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وَرَبَطۡنَا عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِمۡ إِذۡ قَامُوا۟ فَقَالُوا۟ رَبُّنَا رَبُّ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَ ٰتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضِ لَن نَّدۡعُوَا۟ مِن دُونِهِۦۤ إِلَـٰهࣰاۖ لَّقَدۡ قُلۡنَاۤ إِذࣰا شَطَطًا ۝١٤
warabaṭnā ʿalā qulūbihim idh qāmū faqālū rabbunā rabbu l-samāwāti wal-arḍi lan nadʿuwā min dūnihi ilāhan laqad qul'nā idhan shaṭaṭa
The Cave / al-Kahf (18:14)
Connections 4 single-source 1 commentator

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No verses on this ayah are cited by 2 or more commentators using numeric S:A notation. All extracted references come from a single source's commentary.

Single-source mentions (4) cited by only one commentator
By commentator who cites how many verses on this ayah

Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.

Abdel Haleem

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We gave strength to their hearts when they stood up and said, ‘Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and earth. We shall never call upon any god other than Him, for that would be an outrageous thing to do
warabaṭnā ʿalā qulūbihim idh qāmū faqālū rabbunā rabbu l-samāwāti wal-arḍi lan nadʿuwā min dūnihi ilāhan laqad qul'nā idhan shaṭaṭa

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Hadith References 2

Only hadith that explicitly reference Quranic verses are included, and this selection is not exhaustive. Narrations are curated to match the chosen verses from Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, cited via Sunnah.com.
Sahih al-Bukhari #3401 Sahih
Narrated Sa`id bin Jubair

Narrated Sa`id bin Jubair: I said to Ibn `Abbas, "Nauf Al-Bukah claims that Moses, the companion of Al-Khadir was not Moses (the prophet) of the children of Israel, but some other Moses." Ibn `Abbas said, "Allah's enemy (i.e. Nauf) has told a lie. Ubai bin Ka`b told us that the Prophet (ﷺ) said, 'Once Moses stood up and addressed Bani…

Sahih al-Bukhari #4727 Sahih
Narrated Sa`id bin Jubair

Narrated Sa`id bin Jubair: I said to Ibn `Abbas, "Nauf-al-Bakali " claims that Moses of Bani Israel was not Moses, the companion of Al-Khadir." Ibn `Abbas said, "Allah's enemy tells a lie! Ubai bin Ka`b narrated to us that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, 'Moses got up to deliver a sermon before Bani Israel and he was asked, 'Who is the…

Tafsir Commentary

Their Belief in Allah and their Retreat from their People From here Allah begins to explain the story in detail. He states that they were boys or young men, and that they were more accepting of the truth and more guided than the elders who had become stubbornly set in their ways and clung to the religion of falsehood. For the same reason, most of those who responded to Allah and His Messenger were young people. As for the elders of Quraysh, most of them kept to their religion and only a few of them became Muslims. So Allah tells us that the people of the cave were young men. Mujahid said, "I was informed that some of them wore some kind of earrings, then Allah guided them and inspired them to fear Him, so they recognized His Oneness, and bore witness that there is no god besides Him." وَزِدْنَـهُمْ هُدًى (and We increased them in guidance.) From this and other similar Ayat, several scholars, such as Al-Bukhari and others, understood that faith may increase, that it may vary in degrees, and that it may fluctuate. Allah says: وَزِدْنَـهُمْ هُدًى (and We increased them in guidance.) as He said elsewhere: وَالَّذِينَ اهْتَدَوْاْ زَادَهُمْ هُدًى وَءَاتَـهُمْ تَقُوَاهُمْ (While as for those who accept guidance, He increases their guidance and bestows on them their Taqwa.) 47:17 فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ ءامَنُواْ فَزَادَتْهُمْ إِيمَـناً وَهُمْ يَسْتَبْشِرُونَ (As for those who believe, it has increased their faith, and they rejoice.) 9:124, لِيَزْدَادُواْ إِيمَـناً مَّعَ إِيمَـنِهِمْ (...that they may grow more in faith along with their (present) faith.) 48:4 There are other Ayat indicating the same thing. It has been mentioned that they were followers of the religion of Al-Masih `Isa, `Isa bin Maryam, but Allah knows best. It seems that they lived before the time of Christianity altogether, because if they had been Christians, the Jewish rabbis would not have cared about preserving because of their differences. We have mentioned above the report from Ibn `Abbas that the Quraysh sent a message to the Jewish rabbis in Al-Madinah to ask them for things with which they could test the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and they told them to ask him about these young men, and about Dhul-Qarnayn (the man who traveled much) and about the Ruh. This indicates that this story was something recorded in the books of the People of the Book, and that it came before Christianity. And Allah knows best. وَرَبَطْنَا عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ إِذْ قَامُواْ فَقَالُواْ رَبُّنَا رَبُّ السَّمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرْضِ (And We made their hearts firm and strong when they stood up and said: "Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth,) Here Allah is saying: `We gave them the patience to go against their people and their city, and to leave behind the life of luxury and ease that they had been living.' Several of the earlier and later Tafsir scholars have mentioned that they were sons of the kings and leaders of Byzantium, and that they went out one day to one of the festivals of their people. They used to gather once a year outside the city, and they would worship idols and offer sacrifices to them. They had an arrogant, tyrannical king who was called Decianus, who commanded and encouraged the people to do that. When the people went out to attend this gathering, these young men went out with their fathers and their people, and when they saw their people's actions with clear insight, they realized that the prostrations and sacrifices the people were offering to their idols should only be dedicated to Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth. Each of them started to withdraw from his people and keep aloof from them. The first one of them to move away on his own went and sat in the shade of a tree, then another came and sat with him, then another came and sat with them, then four more followed suit one by one. None of them knew the others, but they were brought together by the One Who instilled faith in their hearts. As it says in the Hadith recorded by Al-Bukhari with an incomplete chain of narrators from `A'ishah (may Allah be pleased with her), the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: «الْأَرْوَاحُ جُنُودٌ مُجَنَّدَةٌ، فَمَا تَعَارَفَ مِنْهَا ائْتَلَفَ وَمَا تَنَاكَرَ مِنْهَا اخْتَلَف» (Souls are like recruited soldiers. Those that recognize one another will come together, and those that do not recognize one another will turn away from each another). Muslim also recorded this in his Sahih from the Hadith of Suhayl from his father from Abu Hurayrah from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. People say that similar qualities or characteristics are what bring people together. So each of the young men was trying to conceal what he really believed from the others, out of fear of them, not knowing that they were like him. Then one of them said, "O people, you know by Allah that only one thing is making you leave your people and isolate yourselves from them, so let each one of you say what it is in his case." Another said, "As for me, by Allah I saw what my people are doing and I realized that it was false, and that the only One Who deserves to be worshipped Alone with out partner or associate is Allah Who created everything, the heavens, the earth and everything in between." Another said, "By Allah, the same thing happened to me." The others said the same, and they all agreed and became brothers in faith. They adopted a particular location as a place of worship and began worshipping Allah there, but their people found out about them and told their king about them. The king ordered them to appear before him, and asked them about their beliefs. They told him the truth and called him to Allah, as Allah says about them: وَرَبَطْنَا عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ إِذْ قَامُواْ فَقَالُواْ رَبُّنَا رَبُّ السَّمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرْضِ لَن نَّدْعُوَاْ مِن دُونِهِ إِلـهاً (And We made their hearts firm and strong when they stood up and said: "Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth, never shall we call upon any god other than Him...") "Never" (Lan) implies an absolute and eternal negation, meaning, `this will never happen, and if we were to do that it would be false.' So Allah says about them: لَّقَدْ قُلْنَا إِذًا شَطَطًا (...if we did, we should indeed have uttered an enormity in disbelief.) meaning, untruth and utter falsehood. هَـؤُلاءِ قَوْمُنَا اتَّخَذْواْ مِن دُونِهِ ءَالِهَةً لَّوْلاَ يَأْتُونَ عَلَيْهِم بِسُلْطَـنٍ بَيِّنٍ (These, our people, have taken for worship gods other than Him (Allah). Why do they not bring for them a clear authority) meaning, why do they not produce some clear evidence and genuine proof for their behavior فَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرَى عَلَى اللَّهِ كَذِبًا (And who does more wrong than he who invents a lie against Allah.) They said: `but by saying that they are lying transgressors.' It was said that when they called their king to believe in Allah, he refused, and warned and threatened them. He commanded them to be stripped of their clothing bearing the adornments of their people, then he gave them some time to think about the situation, hoping that they would return to their former religion. This was a way that Allah showed kindness for them, because during that time they managed to escape from him and flee from persecution for the sake of their religion. This is what is prescribed in the Shari`ah during times of trial and persecution -- a person who fears for his religion should flee from his persecutors, as was reported in the Hadith: «يُوشِكُ أَنْ يَكُونَ خَيْرُ مَالِ أَحَدِكُمْ غَنَمًا يَتْبَعُ بِهَا شَعَفَ الْجِبَالِ وَمَوَاقِعَ القَطْرِ يَفِرُّ بِدِينِهِ مِنَ الْفِتَن» (Soon there will come a time when the best wealth any of you can have will be sheep, which he can follow to the tops of the mountains and places where rain falls, (fleeing) for the sake of his religion from persecution. ) In such cases, it is allowed to seclude oneself from people, but this is not prescribed in any other case, because by such seclusion one loses the benefits of congregational and Friday prayers. These young men were determined to flee from their people, and Allah decreed that for them, as He says about them, وَإِذِ اعْتَزَلْتُمُوهُمْ وَمَا يَعْبُدُونَ إَلاَّ اللَّهَ (And when you withdraw from them, and that which they worship, except Allah,) meaning, when you depart from them and follow a different religion, opposing their worship of others besides Allah, then separate from them in a physical sense too, فَأْوُواْ إِلَى الْكَهْفِ يَنْشُرْ لَكُمْ رَبُّكُم مِّن رَّحْمَتِهِ (then seek refuge in the cave; your Lord will open a way for you from His mercy) meaning, He will bestow His mercy upon you, by which He will conceal you from your people. وَيُهَيِّىءْ لَكُمْ مِّنْ أَمْرِكُمْ مِّرْفَقًا (and will make easy for you your affair.) means, He will give you what you need. So they left and fled to the cave where they sought refuge. Then their people noticed they were missing, and the king looked for them, and it was said when he could not find them that Allah concealed them from him so that he could not find any trace of them or any information about them, as Allah concealed His Prophet Muhammad and his Companion Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, when they sought refuge in the cave of Thawr. The Quraysh idolators came in pursuit, but they did not find him even though they passed right by him. When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ noticed that As-Siddiq was anxious and said, "O Messenger of Allah, if one of them looks down at the place of his feet, he will see us," he told him: «يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ مَا ظَنُّكَ بِاثْنَيْنِ اللهُ ثَالِثُهُمَا؟» (O Abu Bakr, what do you think of two who have Allah as their third) And Allah said: إِلاَّ تَنصُرُوهُ فَقَدْ نَصَرَهُ اللَّهُ إِذْ أَخْرَجَهُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ ثَانِيَ اثْنَيْنِ إِذْ هُمَا فِى الْغَارِ إِذْ يَقُولُ لِصَاحِبِهِ لاَ تَحْزَنْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَنَا فَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ سَكِينَتَهُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَيَّدَهُ بِجُنُودٍ لَّمْ تَرَوْهَا وَجَعَلَ كَلِمَةَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ السُّفْلَى وَكَلِمَةُ اللَّهِ هِىَ الْعُلْيَا وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ (If you help him not, for Allah did indeed help him when the disbelievers drove him out, the second of the two; when they were in the cave, he said to his companion: "Do not grieve, surely, Allah is with us." Then Allah sent down His tranquillity upon him, and strengthened him with forces which you saw not, and made the word of those who disbelieved the lower, while the Word of Allah became the higher; and Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.) 9:40 -The story of this cave (Thawr) is far greater and more wondrous than that of the people of the Cave.
And We strengthened their hearts to enable them to speak the truth when they stood up before their king who had commanded them to prostrate to idols and said ‘Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth. We will not call on any god besides Him that is other than Him for then we shall certainly have uttered an outrage in other words we shall have spoken a statement that contains shatat meaning one of extreme disbelief were we hypothetically to call on any god other than God.
And We placed a tie on their hearts when they stood up and said, “Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth.” “We bound them with the tie of sinlessness, kept them on the carpet of recognition, and firmed them up with the cord of love. We lit the candle of kind favor for them in the streambed of solicitude. We taught them the courtesy of companionship in the grammar school of the Beginningless and they set forth in holiness itself, busying themselves in the cave with the mystery of the Haqiqah.” Whenever something has an exaltedness, it is masked by the veils of exaltedness so that not just any non-privy may gaze upon it and not just any drudge may reach it. Those chevaliers were precious in the Threshold of Unity, for they were lit up by the light of faith and the limpidness of tawḤīd, but the eyes of the folk of those days were tainted with the ooze of unbelief and associa- tionism. The jealousy of the religion took them into the veil of the cave so that those eyes tainted by ooze would not see them. The command came from the side of all-compellingness,
And We placed a tie on their hearts when they stood up and said, “Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth.” “We bound them with the tie of sinlessness, kept them on the carpet of recognition, and firmed them up with the cord of love. We lit the candle of kind favor for them in the streambed of solicitude. We taught them the courtesy of companionship in the grammar school of the Beginningless and they set forth in holiness itself, busying themselves in the cave with the mystery of the Haqiqah.” Whenever something has an exaltedness, it is masked by the veils of exaltedness so that not just any non-privy may gaze upon it and not just any drudge may reach it. Those chevaliers were precious in the Threshold of Unity, for they were lit up by the light of faith and the limpidness of tawḤīd, but the eyes of the folk of those days were tainted with the ooze of unbelief and associa- tionism. The jealousy of the religion took them into the veil of the cave so that those eyes tainted by ooze would not see them. The command came from the side of all-compellingness,
And We placed a tie on their hearts when they stood up and said, “Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth.” “We bound them with the tie of sinlessness, kept them on the carpet of recognition, and firmed them up with the cord of love. We lit the candle of kind favor for them in the streambed of solicitude. We taught them the courtesy of companionship in the grammar school of the Beginningless and they set forth in holiness itself, busying themselves in the cave with the mystery of the Haqiqah.” Whenever something has an exaltedness, it is masked by the veils of exaltedness so that not just any non-privy may gaze upon it and not just any drudge may reach it. Those chevaliers were precious in the Threshold of Unity, for they were lit up by the light of faith and the limpidness of tawḤīd, but the eyes of the folk of those days were tainted with the ooze of unbelief and associa- tionism. The jealousy of the religion took them into the veil of the cave so that those eyes tainted by ooze would not see them. The command came from the side of all-compellingness,
And We placed a tie on their hearts when they stood up and said, “Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth.” “We bound them with the tie of sinlessness, kept them on the carpet of recognition, and firmed them up with the cord of love. We lit the candle of kind favor for them in the streambed of solicitude. We taught them the courtesy of companionship in the grammar school of the Beginningless and they set forth in holiness itself, busying themselves in the cave with the mystery of the Haqiqah.” Whenever something has an exaltedness, it is masked by the veils of exaltedness so that not just any non-privy may gaze upon it and not just any drudge may reach it. Those chevaliers were precious in the Threshold of Unity, for they were lit up by the light of faith and the limpidness of tawḤīd, but the eyes of the folk of those days were tainted with the ooze of unbelief and associa- tionism. The jealousy of the religion took them into the veil of the cave so that those eyes tainted by ooze would not see them. The command came from the side of all-compellingness,
And We placed a tie on their hearts when they stood up and said, �Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth.��We bound them with the tie of sinlessness, kept them on the carpet of recognition, and firmed them up with the cord of love. We lit the candle of kind favor for them in the streambed of solicitude. We taught them the courtesy of companionship in the grammar school of the Beginningless and they set forth in holiness itself, busying themselves in the cave with the mystery of the Haqiqah.�Whenever something has an exaltedness, it is masked by the veils of exaltedness so that not just any non-privy may gaze upon it and not just any drudge may reach it. Those chevaliers were precious in the Threshold of Unity, for they were lit up by the light of faith and the limpidness of tawḤīd, but the eyes of the folk of those days were tainted with the ooze of unbelief and associa- tionism. The jealousy of the religion took them into the veil of the cave so that those eyes tainted by ooze would not see them. The command came from the side of all-compellingness,
وقوَّينا قلوبهم بالإيمان، وشددنا عزيمتهم به، حين قاموا بين يدي الملك الكافر، وهو يلومهم على تَرْكِ عبادة الأصنام فقالوا له: ربنا الذي نعبده هو رب السموات والأرض، لن نعبد غيره من الآلهة، لو قلنا غير هذا لكُنَّا قد قلنا قولا جائرًا بعيدًا عن الحق.
وقوله " وربطنا على قلوبهم إذ قاموا فقالوا ربنا رب السموات والأرض " يقول تعالى وصبرناهم على مخالفة قومهم ومدينتهم ومفارقة ما كانوا فيه من العيش الرغيد والسعادة والنعمة فإنه قد ذكر غير واحد من المفسرين من السلف والخلف أنهم كانوا من أبناء ملوك الروم وسادتهم و أنهم خرجوا يوما في بعض أعياد قومهم وكان لهم مجتمع في السنة يجتمعون فيه في ظاهر البلد وكانوا يعبدون الأصنام والطواغيت ويذبحون لها وكان لهم ملك جبار عنيد يقال له دقيانوس وكان يأمر الناس بذلك ويحثهم عليه ويدعوهم إليه فلما خرج الناس لمجتمعهم ذلك وخرج هؤلاء الفتية مع آبائهم وقومهم ونظروا إلى ما يصنع قومهم بعين بصيرتهم عرفوا أن هذا الذي يصنعه قومهم من السجود لأصنامهم والذبح لها لا ينبغي إلا لله الذي خلق السموات والأرض فجعل كل واحد منهم يتخلص من قومه وينحاز منهم ويتبرز عنهم ناحية فكان أول من جلس منهم وحده أحدهم جلس تحت ظل شجرة فجاء الآخر فجلس إليها عنده وجاء الآخر فجلس إليهما وجاء الآخر فجلس إليهم وجاء الآخر وجاء الأخر ولا يعرف واحد منهم الآخر وإنما جمعهم هناك الذي جمع قلوبهم على الإيمان كما جاء في الحديث الذي رواه البخاري تعليقًا من حديث يحيى بن سعيد عن عمرة عن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم " الأرواح جنود مجندة فما تعارف منها ائتلف وما تناكر منها اختلف "وأخرجه مسلم في صحيحه من حديث سهيل عن أبي هريرة عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم والناس يقولون الجنسية علة الضم: والغرض أنه جعل كل أحد منهم يكتم ماهو عليه عن أصحابه خوفًا منهم ولا يدري أنهم مثله حتى قال أحدهم: تعلمون والله ياقوم إنه ما أخرجكم من قومكم وأفردكم عنهم إلا شيء فليظهر كل واحد منكم بأمره فقال آخر: أما أنا فإني والله رأيت ما قومي عليه فعرفت أنه باطل وإنما الذي يستحق أن يعبد وحده ولايشرك به شيئًا هو الله الذي خلق السموات والأرض وما بينهما وقال الآخر: وأنا والله وقع لي كذلك وقال الآخر كذلك حتى توافقوا كلهم على كلمة واحدة فصاروا يدًا واحدة وإخوان صدق فاتخذوا لهم معبدًا يعبدون الله فيه فعرف بهم قومهم فوشوا بأمرهم إلى ملكهم فاستحضرهم بين يديه فسألهم عن أمرهم وما هم عليه فأجابوه بالحق ودعوه إلى الله عز وجل ولهذا أخبر تعالى عنهم:بقوله " وربطنا على قلوبهم إذ قاموا فقالوا ربنا رب السموات والارض لن ندعو من دونه إلها " ولن لنفي التأبيد أي لا يقع منا هذا أبدًا لأنا لو فعلنا ذلك لكان باطلاولهذا قال عنهم " لقد قلنا إذا شططا" أي باطلاً وكذبًا وبهتانًا.
ثم حكى - سبحانه - جانبا من مظاهر هدايته لهم فقال : ( وَرَبَطْنَا على قُلُوبِهِمْ إِذْ قَامُواْ ) .وأصل الربط : الشد ، يقال ، ربطت الدابة ، أى : شددتها برباط ، والمراد به هنا : ما غرسه الله فى قلوبهم من قوة ، وثبات على الحق ، وصبر على فراق أهليهم ، ومنه قولهم : فلان رابط الجأش ، إذا كان لا يفزع عند الشدائد والكروب .والمراد بقيامهم : عقدهم العزم على مفارقة ما عليه قومهم من باطل ، وتصميمهم على ذلك تصميما لا تزحزحه الخطوب مهما كانت جسيمة .ويصح أن يكون المراد بقيامهم : وقوفهم فى وجه ملكهم الجبار بثبات وقوة ، دون أن يبالوا به عندما أمرهم بعبادة ما يعبده قومهم ، وإعلانهم دين التوحيد ، ونبذهم لكل ما سواه من شرك وضلال .قال القرطبى ما ملخصه : قوله - تعالى - ( إذ قاموا ) يحتمل ثلاثة معان . أحدها : أن يكون هذا وصف مقامهم بين يدى الملك الكافر ، وهو مقام يحتاج إلى الربط على القلب حيث خالفوا دينه ، ورفضوا ما دعاهم إليه .والمعنى الثانى فيما قيل : إنهم أولاد عظماء تلك المدينة فخرجوا واجتمعوا وراءها من غير ميعاد ، وتعاهدوا على عبادة الله وحده .والمعنى الثالث : أن يعبر بالقيام عن انبعاثهم بالعزم إلى الهروب إلى الله - تعالى - ومنابذة الناس ، كما تقول : قام فلان إلى أمر كذا ، إذا عزم عليه بغاية الجد .وعلى أية حال فالجملة الكريمة تفيد أن هؤلاء الفتية كانت قلوبهم ثابتة راسخة ، مطمئنة إلى الحق الذى اهتدت إليه ، معتزة بالإِيمان الذى أشربته ، مستبشرة بالإِخاء الذى جمع بينها على غير ميعاد ، وصدق رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذ يقول :" الأرواح جنود مجندة فما تعارف منها ائتلف وما تناكر منها اختلف " .ثم حكى - سبحانه - ما قالوه بعد أن استقر الإِيمان فى نفوسهم فقال : ( فَقَالُواْ رَبُّنَا رَبُّ السماوات والأرض لَن نَّدْعُوَاْ مِن دُونِهِ إلها . . ) .أى : أعلنوا براءتهم من كل خضوع لغير الله - عز وجل - حين قاموا فى وجه أعدائهم ، وقالوا بكل شجاعة وجرأة : ربنا - سبحانه - هو رب السموات والأرض ، وهو خالقهما وخالق كل شئ ، ولن نعبد سواه أى معبود آخر .ونفوا عبادتهم لغيره - سبحانه - بحرف - " لن " للإِشعار بتصميمهم على ذلك فى كل زمان وفى كل مكان ، إذ النفى بلن أبلغ من النفى بغيرها .قال الآلوسى : وقد يقال؛ إنهم أشاروا بالجملة الأولى - وهى : ربنا رب السموات والأرض - إلى توحيد الربوبية ، وأشاروا بالجملة الثانية - لن ندعو من دونه إلها - إلى توحيد الألوهية ، وهما أمران متغايران ، وعبدة الأوثان لا يقولون بهذا ، ويقولون بالأول : ( وَلَئِن سَأَلْتَهُمْ مَّنْ خَلَقَ السماوات والأرض لَيَقُولُنَّ الله ) وحكى - سبحانه - عنهم أنهم يقولون : ( مَا نَعْبُدُهُمْ إِلاَّ لِيُقَرِّبُونَآ إِلَى الله زلفى ) وصح أنهم كانوا يقولون : لبيك لا شريك لك ، إلا شريكا هو لك تملكه وما ملك .وقوله - سبحانه - ( لَّقَدْ قُلْنَا إِذاً شَطَطاً ) تأكيد لبراءتهم من كل عبادة لغير الله - تعالى - .والشطط : مصدر معناه مجاوزة الحد فى كل شئ ، ومنه : أشط فلان فى السَّومْ إذا جاوز الحد ، وأشط فى الحكم إذا جاوز حدود العدل : وهو صفة لموصوف محذوف ، وفى الكلام قسم مقدر ، واللام فى " لقد " واقعة فى جوابه ، و " إذا " حرف جواب وجزاء فتدل على شرط مقدر .أى : ربنا رب السموات والأرض ، لن ندعو من دون إلها . ولو فرض أننا دعونا وعبدنا من دونه إلها آخر ، والله لنكونن فى هذه الحالة قد قلنا إذا قولا شططا ، أى : بعيدا بعدا واضحا عن دائرة الحق والصواب .والأية الكريمة تدل على قوة إيمان هؤلاء الفتية ، وعلى أن من كان كذلك ثبت الله - تعالى - قلبه ، وقواه على تحمل الشدائد ، كما تدل على أن من أشرك مع الله - تعالى - إلها آخر ، يكون بسبب هذا الإِشراك ، قد جاء بأمر شطط بعيد كل البعد عن الحق والصواب وصدق الله إذ يقول : ( وَمَن يُشْرِكْ بالله فَكَأَنَّمَا خَرَّ مِنَ السمآء فَتَخْطَفُهُ الطير أَوْ تَهْوِي بِهِ الريح فِي مَكَانٍ سَحِيقٍ ) ثم
القول في تأويل قوله : ( وَرَبَطْنَا عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ ) يقول عز ذكره:وألهمناهم الصبر، وشددنا قلوبهم بنور الإيمان حتى عزفت أنفسهم عما كانوا عليه من خفض العيش.كما حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد عن قتادة ( وَرَبَطْنَا عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ ) يقول: بالإيمان.قوله: ( إِذْ قَامُوا فَقَالُوا رَبُّنَا رَبُّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأرْضِ ) يقول: حين قاموا بين يدي الجبار دقينوس، فقالوا له إذ عاتبهم على تركهم عبادة آلهته ( رَبُّنَا رَبُّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأرْضِ ) يقول: قالوا ربنا ملك السماوات والأرض وما فيهما من شيء، وآلهتك مربوبة، وغير جائز لنا أن نترك عبادة الربّ ونعبد المربوب ( لَنْ نَدْعُوَ مِنْ دُونِهِ إِلَهًا ) يقول: لن ندعو من دون ربّ السموات والأرض إلها، لأنه لا إله غيره، وإن كلّ ما دونه فهو خلقه ( لَقَدْ قُلْنَا إِذًا شَطَطًا ) يقول جل ثناؤه: لئن دعونا إلها غير إله السماوات والأرض، لقد قلنا إذن بدعائنا غيره إلها، شططا من القول: يعني غاليا من الكذب، مجاوزا مقداره في البطول والغلوّ: كما قال الشاعر:ألا يـا لَقَـوْمي قـد أشْـطَتْ عَوَاذِليويــزْعُمْنَ أنْ أوْدَى بِحَـقِّي بـاطلي (7)يقال منه: قد أشط فلان في السوم إذا جاوز القدر وارتفع، يشط إشطاطا وشططا. فأما من البعد فإنما يقال: شط منـزل فلان يشطّ شطوطا ، ومن الطول: شطت الجارية تشطّ شطاطا وشطاطة: إذا طالت.وبنحو الذي قلنا في تأويل قوله (شَطَطا) قال أهل التأويل.ذكر من قال ذلك: حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله ( لَقَدْ قُلْنَا إِذًا شَطَطًا ) يقول كذبا.حدثنا يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد، في قوله ( لَقَدْ قُلْنَا إِذًا شَطَطًا ) قال: لقد قلنا إذن خطأ، قال: الشطط: الخطأ من القول.
( وربطنا ) شددنا ( على قلوبهم ) بالصبر والتثبيت وقويناهم بنور الإيمان حتى صبروا على هجران دار قومهم ومفارقة ما كانوا فيه من العز وخصب العيش وفروا بدينهم إلى الكهف ( إذ قاموا ) بين يدي دقيانوس حين عاتبهم على ترك عبادة الصنم ( فقالوا ربنا رب السماوات والأرض لن ندعو من دونه إلها ) قالوا ذلك لأن قومهم كانوا يعبدون الأوثان ( لقد قلنا إذا شططا ) يعني : إن دعونا غير الله لقد قلنا إذا شططا ، قال ابن عباس : جورا . وقال قتادة : كذبا . وأصل الشطط والإشطاط مجاوزة القدر والإفراط .
لما كان النهي عن الجهر بالدعاء أو قراءة الصلاة سداً لذريعة زيادة تصميمهم على الكفر أعقب ذلك بأمره بإعلان التوحيد لقطع دابر توهم من توهموا أن الرحمان اسم لمسمى غير مسمى اسم الله ، فبعضهم توهمه إلهاً شريكاً ، وبعضهم توهمه مُعيناً وناصراً ، أمر النبي بأن يقول ما يقلع ذلك كله وأن يعظمه بأنواع من التعظيم .وجملة { الحمد لله } تقتضي تخصيصه تعالى بالحمد ، أي قصر جنس الحمد عليه تعالى لأنه أعظم مستحق لأن يحمد . فالتخصيص ادعائي بادعاء أن دواعي حمد غير الله تعالى في جانب دواعي حمد الله بمنزلة العدم ، كما تقدم في سورة الفاتحة .و ( مِن ) في قوله : { من الذل } بمعنى لام التعليل .والذل : العجز والافتقار ، وهو ضدّ العز ، أي ليس له ناصر من أجل الذل . والمراد : نفي الناصر له على وجه مؤكد ، فإن الحاجة إلى الناصر لا تكون إلا من العجز عن الانتصار للنفس . ويجوز تضمين ( الولي ) معنى ( المانع ) فتكون ( من ) لتعدية الاسم المضمن معناه .ومعنى { كبره } اعتقد أنه كبير ، أي عظيم العِظم المعنوي الشامل لوجوب الوجود والغِنى المطلق ، وصفات الكمال كلها الكاملة التعلقات ، لأن الاتصاف بذلك كله كمال ، والاتصاف بأضداد ذلك نقص وصغار معنوي .وإجراء هذه الصلات الثلاث على اسم الجلالة الذي هو متعلق الحمد لأن في هذه الصلاة إيماء إلى وجه تخصيصه بالحمد . والإتيان بالمفعول المطلق بعد { كَبّره } للتوكيد ، ولما في التنوين من التعظيم ، ولأنّ من هذه صفاته هو الذي يقدر على إعطاء النعم التي يعجز غيره عن إسدائها .
قوله تعالى : وربطنا على قلوبهم إذ قاموا فقالوا ربنا رب السماوات والأرض لن ندعو من دونه إلها لقد قلنا إذا شططاقوله تعالى : وربطنا على قلوبهم عبارة عن شدة عزم وقوة صبر ، أعطاها الله لهم حتى قالوا بين يدي الكفار : ربنا رب السماوات والأرض لن ندعو من دونه إلها لقد قلنا إذا شططا . [ ص: 328 ] ولما كان الفزع وخور النفس يشبه بالتناسب الانحلال حسن في شدة النفس وقوة التصميم أن يشبه الربط ; ومنه يقال : فلان رابط الجأش ، إذا كان لا تفرق نفسه عند الفزع والحرب وغيرها . ومنه الربط على قلب أم موسى . وقوله - تعالى - : وليربط على قلوبكم ويثبت به الأقدام وقد تقدم .قوله تعالى : إذ قاموا فقالوا فيه مسألتان :الأولى : قوله - تعالى - : إذ قاموا فقالوا يحتمل ثلاثة معان : أحدها : أن يكون هذا وصف مقامهم بين يدي الملك الكافر - كما تقدم ، وهو مقام يحتاج إلى الربط على القلب حيث خالفوا دينه ، ورفضوا في ذات الله هيبته . والمعنى الثاني فيما قيل : إنهم أولاد عظماء تلك المدينة ، فخرجوا واجتمعوا وراء تلك المدينة من غير ميعاد ; فقال أسنهم : إني أجد في نفسي أن ربي رب السماوات والأرض ; فقالوا ونحن كذلك نجد في أنفسنا . فقاموا جميعا فقالوا : ربنا رب السماوات والأرض لن ندعو من دونه إلها لقد قلنا إذا شططا . أي لئن دعونا إلها غيره فقد قلنا إذا جورا ومحالا . والمعنى الثالث : أن يعبر بالقيام عن انبعاثهم بالعزم إلى الهروب إلى الله - تعالى - ومنابذة الناس ; كما تقول : قام فلان إلى أمر كذا إذا عزم عليه بغاية الجد .الثانية : قال ابن عطية : تعلقت الصوفية في القيام والقول بقوله إذ قاموا فقالوا ربنا رب السماوات والأرض .قلت : وهذا تعلق غير صحيح هؤلاء قاموا فذكروا الله على هدايته ، وشكروا لما أولاهم من نعمه ونعمته ، ثم هاموا على وجوههم منقطعين إلى ربهم خائفين من قومهم ; وهذه سنة الله في الرسل والأنبياء والفضلاء الأولياء . أين هذا من ضرب الأرض بالأقدام والرقص بالأكمام وخاصة في هذه الأزمان عند سماع الأصوات الحسان من المرد والنسوان ; هيهات بينهما والله ما بين الأرض والسماء . ثم هذا حرام عند جماعة العلماء ، على ما يأتي بيانه في سورة لقمان إن شاء الله - تعالى - . وقد تقدم في " سبحان " عند قوله : ولا تمش في الأرض مرحا ما فيه كفاية . وقال الإمام أبو بكر الطرسوسي وسئل عن مذهب الصوفية فقال : وأما الرقص والتواجد فأول من أحدثه أصحاب السامري ; لما اتخذ لهم عجلا جسدا له خوار قاموا يرقصون حواليه ويتواجدون ; فهو دين الكفار وعباد العجل ، على ما يأتي .
‘Why do they not produce clear evidence?’ This question indicates that after embracing the new faith, there were prolonged discussions between these young men and the leaders of their community. But the statements made by these leaders in the course of discussions did not contain any convincing arguments in favour of polytheism (shirk). Therefore, they (the Men of the Cave) found it impossible to give up a faith whose merits stood proved for the sake of a belief which had no such advantage. On being opposed as above, had they given importance to the ‘greatness’ of the leaders of their community, they would have fallen a prey to hesitancy and doubt. But, when they gave more weight to sound reasoning and convincing arguments, it enhanced their faith. For, in respect of reasoning and arguments, these ‘great men’ appeared small to them. In spite of their outward greatness, they were found to be standing on false grounds and not on the grounds of truth.
The first sentence of verse 14: وَرَ‌بَطْنَا عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِمْ (And We made their hearts firm) refers to the event described by Ibn Kathir a little earlier. This tells us that Allah made the hearts of these people firm when the king who was cruel and worshipped idols summoned them in his court and questioned them. This was a matter of life and death. But, despite their apprehension for the worst, Allah Ta` ala made His love, awe and grandeur prevail over their hearts which empowered them to face any eventuality of death or distress. The outcome was that they proclaimed their belief clearly and courageously saying that they did not worship anyone or anything other than Allah and would not do that in future as well. People who firmly resolve to do something for the sake of Allah, this is how they receive help from Allah Ta’ ala.
(And We made firm their hearts) We preserved their hearts with faith; it is also said that: We inspired them to hold fast to patience (when they stood forth) when they left the disbelieving emperor Decius (Duqyanus) (and said: Our Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth. We cry unto) we worship (no god beside Him, for then should we utter an enormity) for then we would be telling lies and falsehood about Allah.