The Poets — Verse 28

Allah tells us about the disbelief, rebellion, oppression and denial of Fir`awn, as He says: وَمَا رَبُّ الْعَـلَمِينَ ((Fir`awn said:) "And what is the Lord of the `Alamin") This is because he used to say to his people: مَا عَلِمْتُ لَكُمْ مِّنْ إِلَـهٍ غَيْرِى (I know not that you have a god other than me.) (28:28) فَاسْتَخَفَّ قَوْمَهُ فَأَطَاعُوهُ (Thus he fooled his people, and they obeyed him.) (43:54) They used to deny the Creator, may He be glorified, and they believed that they had no other lord than Fir`awn. When Musa said to them: "I am the Messenger of the Lord of the worlds," Fir`awn said to him, "Who is this who you are claiming is the Lord of Al-`Alamin other than me" This is how it was interpreted by the scholars of the Salaf and the Imams of later generations. As-Suddi said, "This Ayah is like the Ayah, قَالَ فَمَن رَّبُّكُمَا يمُوسَى - قَالَ رَبُّنَا الَّذِى أَعْطَى كُلَّ شَىءٍ خَلْقَهُ ثُمَّ هَدَى ((Fir`awn) said: "Who then, O Musa, is the Lord of you two" He said: "Our Lord is He Who gave to each thing its form and nature, then guided it aright.") (20:49-50) Those among the philosophers and others who claimed that this was a question about the nature or substance of Allah are mistaken. Fir`awn did not believe in the Creator in the first place, so he was in no position to ask about the nature of the Creator; he denied that the Creator existed at all, as is apparent from the meaning, even though proof and evidence had been established against him. When Fir`awn asked him about the Lord of Al-`Alamin, Musa said: قَالَ رَبُّ السَّمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَآ ((Musa) said: "The Lord of the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them...") meaning, the Creator, Sovereign and Controller of all that, their God Who has no partner or associate. He is the One Who has created all things. He knows the higher realms and the heavenly bodies that are in them, both those that are stationary and those that move and shine brightly. He knows the lower realms and what is in them; the oceans, continents, mountains, trees, animals, plants and fruits. He knows what is in between the two realms; the winds, birds, and whatever is in the air. All of them are servants to Him, submitting and humbling themselves before Him. إِن كُنتُمْ مُّوقِنِينَ (if you seek to be convinced with certainty. ) means, if you have believing hearts and clear insight. At this, Fir`awn turned to the chiefs and leaders of his state around him, and said to them -- mockingly expressing his disbelief in Musa: أَلاَ تَسْتَمِعُونَ ("Do you not hear") meaning, `are you not amazed by what this man is claiming -- that you have another god other than me' Musa said to them: رَبُّكُمْ وَرَبُّ ءَابَآئِكُمُ الاٌّوَّلِينَ (Your Lord and the Lord of your ancient fathers!) meaning, the One Who created you and your forefathers, those who came before Fir`awn and his time. قَالَ (He said) that is, Fir`awn said: إِنَّ رَسُولَكُمُ الَّذِى أُرْسِلَ إِلَيْكُمْ لَمَجْنُونٌ (Verily, your Messenger who has been sent to you is a madman!) meaning, there is no sense in his claim that there is any god other than me!' قَالَ ((Musa) said) -- to those in whose hearts Fir`awn had planted doubts: رَبُّ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَآ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (Lord of the east and the west, and all that is between them, if you did but understand!) `He is the One Who made the east the place where the heavenly bodies rise, and made the west the place where they set; this is the system to which He has subjugated all the heavenly bodies, stationary and moving. If what Fir`awn claims is true, that he is your lord and your god, then let him turn things around so that the heavenly bodies set in the east and rise in the west.' This is similar to the Ayah, الَّذِى حَآجَّ إِبْرَهِيمَ فِى رِبِّهِ أَنْ آتَـهُ اللَّهُ الْمُلْكَ إِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَهِيمُ رَبِّيَ الَّذِى يُحْىِ وَيُمِيتُ قَالَ أَنَا أُحْىِ وَأُمِيتُ قَالَ إِبْرَهِيمُ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْتِى بِالشَّمْسِ مِنَ الْمَشْرِقِ فَأْتِ بِهَا مِنَ الْمَغْرِبِ (who disputed with Ibrahim about his Lord, because Allah had given him the kingdom When Ibrahim said: "My Lord is He Who gives life and causes death." He said, "I give life and cause death." Ibrahim said, "Verily, Allah brings the sun from the east. So cause it to rise from the west.") (2:258) So when Fir`awn was defeated in debate, he resorted to the use of his force and power, believing that this would be effective in dealing with Musa, peace be upon him, so he said, as Allah tells us:

He Moses said ‘The Lord of the east and the west and all that is between them — should you comprehend’ that He is such a Lord then believe in Him alone.

قال موسى: رب المشرق والمغرب وما بينهما وما يكون فيهما من نور وظلمة، وهذا يستوجب الإيمان به وحده إن كنتم من أهل العقل والتدبر!

فأجاب موسى بقوله "رب المشرق والمغرب وما بينهما إن كنتم تعقلون" أي هو الذي جعل المشرق مشرقا تطلع منه الكواكب والمغرب مغربا تغرب فيه الكواكب ثوابتها وسياراتها مع هذا النظام الذي سخرها فيه وقدرها فإن كان هذا الذي يزعم أنه ربكم وإلهكم صادقا فليعكس الأمر وليجعل المشرق مغربا والمغرب مشرقا كما قال تعالى عن "الذي حاج إبراهيم في ربه أن آتاه الله الملك إذ قال إبراهيم ربي الذي يحيي ويميت قال أنا أحيي وأميت قال إبراهيم فإن الله يأتي بالشمس من المشرق فائت بها من المغرب" الآية ولهذا لما غلب فرعون وانقطعت حجته عدل إلى استعمال جاهه وقوته وسلطانه واعتقد أن ذلك نافع له ونافذ في موسى عليه السلام فقال ما أخبر الله تعالى عنه.

ولكن موسى - عليه السلام - لم يؤثر ما قاله فرعون ف نفسه ، بل رد عليه وعليهم بكل شجاعة وحزم فقال : ( رَبُّ المشرق والمغرب وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَآ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ ) .أى : قال موسى : ربنا رب السموات والأرض وما بينهما . وربكم ورب آبائكم الأولين . ورب المشرق الذى هو جهة طلوع الشمس وطلوع النهار . ورب المغرب الذى هو غروب الشمس وغروب النهار .وخصهما بالذكر . لأنهما من أوضح الأدلة على وحدانية الله - تعالى - وقدرته ولأن فرعون أو غيره من الطغاة لا يجرؤ ولا يملك ادعاء تصريفهما أو التحكم فيهما على تلك الصورة البديعة المطردة . والتى لا اختلال فيها ولا اضطراب . . .كما قال إبراهيم للذى حاجه فى ربه : ( إِنَّ الله يَأْتِي بالشمس مِنَ المشرق فَأْتِ بِهَا مِنَ المغرب فَبُهِتَ الذي كَفَرَ . . ) وجملة ( إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ ) حض لهم على التعقل والتدبر ، وتحذير لهم من التمادى فى الجحود والعناد .أى : ربنا وربكم هو رب هذه الكائنات كلها ، فأخلصوا العبادة له ، إن كانت لكم عقول تعقل ما قلته لكم ، وتفهم ما أرشدتكم إليه .وهكذا انتقل بهم موسى من دليل إلى دليل على وحدانية الله وقدرته ، ومن حجة إلى حجة ، ومن أسلوب إلى أسلوب لكى لا يترك مجالا فى عقولهم للتردد فى قبول دعوته .

وقوله: (قَالَ رَبُّ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا) فمعناه: الذي أدعوكم وفرعون إلى عبادته رب المشرق والمغرب وما بينهما يعني ملك مشرق الشمس ومغربها, وما بينهما من شيء لا إلى عبادة ملوك مصر الذين كانوا ملوكها قبل فرعون لآبائكم فمضوا, ولا إلى عبادة فرعون الذي هو ملكها.( إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ ) يقول: إن كان لكم عقول تعقلون بها ما يقال لكم, وتفهمون بها ما تسمعون مما يعين لكم؛ فلما أخبرهم عليه السلام بالأمر الذي علموا أنه الحق الواضح, إذ كان فرعون ومن قبله من ملوك مصر لم يجاوز ملكهم عريش مصر, وتبين لفرعون ومن حوله من قومه أن الذي يدعوهم موسى إلى عبادته, هو الملك الذي يملك الملوك. قال فرعون حينئذ استكبارا عن الحق, وتماديا في الغي لموسى.

"قال رب المشرق والمغرب وما بينهما إن كنتم تعقلون".

قَالَ رَبُّ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (28)لما رأى موسى سوء فهمهم وعدم اقتناعهم بالاستدلال على الوحدانية بالتكوين المعتاد إذ التبس عليهم الأمر المعتاد بالأمر الذي لا صانع له انتقل موسى إلى ما لا قبل لهم بجحده ولا التباسِه وهو التصرف العجيب المشاهد كل يوم مرتين ، كما انتقل إبراهيم عليه السلام من الاستدلال على وجود الله بالإحياء والإماتة لما تَمَوَّه على النمرود حقيقة معنى الإحياء والإماتة فانتقل إبراهيم إلى الاستدلال بطلوع الشمس فيما حكى الله تعالى : { ألم تر إلى الذي حاجّ إبراهيم في ربّه أن آتاه الله الملك إذ قال إبراهيم ربّي الذي يحيي ويميت قال أنا أحيي وأميت قال إبراهيم فإن الله يأتي بالشمس من المشرق فأتتِ بها من المغرب } [ البقرة : 258 ] فكانت حجة موسى حجة خليلية .والمشرق والمغرب يجوز أن يراد بهما مكان شروق الشمس ومكان غروبها في الأفق ، فيكون تحريكاً للاستدلال بما يقع في ذلك المكان من الأُفق من شروق الشمس وغروبها ، فيكون المراد بربّ المشرق والمغرب خالقَ ذلك النظام اليومي على طريقة الإيجاز .ويجوز أن يراد بالمشرق والمغرب المصدر الميمي ، أي ربّ الشروق والغروب ، فيكون المراد بالربّ الخالق ، أي مكوِّن الشروق والغروب ويكون المراد بما بينهما على هاذين الوجهين ما بين الحالين وضمير ( بينهما ) للمشرق والمغرب فكأنه قيل وما بين المشرق والمغرب وما بين المغرب والمشرق ، أي ما يقع في خلال ذلك من الأحوال ، فأما ما بين الشروق والغروب فالضحى والزوال والعصر والاصفرار ، وأما ما بين الغروب والشروق فالشفق والفجر والإسفار كلها دلائل على تكوين ذلك النظام العجيب المتقن .وقيل المراد برب المشرق والمغرب مالك الجهتين . وهذا التفسير يفيت مناسبة الكلام لمقام الاستدلال بعظيم ولا يلاقي التذييل الواقع بعده في قوله : { إن كنتم تعقلون } .وتانك الجهتان هما منتهى الأرض المعروفة للناس يومئذ فكأنه قيل : ربّ طرَفي الأرض ، وهو كناية عن كون جميع الأرض ملكاً لله . وهذا استدلال عرفي إذ لم يكونوا يعرفون يومئذ مَلِكاً يملك ما بين المشرق والمغرب ، وما كان مُلك فرعون المؤلّه عندهم إلا لبلاد مصر والسودان .والتذييل بجملة : { إن كنتم تعقلون } تنبيه لنظرهم العقلي ليعاودوا النظر فيدركوا وجه الاستدلال ، أي إن كنتم تُعملون عقولكم ، ومن اللطائف جعل ذلك مقابل قول فرعون : إن رسولكم لمجنون ، لأن الجنون يقابله العقل فكان موسى يقول لهم قولاً ليناً ابتداء ، فلما رأى منهم المكابرة ووصفوه بالجنون خاشنهم في القول وعارض قول فرعون { إن رسولكم الذي أرسل إليكم لمجنون } [ الشعراء : 27 ] فقال : { إن كنتم تعقلون } أي إن كنتم أنتم العقلاء ، أي فلا تكونوا أنتم المجانين ، وهذا كقول أبي تمام للذَيْن قالا له : «لِم تقول ما لا يُفهم» قال : «لم لا تفهمان ما يقال» .

فقال موسى عليه السلام, مجيبا لإنكار فرعون وتعطيله لرب العالمين: رَبُّ الْمَشْرِقِ وَالْمَغْرِبِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا . من سائر المخلوقات إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ فقد أديت لكم من البيان والتبيين, ما يفهمه كل من له أدنى مسكة من عقل، فما بالكم تتجاهلون فيما أخاطبكم به؟ وفيه إيماء وتنبيه إلى أن الذي رميتم به موسى من الجنون, أنه داؤكم فرميتم أزكى الخلق عقلا وأكملهم علما، بالجنون، والحال أنكم أنتم المجانين, حيث ذهبت عقولكم لإنكار أظهر الموجودات, خالق الأرض والسماوات وما بينهما, فإذا جحدتموه, فأي شيء تثبتون؟ وإذا جهلتموه, فأي شيء تعلمون؟ وإذا لم تؤمنوا به وبآياته, فبأي شيء - بعد الله وآياته - تؤمنون؟ تالله, إن المجانين الذين بمنزلة البهائم, أعقل منكم, وإن الأنعام السارحة, أهدى منكم.

رب المشرق والمغرب أي ليس ملكه كملكك ; لأنك إنما تملك بلدا واحدا لا يجوز أمرك في غيره ، ويموت من لا تحب أن يموت ، والذي أرسلني يملك المشرق والمغرب وما بينهما إن كنتم تعقلون وقيل : علم موسى عليه السلام أن قصده في السؤال معرفة من سأل عنه ، فأجاب بما هو الطريق إلى معرفة الرب اليوم . ثم لما انقطع فرعون لعنه الله في باب الحجة رجع إلى الاستعلاء والتغلب فتوعد موسى بالسجن ، ولم يقل ما دليلك على أن هذا الإله أرسلك ; لأن فيه الاعتراف بأن ثم إلها غيره .

Moses continued the argument in favour of Monotheism with Pharaoh. Pharaoh then became irritated and called Moses a madman. But, even then, Moses did not lose his temper. Pharaoh then threatened him with imprisonment. Then, by way of argument, Moses demonstrated his final miracle. Now, Pharaoh had no scope to say anything further. Even then, he did not accept defeat. In order to belittle Moses’s importance, he said that this was not any divine event, but simply a magical feat that any magician could perform.

أَنْ أَرْ‌سِلْ مَعَنَا بَنِي إِسْرَ‌ائِيلَ That you must send the children of Isra'i1 with us". (26:17) Bani Isra'il were the residents of Syria. They wanted to go back to their land but the Pharaoh would not let them. This way four hundred years had passed and they were living in his bondage like slaves. At that time they were six hundred and thirty thousand in number. Sayyidna Musa (علیہ السلام) when presented the message of Truth to the Pharaoh, he also asked him to stop all the cruelties he had perpetrated over Bani Isra'il and to let them go to their homeland. (Qurtubi) An example of prophetic dialectic Discussion and debate among two different persons or group of people having divergent views has been in vogue since the time immemorial. Such debates are called مُنَاظرہ munazarah (dialectics) in conventional terms. But such dialectics have been reduced to a game of win or lose. People regard the outcome of dialectics should be to come out winner, even though one knows that he is on the wrong. Despite the knowledge of being on the wrong one must keep on pressing his point of view, and use the intelligence to throw in all sorts of arguments to prove his point as correct. Similarly, even if the opponents point is correct, it must be rejected with full force. In contrast to this attitude Islam has given a middle of the road stance, and set out its rules and regulations, thus making it a useful tool for preaching and reform. A simple example of this can be seen in the above verses. When Sayyidna Musa and Harun (علیہما السلام) conveyed the invitation of Truth to the mighty the Pharaoh, who was claimant of being god, in his court, he began the opposing conversation with two questions relating to the person of Musa's (علیہ السلام) . When a sharp opponent is not properly equipped with the correct arguments, he normally tries to switch the conversation towards the person of the addressee in order to find faults with him. This tactic is employed to embarrass the opponent and to make him look small before the audience. Hence, the Pharaoh also came out with two such points. First, ` We have brought you up in our household and have done so many favours to you. So, how can you have the face to speak before us. Second, ` You have killed an Egyptian for no fault of his. This is not only cruelty but also ingratitude toward those among whom you are raised to your manhood. You have killed one from among us.' Now see the prophetic reply of Sayyidna Musa (علیہ السلام) and how he handled the two subjects. In the first place he changed the sequence of the topics in that he brought up the case of the Egyptian first which the Pharaoh had raised latter. The wisdom in changing the sequence appears to be that in the Egyptian's case there was a weakness on his part, but he preferred to take that first, unlike present day tactics where one tries to avoid a direct reply to confuse the issue. But he, being the messenger of Allah, had nothing to hide, so while replying he accepted his weakness, and did not care at all what people in the opposition would think on acceptance of his mistake, and hence, might take it as acceptance of defeat. This course of action was totally contrary to present day tactics when people try to mix up their weakness in a manner that it is camouflaged. Although Sayyidna Musa (علیہ السلام) had accepted his fault while replying to the Pharaoh that it was his misjudgment when he hit the Egyptian and as a result he died, yet he made it very clear that he did not intend to kill him. His intention was right which unfortunately resulted in the wrong. The purpose of his hitting the Egyptian was to prevent him from harming the Isra'ili but in the process he died, which was not the intention. This act of his, despite being wrong, does not conflict with his claim to be a prophet or contradicts its veracity. So, he said ` that he realized his mistake and left the city for the fear of being caught. Then Allah was kind to him and honoured him with the prophethood. Now the point to ponder is that at that time Musa (علیہ السلام) could have adopted the simple and straightforward course and have claimed that the Egyptian deserved death, and would have charged him with such accusations for which his killing was the right action. There was no one present at the time of the incident, so no one could have contradicted him. Anyone else in his place would have certainly taken this course of action. But here it was the resolute messenger of Allah who was the truth personified and who regarded expression of truth and veracity and the declaration of fact as his victory. He accepted his guilt in the packed court of the foe and in doing that also countered any possibility of doubt on his prophethood. After that he turned to the second point regarding his upbringing in the Pharaoh's house, upon which the Pharaoh had stressed to remind his favour to him. Musa (علیہ السلام) asked him to ponder over his position as, being an Israelite, he had no occasion to reach the royal place of the Pharaoh. It was the cruelty of the Pharaoh that compelled the mother of Musa I to throw her baby into the river, then it was by chance that the Pharaoh picked him up, and in reality it was a wise arrangement made by Allah, that the child for the fear of whom the Pharaoh had slaughtered thousands of children, was caused to be nourished by the same the Pharaoh. But in any case, the real cause of his upbringing in the home of the Pharaoh was the cruelty exercised by him against the Israelites. Musa (علیہ السلام) pointing out to this fact, invited the Pharaoh to ponder whether this was really a favour with which he was obliging him. It is obvious that this prophetic address left a positive and convincing impression on the minds of people present there, and they were convinced that Musa (علیہ السلام) was not the sort of person who would make excuses, and that he would say nothing but the truth. After that when they saw the miracles, their view was confirmed further. At that time although the Pharaoh did not admit the truth, yet he was so overwhelmed and apprehensive that just two persons without having the support of a third, would turn him and his people out of their land and country. This is what is known as God gifted awe of truth, veracity and reality. The contentions and dialectics of Allah's messengers are also full of truth, veracity and wishing well for the addressee. That is how they become so appealing to people and convince the biggest defiant

(He said) Moses said: (Lord of the East) He is the Lord of the East (and the West) and the Lord of the West (and all that is between them, if ye did but understand) if you did but believe.