده المؤمنين, بأنه فرض عليهم { الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى } أي: المساواة فيه, وأن يقتل القاتل على الصفة, التي قتل عليها المقتول, إقامة للعدل والقسط بين العباد. وتوجيه الخطاب لعموم المؤمنين, فيه دليل على أنه يجب عليهم كلهم، حتى أولياء القاتل حتى القاتل بنفسه إعانة ولي المقتول, إذا طلب القصاص وتمكينه من القاتل, وأنه لا يجوز لهم أن يحولوا بين هذا الحد, ويمنعوا الولي من الاقتصاص, كما عليه عادة الجاهلية, ومن أشبههم من إيواء المحدثين. ثم بيَّن تفصيل ذلك فقال: { الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ } يدخل بمنطقوقها, الذكر بالذكر، { وَالْأُنْثَى بِالْأُنْثَى } والأنثى بالذكر, والذكر بالأنثى, فيكون منطوقها مقدما على مفهوم قوله: " الأنثى بالأنثى "" مع دلالة السنة
قوله تعالى : ولكم في القصاص حياة يا أولي الألباب لعلكم تتقونفيه أربع مسائل :الأولى : قوله تعالى : ولكم في القصاص حياة هذا من الكلام البليغ الوجيز كما تقدم ، ومعناه : لا يقتل بعضكم بعضا ، رواه سفيان عن السدي عن أبي مالك ، والمعنى : أن القصاص إذا أقيم وتحقق الحكم فيه ازدجر من يريد قتل آخر ، مخافة أن يقتص منه فحييا بذلك معا . وكانت العرب إذا قتل الرجل الآخر حمي قبيلاهما وتقاتلوا وكان ذلك داعيا إلى قتل العدد الكثير ، فلما شرع الله القصاص قنع الكل به وتركوا الاقتتال ، فلهم في ذلك حياة .الثانية : اتفق أئمة الفتوى على أنه لا يجوز لأحد أن يقتص من أحد حقه دون السلطان ، وليس للناس أن يقتص بعضهم من بعض ، وإنما ذلك لسلطان أو من نصبه السلطان لذلك ، ولهذا جعل الله السلطان ليقبض أيدي الناس بعضهم عن بعض .[ ص: 240 ] الثالثة : وأجمع العلماء على أن على السلطان أن يقتص من نفسه إن تعدى على أحد من رعيته ، إذ هو واحد منهم ، وإنما له مزية النظر لهم كالوصي والوكيل ، وذلك لا يمنع القصاص ، وليس بينهم وبين العامة فرق في أحكام الله عز وجل ، لقوله جل ذكره : كتب عليكم القصاص في القتلى وثبت عن أبي بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه أنه قال لرجل شكا إليه أن عاملا قطع يده : لئن كنت صادقا لأقيدنك منه ، وروى النسائي عن أبي سعيد الخدري قال : بينا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقسم شيئا إذ أكب عليه رجل ، فطعنه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بعرجون كان معه ، فصاح الرجل ، فقال له رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : [ تعال ] فاستقد . قال : بل عفوت يا رسول الله ، وروى أبو داود الطيالسي عن أبي فراس قال : خطب عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه فقال : ألا من ظلمه أميره فليرفع ذلك إلي أقيده منه ، فقام عمرو بن العاص فقال : يا أمير المؤمنين ، لئن أدب رجل منا رجلا من أهل رعيته لتقصنه منه ؟ قال : كيف لا أقصه منه وقد رأيت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقص من نفسه ، ولفظ أبي داود السجستاني عنه قال : خطبنا عمر بن الخطاب فقال : إني لم أبعث عمالي ليضربوا أبشاركم ولا ليأخذوا أموالكم ، فمن فعل ذلك به فليرفعه إلي أقصه منه ، وذكر الحديث بمعناه .الرابعة : قوله تعالى : لعلكم تتقون تقدم معناه . والمراد هنا تتقون القتل فتسلمون من القصاص ، ثم يكون ذلك داعية لأنواع التقوى في غير ذلك ، فإن الله يثيب بالطاعة على الطاعة ، وقرأ أبو الجوزاء أوس بن عبد الله الربعي " ولكم في القصص حياة " . قال النحاس : قراءة أبي الجوزاء شاذة . قال غيره : يحتمل أن يكون مصدرا كالقصاص . وقيل : أراد بالقصص القرآن ، أي لكم في كتاب الله الذي شرع فيه القصص حياة ، أي نجاة .
Islam has laid down the principle of retaliation in like measure (qisas). For example, ‘an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’. Retribution for a killer means the forfeiture of his own life. In this way, on the one hand, a capital crime like the taking of life is effectively discouraged, for the fear of losing one’s own life deters one from taking another’s life and, as a result, the life of all the members of a society become protected. The killing of the killer guarantees the saving of lives in a society. Thus the objective of qisas is the protection of the members of society, and not revenge. Moreover, the vengeful feelings of the family of the murdered person are cooled, thus obviating the possibility of any further injurious activity. However, qisas in Islam permits a settlement to be arrived at between the killer and the killed. The heirs of the deceased person may, of course, opt for the execution of the killer, but they may also, if they so wish, accept blood-money instead, or even forgive him. The main aim of these alternatives is to guarantee the prevalence of brotherly feeling in Islamic society, and to prevent an atmosphere of rivalry taking root. Then the principle of blood-money has the special advantage of giving the bereaved family monetary compensation for the death of one of its members.
From the brief introduction to the nature of righteousness appearing in verses before this, the text now enters into the description of related subsidiary injunctions. Under the first injunction in this connection, the verse prescribes the law of Qisas (even retaliation), that is, the killer will be killed, irrespective of the status of the parties involved. If the aggrieved party somewhat relents on its own and forgives the Qisas قصاص ، but does not forgive the offence totally, it will become necessary for the killer to pay diyah (دیۃ) or blood-money as fixed, in a fair manner, and promptly. The claimant too, should pursue the matter in a recognized manner causing no harassment to the defendant. This law of blood-money and pardon is a relief granted by Allah Almighty in His grace, otherwise, there would have been no choice but to face the punishment of death. If, after all that, anyone crosses the limit set by Allah, such as, the filing of a false or doubtful case of murder, or a post-pardon re-opening of a murder case, he will be severely punished. In the end, the verse points out that wise people should have no difficulty in seeing that the law of even retaliation does not take life, instead, it gives life, for such a deterrent law will make people fear the punishment of killing somebody and thus lives will be saved.
There is life in 'Qisas' قصاص
Literally, the word, Qisas means likeness. In usage, it denotes 'even retaliation' or to return like for like. In Islamic juristic terminology, Qisas means the equal retaliation of an aggression committed against the body of a person. This retaliation is allowed only with a condition that the principle of "like for like" is strictly observed. This has been explained more clearly later on in verse 194 of this very Sarah which says:
فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ
So, agress against him in the like manner as he did against you.
And also in the concluding verses of Surah al-Nahl, the same rule has been covered:
وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُم بِهِ
And, if you retaliate, then retaliate just as you have been oppressed against. (16:126)
Therefore, as a term of the Shari'ah, the Qisas قصاص is a punishment for killing or wounding in which the principle of equality or likeness is taken into full consideration.
Rulings
1. The principle of even retaliation is applied exclusively in cases of culpable homicide when someone has been killed intentionally with a lethal weapon causing injury and blood-loss.
2. In a homicide of this nature, the killer is killed in even retaliation - free man for a free man, slave for a slave, and female for a female - and similarly, a man for a woman. The mention of 'free man for a free man' and 'female for a female' in this verse refers to a specific event in the background of which it was revealed.
On the authority of Ibn Abi Hatim ؓ 1, Ibn Kathir (رح) has reported that, just before the advent of Islam, war broke out between two tribes. Many men and women, free and slaves, belonging to both, were killed. Their case was still undecided when the Islamic period set in and the two tribes entered the fold of Islam. Now that they were Muslims, they started talking about retaliation for those killed on each side. One of the tribes which was more powerful insisted that they would not agree to anything less than that a free man for their slave and a man for their woman be killed from the other side.
It was to refute this barbaric demand on their part that this verse was revealed. By saying 'free man for a free man, slave for a slave and female for a female' it is intended to negate their absurd demand that a free man for a slave and man for a woman should be killed in retaliation, even though he may not be the killer. The just law that Islam enforced was that the killer is the one who has to be killed in Qisas قصاص . If a woman is the killer why should an innocent man be killed in retaliation? Similarly, if the killer is a slave, there is no sense in retaliating against an innocent free man. This is an injustice which can never be tolerated in Islam.
This verse means nothing but what has been stated earlier, and we repeat, that the one who has killed will be the one to be killed in Qisas قصاص . It is not permissible to kill an innocent man or someone free for a killer, woman or slave. Let us hasten to clarify that the verse does not mean that Qisas قصاص will not be taken from a man who kills a woman or from a free man who kills a slave. In the very beginning of this verse the words الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى: "The Qisas قصاص has been enjoined upon you in the case of those murdered" are a clear proof of this universality of application. There are other verses where this aspect has been stated more explicitly, for instance, in النَّفْسَ بِالنَّفْسِ (the person for the person).
3. If, in a case of intentional killing the murderer is given full pardon, for instance, should both of the two surviving sons of the deceased pardon and forego their right of retaliation, the killer is free of any claim against him. In case the pardon is not that full, for instance, as illustrated above, one of the two surviving sons does pardon the killer while the other does not, the result will be that the killer will stand released right there from the retaliatory punishment, but the one who has not pardoned the killer will be entitled to half of the blood-money (diyah). In Shari'ah, this diyah amounts to one hundred camels or one thousand dinars or ten thousand dirhams درھم or approximately nineteen pounds of silver according to current weights and measures.
4. The way an incomplete pardon makes payment of blood-money necessary, in the same manner, a mutual settlement between parties concerned on a certain amount makes retaliation inapplicable and payment of the agreed amount becomes necessary. This, however, is governed by some conditions which appear in books of fiqh فقہ .
5. Under the Islamic law, the inheritors of the person killed, whatever their number, will inherit and own the right of retaliation and blood-money in accordance with their share in the inheritance. If blood-money is taken, it will be distributed among the inheritors in accordance with their share in the inheritance. And should Qisas قصاص (even retaliation) become the choice, the right of Qisas قصاص will also be commonly shared by all. Since Qisas is indivisible, the pardon given by any one of the inheritors will hold good and the pardon will become inclusive of the right of retaliation held by other inheritors. However, they shall receive the blood-money amount according to their share.
6. It is true that the right of even retaliation is vested in the legal heirs of the persons killed but, in accordance with the consensus of the Muslim community, they do not have the right to settle the score all by themselves, in other words, they cannot kill the killer on their own, instead, they have to seek the help of a Muslim ruler or his deputy to realize their right. The reason is that Qisas قصاص is an intricate issue when it comes to details which are simply out of reach for an average person. Therefore, the legal heirs of the person killed, not knowing the particular circumstances when retaliation does, or does not become necessary, may commit some sort of excess under the heat of their anger. So, by a unanimous agreement of the scholars of the Muslim community, it is necessary that the right of retaliation be secured and made effective through the agency of an Islamic government. (Qurtubi)
(And there is a life for you in retaliation) a continuation of existence and a lesson, (O men of understanding) those who possess sound minds among people, (that ye may ward off (evil)) that you may ward off killing one another for fear of retaliation.
In retaliation there is life for you that is great longevity O people of pith possessors of intellect because if the would-be killer knew that he would be killed in retaliation he would refrain from such action and would have thereby given life to himself and to the one whom he had intended to kill; and so it retaliation was stipulated by the Law so that you might fear killing fearing retaliation.
The Command and the Wisdom behind the Law of Equality
Allah states: O believers! The Law of equality has been ordained on you (for cases of murder), the free for the free, the slave for the slave and the female for the female. Therefore, do not transgress the set limits, as others before you transgressed them, and thus changed what Allah has ordained for them. The reason behind this statement is that (the Jewish tribe of) Banu An-Nadir invaded Qurayzah (another Jewish tribe) during the time of Jahiliyyah (before Islam) and defeated them. Hence, (they made it a law that) when a person from Nadir kills a person from Quraizah, he is not killed in retaliation, but only pays a hundred Wasq of dates. However, when a person from Quraizah kills a Nadir man, he would be killed for him. If Nadir wanted (to forfeit the execution of the murderer and instead require him) to pay a ransom, the Quraizah man pays two hundred Wasq of dates double the amount Nadir pays in Diyah (blood money). So Allah commanded that justice be observed regarding the penal code, and that the path of the misguided and mischievous persons be avoided, who in disbelief and transgression, defy and alter what Allah has commanded them. Allah said:
كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى ۖ الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالْأُنثَىٰ بِالْأُنثَىٰ ۚ
(Al-Qisas (the Law of equality in punishment) is prescribed for you in case of murder: the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.)
Allah's statement:
الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالْأُنثَىٰ بِالْأُنثَىٰ ۚ
(the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.) was abrogated by the statement life for life (5:45). However, the majority of scholars agree that the Muslim is not killed for a disbeliever whom he kills. Al- Bukhari reported that `Ali narrated that Allah's Messenger ﷺ said:
«وَلَا يُقْتَلُ مُسْلِمٌ بِكَافِر»
(The Muslim is not killed for the disbeliever (whom he kills).)
No opinion that opposes this ruling could stand correct, nor is there an authentic Hadith to contradict it. However, Abu Hanifah thought that the Muslim could be killed for a disbeliever, following the general meaning of the Ayah (5:45) in Surat Al-Ma'idah (chapter 5 in the Qur'an).
The Four Imams (Abu Hanifah, Malik, Shafi`i and Ahmad) and the majority of scholars stated that the group is killed for one person whom they murder. `Umar said, about a boy who was killed by seven men, "If all the residents of San`a' (capital of Yemen today) collaborated on killing him, I would kill them all." No opposing opinion was known by the Companions during that time which constitutes a near Ijma` (consensus). There is an opinion attributed to Imam Ahmad that a group of people is not killed for one person whom they kill, and that only one person is killed for one person. Ibn Al-Mundhir also attributed this opinion to Mu`adh, Ibn Az-Zubayr, `Abdul-Malik bin Marwan, Az-Zuhri, Ibn Sirin and Habib bin Abu Thabit. Allah's statement:
فَمَنْ عُفِىَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَىْءٌ فَاتِّبَاعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَأَدَآءٌ إِلَيْهِ بِإِحْسَـنٍ
(But if the killer is forgiven by the brother (or the relatives) of the killed (against blood money), then it should be sought in a good manner, and paid to him respectfully.) refers to accepting blood money (by the relatives of the victim in return for pardoning the killer) in cases of intentional murder. This opinion is attributed to Abu Al-`Aliyah, Abu Sha`tha', Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, `Ata' Al-Hasan, Qatadah and Muqatil bin Hayyan. Ad-Dahhak said that Ibn `Abbas said:
فَمَنْ عُفِىَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَىْءٌ
(But if the killer is forgiven by the brother (or the relatives) of the killed (against blood money)) means the killer is pardoned by his brother (i.e., the relative of the victim) and accepting the Diyah after capital punishment becomes due (against the killer), this is the `Afw (pardon mentioned in the Ayah)." Allah's statement:
فَاتِّبَاعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ
(...then it should be sought in a good manner,) means, when the relative agrees to take the blood money, he should collect his rightful dues with kindness:
وَأَدَآءٌ إِلَيْهِ بِإِحْسَـنٍ
( and paid to him respectfully.) means, the killer should accept the terms of settlement without causing further harm or resisting the payment.
Allah's statement:
ذَلِكَ تَخْفِيفٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ وَرَحْمَةٌ
(This is an alleviation and a mercy from your Lord.) means the legislation that allows you to accept the blood money for intentional murder is an alleviation and a mercy from your Lord. It lightens what was required from those who were before you, either applying capital punishment or forgiving.
Sa`id bin Mansur reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "The Children of Israel were required to apply the Law of equality in murder cases and were not allowed to offer pardons (in return for blood money). Allah said to this Ummah (the Muslim nation):
كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى ۖ الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالْأُنثَىٰ بِالْأُنثَىٰ ۚ فَمَنْ عُفِيَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَيْءٌ
(The Law of equality in punishment is prescribed for you in case of murder: the free for the free, the servant for the servant, and the female for the female. But if the killer is forgiven by the brother (or the relatives) of the killed (against blood money),)
Hence, `pardoning' or `forgiving' means accepting blood money in intentional murder cases." Ibn Hibban also recorded this in his Sahih. Qatadah said:
ذَلِكَ تَخْفِيفٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ
(This is an alleviation from your Lord)
Allah had mercy on this Ummah by giving them the Diyah which was not allowed for any nation before it. The People of the Torah (Jews) were allowed to either apply the penal code (for murder, i.e., execution) or to pardon the killer, but they were not allowed to take blood money. The People of the Injil (the Gospel - the Christians) were required to pardon (the killer, but no Diyah was legislated). This Ummah (Muslims) is allowed to apply the penal code (execution) or to pardon and accept the blood money." Similar was reported from Sa`id bin Jubayr, Muqatil bin Hayyan and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas.
Allah's statement:
فَمَنِ اعْتَدَى بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَلَهُ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
(So after this whoever transgresses the limits, he shall have a painful torment.) means, those who kill in retaliation after taking the Diyah or accepting it, they will suffer a painful and severe torment from Allah. The same was reported from Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, `Ata' `Ikrimah, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas, As-Suddi and Muqatil bin Hayyan.
The Benefits and Wisdom of the Law of Equality
Allah's statement:
وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَوةٌ
(And there is life for you in Al-Qisas) legislating the Law of equality, i.e., killing the murderer, carries great benefits for you. This way, the sanctity of life will be preserved because the killer will refrain from killing, as he will be certain that if he kills, he would be killed. Hence life will be preserved. In previous Books, there is a statement that killing stops further killing! This meaning came in much clearer and eloquent terms in the Qur'an:
وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَوةٌ
(And there is (a saving of) life for you in Al-Qisas (the Law of equality in punishment).)
Abu Al-`Aliyah said, "Allah made the Law of equality a `life'. Hence, how many a man who thought about killing, but this Law prevented him from killing for fear that he will be killed in turn." Similar statements were reported from Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Abu Malik, Al-Hasan, Qatadah, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Muqatil bin Hayyan. Allah's statement:
يأُولِي الأَلْبَـبِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ
(O men of understanding, that you may acquire Taqwa.) means, `O you who have sound minds, comprehension and understanding! Perhaps by this you will be compelled to refrain from transgressing the prohibitions of Allah and what He considers sinful. ' Taqwa (mentioned in the Ayah) is a word that means doing all acts of obedience and refraining from all prohibitions.
كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ إِن تَرَكَ خَيْرًا الْوَصِيَّةُ لِلْوَلِدَيْنِ وَالاٌّقْرَبِينَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُتَّقِينَ
There is for you [in retaliation], in God's compensating you in the manner mentioned, a great life, that is, a life whose very essence cannot be described, O people of pith, that is, [O people] of intellect pure of the rind of illusion and the coverings of individual existences and physical bodies; such then is [the case with] this [principle of] retaliation, so that you might be wary, of neglecting it and so that you might adhere to it.
There is for you [in retaliation], in God's compensating you in the manner mentioned, a great life, that is, a life whose very essence cannot be described, O people of pith, that is, [O people] of intellect pure of the rind of illusion and the coverings of individual existences and physical bodies; such then is [the case with] this [principle of] retaliation, so that you might be wary, of neglecting it and so that you might adhere to it.
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَلَكُمْ فِي الْقِصَاصِ حَيَاةٌ يَا أُولِي الأَلْبَابِقال أبو جعفر: يعني تعالى ذكره بقوله: " ولكم في القصَاص حَياةٌ يا أولي الألباب "، ولكم يا أولي العقول، فيما فرضتُ عليكم وأوجبتُ لبعضكم على بعض، من القصاص في النفوس والجراح والشجاج، مَا مَنع به بعضكم من قتل بعض، وقَدَع بعضكم عن بعض، فحييتم بذلك، فكان لكم في حكمي بينكم بذلك حياة. (70)* * *واختلف أهل التأويل في معنى ذلك.فقال بعضهم في ذلك نحو الذي قلنا فيه.* ذكر من قال ذلك:2617- حدثني محمد بن عمرو قال، حدثنا أبو عاصم قال، حدثنا عيسى, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد في قوله: " ولكم في القصَاص حياةٌ يا أولي الألباب " قال، نكالٌ, تَناهٍ.2618- حدثنا أبو كريب قال، حدثنا ابن أبي زائدة, عن ورقاء, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد في قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " قال، نكالٌ, تَناهٍ.2619- حدثني المثنى قال: حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال، حدثنا شبل, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد مثله.2620- حدثنا بشر بن معاذ قال، حدثنا يزيد, عن سعيد, عن قتادة: " ولكم في القصاص حياة "، جعل الله هذا القصاص حياة، ونكالا وعظةً لأهل السفه والجهل من الناس. وكم من رجل قد هَمّ بداهية، لولا مخافة القصاص لوقع بها, ولكن الله حَجز بالقصاص بعضهم عن بعض؛ وما أمر الله بأمر قط إلا وهو أمر صلاح في الدنيا والآخرة، ولا نهي الله عن أمر قط إلا وهو أمر فساد في الدنيا والدين, والله أعلم بالذي يُصلح خَلقه.2621- حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا معمر, عن قتادة في قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة يا أولي الألباب " قال، قد جعل الله في القصاص حياة, إذا ذكره الظالم المتعدي كفّ عن القتل.2622- حدثت عن عمار بن الحسن قال، حدثنا ابن أبي جعفر, عن أبيه، عن الربيع قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " الآية, يقول: جعل الله هذا القصاص حياة وعبرة لكم. كم من رجل قد هَمّ بداهية فمنعه مخافة القصاص أن يقع بها! وإن الله قد حجز عباده بعضهم عن بعض بالقصاص.2623- حدثنا القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج, عن ابن جريج, عن مجاهد قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " قال، نكالٌ, تناهٍ. قال ابن جريج: حَياةٌ. مَنعةٌ.2624- حدثني يونس قال، أخبرنا ابن وهب قال، قال ابن زيد في قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " قال، حياةٌ، بقية. (71) إذا خاف هذا أن يُقتل بي كفّ عني, لعله يكون عدوًّا لي يريد قتلي, فيذكر أن يُقْتَل في القصاص, فيخشى أن يقتل بي, فيكفَّ بالقصاص الذي خافَ أن يقتل، لولا ذلك قتل هذا.2625- حدثت عن يعلى بن عبيد قال، حدثنا إسماعيل, عن أبي صالح في قوله: " ولكم في القصاص حياة " قال، بقاء.* * *وقال آخرون: معنى ذلك: ولكم في القصاص من القاتل بقاء لغيره، لأنه لا يقتل بالمقتول غيرُ قاتله في حكم الله. وكانوا في الجاهلية يقتلون بالأنثى الذكر, وبالعبد الحرّ.* ذكر من قال ذلك:2626- حدثني موسى بن هارون قال، حدثنا عمرو بن حماد قال، حدثنا أسباط، عن السدي: " ولكم في القصاص حياة "، يقول: بقاء, لا يقتل إلا القاتل بجنايته.* * *وأما تأويل قوله: " يا أولي الألباب "، فإنه: يا أولي العقول." والألباب " جمع " اللب ", و " اللب " العقل.* * *وخص الله تعالى ذكره بالخطاب أهلَ العقول, لأنهم هم الذين يعقلون عن الله أمره ونهيه، ويتدبّرون آياته وحججه دونَ غيرهم.* * *القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ (179)قال أبو جعفر: وتأويل قوله: " لعلكم تتقون "، أي تتقون القصاص، فتنتَهون عن القتل، كما:-269- حدثني به يونس قال، أخبرنا ابن وهب قال، قال ابن زيد في قوله: " لعلكم تتقون " قال، لعلك تَتقي أن تقتله، فتقتل به.---------------------الهوامش :(70) قدعه يقدعه قدعًا : كفه . ومنه : "اقدعوا هذه الأنفس فإنها طلعة" ، أي كفوها عما تشتهي وتريد .(71) بقية : أي إبقاء . وأخشى أن تكون"تقية" بالتاء ، أي اتقاء ، كما يدل عليه سائر الأثر . وكلتاهما صحيحة المعنى .
يمتن تعالى على عباده المؤمنين, بأنه فرض عليهم { الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى } أي: المساواة فيه, وأن يقتل القاتل على الصفة, التي قتل عليها المقتول, إقامة للعدل والقسط بين العباد. وتوجيه الخطاب لعموم المؤمنين, فيه دليل على أنه يجب عليهم كلهم، حتى أولياء القاتل حتى القاتل بنفسه إعانة ولي المقتول, إذا طلب القصاص وتمكينه من القاتل, وأنه لا يجوز لهم أن يحولوا بين هذا الحد, ويمنعوا الولي من الاقتصاص, كما عليه عادة الجاهلية, ومن أشبههم من إيواء المحدثين. ثم بيَّن تفصيل ذلك فقال: { الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ } يدخل بمنطقوقها, الذكر بالذكر، { وَالْأُنْثَى بِالْأُنْثَى } والأنثى بالذكر, والذكر بالأنثى, فيكون منطوقها مقدما على مفهوم قوله: " الأنثى بالأنثى "" مع دلالة السنة
Islam has laid down the principle of retaliation in like measure (qisas). For example, ‘an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’. Retribution for a killer means the forfeiture of his own life. In this way, on the one hand, a capital crime like the taking of life is effectively discouraged, for the fear of losing one’s own life deters one from taking another’s life and, as a result, the life of all the members of a society become protected. The killing of the killer guarantees the saving of lives in a society. Thus the objective of qisas is the protection of the members of society, and not revenge. Moreover, the vengeful feelings of the family of the murdered person are cooled, thus obviating the possibility of any further injurious activity. However, qisas in Islam permits a settlement to be arrived at between the killer and the killed. The heirs of the deceased person may, of course, opt for the execution of the killer, but they may also, if they so wish, accept blood-money instead, or even forgive him. The main aim of these alternatives is to guarantee the prevalence of brotherly feeling in Islamic society, and to prevent an atmosphere of rivalry taking root. Then the principle of blood-money has the special advantage of giving the bereaved family monetary compensation for the death of one of its members.
From the brief introduction to the nature of righteousness appearing in verses before this, the text now enters into the description of related subsidiary injunctions. Under the first injunction in this connection, the verse prescribes the law of Qisas (even retaliation), that is, the killer will be killed, irrespective of the status of the parties involved. If the aggrieved party somewhat relents on its own and forgives the Qisas قصاص ، but does not forgive the offence totally, it will become necessary for the killer to pay diyah (دیۃ) or blood-money as fixed, in a fair manner, and promptly. The claimant too, should pursue the matter in a recognized manner causing no harassment to the defendant. This law of blood-money and pardon is a relief granted by Allah Almighty in His grace, otherwise, there would have been no choice but to face the punishment of death. If, after all that, anyone crosses the limit set by Allah, such as, the filing of a false or doubtful case of murder, or a post-pardon re-opening of a murder case, he will be severely punished. In the end, the verse points out that wise people should have no difficulty in seeing that the law of even retaliation does not take life, instead, it gives life, for such a deterrent law will make people fear the punishment of killing somebody and thus lives will be saved.
There is life in 'Qisas' قصاص
Literally, the word, Qisas means likeness. In usage, it denotes 'even retaliation' or to return like for like. In Islamic juristic terminology, Qisas means the equal retaliation of an aggression committed against the body of a person. This retaliation is allowed only with a condition that the principle of "like for like" is strictly observed. This has been explained more clearly later on in verse 194 of this very Sarah which says:
فَاعْتَدُوا عَلَيْهِ بِمِثْلِ مَا اعْتَدَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ
So, agress against him in the like manner as he did against you.
And also in the concluding verses of Surah al-Nahl, the same rule has been covered:
وَإِنْ عَاقَبْتُمْ فَعَاقِبُوا بِمِثْلِ مَا عُوقِبْتُم بِهِ
And, if you retaliate, then retaliate just as you have been oppressed against. (16:126)
Therefore, as a term of the Shari'ah, the Qisas قصاص is a punishment for killing or wounding in which the principle of equality or likeness is taken into full consideration.
Rulings
1. The principle of even retaliation is applied exclusively in cases of culpable homicide when someone has been killed intentionally with a lethal weapon causing injury and blood-loss.
2. In a homicide of this nature, the killer is killed in even retaliation - free man for a free man, slave for a slave, and female for a female - and similarly, a man for a woman. The mention of 'free man for a free man' and 'female for a female' in this verse refers to a specific event in the background of which it was revealed.
On the authority of Ibn Abi Hatim ؓ 1, Ibn Kathir (رح) has reported that, just before the advent of Islam, war broke out between two tribes. Many men and women, free and slaves, belonging to both, were killed. Their case was still undecided when the Islamic period set in and the two tribes entered the fold of Islam. Now that they were Muslims, they started talking about retaliation for those killed on each side. One of the tribes which was more powerful insisted that they would not agree to anything less than that a free man for their slave and a man for their woman be killed from the other side.
It was to refute this barbaric demand on their part that this verse was revealed. By saying 'free man for a free man, slave for a slave and female for a female' it is intended to negate their absurd demand that a free man for a slave and man for a woman should be killed in retaliation, even though he may not be the killer. The just law that Islam enforced was that the killer is the one who has to be killed in Qisas قصاص . If a woman is the killer why should an innocent man be killed in retaliation? Similarly, if the killer is a slave, there is no sense in retaliating against an innocent free man. This is an injustice which can never be tolerated in Islam.
This verse means nothing but what has been stated earlier, and we repeat, that the one who has killed will be the one to be killed in Qisas قصاص . It is not permissible to kill an innocent man or someone free for a killer, woman or slave. Let us hasten to clarify that the verse does not mean that Qisas قصاص will not be taken from a man who kills a woman or from a free man who kills a slave. In the very beginning of this verse the words الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى: "The Qisas قصاص has been enjoined upon you in the case of those murdered" are a clear proof of this universality of application. There are other verses where this aspect has been stated more explicitly, for instance, in النَّفْسَ بِالنَّفْسِ (the person for the person).
3. If, in a case of intentional killing the murderer is given full pardon, for instance, should both of the two surviving sons of the deceased pardon and forego their right of retaliation, the killer is free of any claim against him. In case the pardon is not that full, for instance, as illustrated above, one of the two surviving sons does pardon the killer while the other does not, the result will be that the killer will stand released right there from the retaliatory punishment, but the one who has not pardoned the killer will be entitled to half of the blood-money (diyah). In Shari'ah, this diyah amounts to one hundred camels or one thousand dinars or ten thousand dirhams درھم or approximately nineteen pounds of silver according to current weights and measures.
4. The way an incomplete pardon makes payment of blood-money necessary, in the same manner, a mutual settlement between parties concerned on a certain amount makes retaliation inapplicable and payment of the agreed amount becomes necessary. This, however, is governed by some conditions which appear in books of fiqh فقہ .
5. Under the Islamic law, the inheritors of the person killed, whatever their number, will inherit and own the right of retaliation and blood-money in accordance with their share in the inheritance. If blood-money is taken, it will be distributed among the inheritors in accordance with their share in the inheritance. And should Qisas قصاص (even retaliation) become the choice, the right of Qisas قصاص will also be commonly shared by all. Since Qisas is indivisible, the pardon given by any one of the inheritors will hold good and the pardon will become inclusive of the right of retaliation held by other inheritors. However, they shall receive the blood-money amount according to their share.
6. It is true that the right of even retaliation is vested in the legal heirs of the persons killed but, in accordance with the consensus of the Muslim community, they do not have the right to settle the score all by themselves, in other words, they cannot kill the killer on their own, instead, they have to seek the help of a Muslim ruler or his deputy to realize their right. The reason is that Qisas قصاص is an intricate issue when it comes to details which are simply out of reach for an average person. Therefore, the legal heirs of the person killed, not knowing the particular circumstances when retaliation does, or does not become necessary, may commit some sort of excess under the heat of their anger. So, by a unanimous agreement of the scholars of the Muslim community, it is necessary that the right of retaliation be secured and made effective through the agency of an Islamic government. (Qurtubi)