The Story of Nuh and His Conversation with His People
Allah, the Exalted, informs about Prophet Nuh. He was the first Messenger whom Allah sent to the people of the earth who were polytheists involved in worshipping idols. Allah mentions that he (Nuh) said to his people,
إِنَّى لَكُمْ نَذِيرٌ مُّبِينٌ
(I have come to you as a plain warner.) meaning, to openly warn you against facing Allah's punishment if you continue worshipping other than Allah. Thus, Nuh said,
أَن لاَّ تَعْبُدُواْ إِلاَّ اللَّهَ
(That you worship none but Allah;) This can also be seen in his statement,
إِنِّى أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ أَلِيمٍ
(surely, I fear for you the torment of a painful Day.) This means, "If you all continue doing this, then Allah will punish you with a severe punishment in the Hereafter." Then Allah says,
فَقَالَ الْمَلأُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ مِن قِوْمِهِ
(The chiefs who disbelieved among his people said;) The word `chiefs' (Al-Mala'u) here means the leaders and the heads of the disbelievers. They said,
مَا نَرَاكَ إِلاَّ بَشَرًا مِّثْلَنَا
(We see you but a man like ourselves,) This means, "You are not an angel. You are only a human being, so how can revelation come to you over us We do not see anyone following you except the lowliest people among us, like the merchants, weavers and similar people. No people of nobility, or rulers among us follow you. These people who follow you are not known for their intelligence, wit, or sharp thinking. Rather, you merely invited them (to this Islam) and they responded to your call and followed you (ignorantly)." This is the meaning of their statement,
وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتَّبَعَكَ إِلاَّ الَّذِينَ هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِىَ الرَّأْى
(nor do we see any follow you but the meanest among us and they (too) followed you without thinking.) The statement, "without thinking," means that they merely followed the first thing that came to their minds. Concerning the statement,
وَمَا نَرَى لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِن فَضْلٍ
(And we do not see in you any merit above us, in fact we think you are liars.) In this they are saying, "We do not see that you and your followers have any virtuous status above us in your physical appearance, your character, your provisions, or your condition, since you accepted this (new) religion of yours."
بَلْ نَظُنُّكُمْ كَـذِبِينَ
s(in fact we think you are liars. ) This means, "We think you are lying about that which you are claiming for yourselves of righteousness, piety, worship and happiness in the abode of the Hereafter when you arrive there." This was the response of the disbelievers to Nuh and his followers. This is a proof of their ignorance and their deficiency in knowledge and intelligence. For verily, the truth is not to be rejected because of the lowly status of those who follow it. Verily, the truth is correct in itself, regardless of whether its followers are of low status, or nobility. Actually, the reality concerning which there is no doubt, is that the followers of the truth are the noble ones, even though they may be poor. On the other hand, those who reject the truth are the lowly wretches, even though they may be wealthy. Thus, we see that usually the weakest of people are the ones who follow the truth, while the nobility and high-class people usually are opposed to the truth. This is as Allah says,
وَكَذَلِكَ مَآ أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ فِى قَرْيَةٍ مِّن نَّذِيرٍ إِلاَّ قَالَ مُتْرَفُوهَآ إِنَّا وَجَدْنَآ ءَابَآءَنَا عَلَى أُمَّةٍ وَإِنَّا عَلَى ءَاثَـرِهِم مُّقْتَدُونَ
(And similarly, We sent not a warner before you to any town (people) but the luxurious ones among them said: "We found our fathers following a cerain way and religion, and we will indeed follow their footsteps.")43:23 When Heraclius, the emperor of Rome, asked Abu Sufyan Sakhr bin Harb about the qualities of the Prophet , he said to him, "Are his followers the noble people, or the weak" Abu Sufyan said, "They are the weakest of them." Then Heraclius said, "They (weak ones) are the followers of the Messengers." Concerning their statement,
بَادِىَ الرَّأْى
(without thinking. ) In reality this is not objectionable, or something derogatory, because the truth when it is made clear, does not leave room for second-guessing, or excessive thinking. Rather, it is mandatory that it should be followed and this is the condition of every pious, intelligent person. No one continues doubtfully pondering the truth (after it is made clear) except one who is ignorant and excessively critical. The Messengers - Allah's peace and blessings be upon them all - only delivered what was obvious and clear. Concerning Allah's statement,
وَمَا نَرَى لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِن فَضْلٍ
(And we do not see in you any merit above us,) They did not see this (the virtue of accepting Islam) because they were blind from the truth. They could not see, nor could they hear. Rather, they were wavering in their skepticism. They were wandering blindly in the darknesses of their ignorance. They, in reality, were the slanderers and liars, lowly and despicable. Therefore, in the Hereafter they will be the greatest losers.
The council the respected elders of his people who disbelieved said ‘We see you but a mortal like us and you have no merit over us and we see not that any follow you save the vilest among us the riffraff among us such as the weavers and the shoemakers through rash opinion bādiya’l-ra’ya read with hamza or without in both cases in other words impulsively without thinking you over it bādiya’l-ra’ya is in the accusative because it is an adverbial clause that is to say at the time that their opinion first came into being. We do not see that you have any merit over us for which you would deserve our following you; nay we deem you liars’ with regard to your claim to be bringing a Message they the disbelievers included his folk with him in their address to him.
The council of his people who disbelieved, that is the noblemen who were brimming with the affairs of this world, with power over these [affairs] and who were veiled by their intellect and by their rational concepts from the Truth, said: 'We see you but a mortal like us, being as they were exoteric folk, halting at the limits of the intellect which is tarnished with illusion and bewildered with vain desires: this is the intellect [used for the pursuit] of livelihood. These [folk] cannot see anyone being at a stage beyond the one which they have attained on the basis of reason and have no awareness of the levels of preparedness and perfection as being one stage after another and one level above another [and so on continuously] to an extent that only God knows. Thus they have not felt the station of prophethood and its significance; and we see not that any follow you save the vilest among us, the poor among us, those who are lower [in status] than us, since for them level and status are related to reputation and wealth, exactly as God, exalted be He, said: They know [merely] an outward aspect of the life of this world; but they, of the Hereafter, they are oblivious [Q. 30:7]; [through] rash opinion, that is, [they are] impulsive and spontaneous opinion since they are of weak intellect, unable to acquire livelihood, while we are folk of reflection and consideration: they said this because they were veiled by their intellect which is incapable of perceiving reality and spiritual merit as its used is restricted to the acquisition of livelihood and halting at the limits thereof. As for the followers of Noah, peace be upon him, they are folk of far-reaching aspirations and intellects that hover over the Holiness not engaged in seeking livelihood or concerned with the means of acquiring or actualising it, which is why they denigrated and scorned their intellects. We do not see that you have over us any merit, or advancement in terms of what we are referring to, since for them merit was confined to advancement in terms of wealth, property and reputation; nay, we deem you liars', for being unable to perceive what you affirm or understand what you say despite our abundant astuteness.
The council of his people who disbelieved, that is the noblemen who were brimming with the affairs of this world, with power over these [affairs] and who were veiled by their intellect and by their rational concepts from the Truth, said: 'We see you but a mortal like us, being as they were exoteric folk, halting at the limits of the intellect which is tarnished with illusion and bewildered with vain desires: this is the intellect [used for the pursuit] of livelihood. These [folk] cannot see anyone being at a stage beyond the one which they have attained on the basis of reason and have no awareness of the levels of preparedness and perfection as being one stage after another and one level above another [and so on continuously] to an extent that only God knows. Thus they have not felt the station of prophethood and its significance; and we see not that any follow you save the vilest among us, the poor among us, those who are lower [in status] than us, since for them level and status are related to reputation and wealth, exactly as God, exalted be He, said: They know [merely] an outward aspect of the life of this world; but they, of the Hereafter, they are oblivious [Q. 30:7]; [through] rash opinion, that is, [they are] impulsive and spontaneous opinion since they are of weak intellect, unable to acquire livelihood, while we are folk of reflection and consideration: they said this because they were veiled by their intellect which is incapable of perceiving reality and spiritual merit as its used is restricted to the acquisition of livelihood and halting at the limits thereof. As for the followers of Noah, peace be upon him, they are folk of far-reaching aspirations and intellects that hover over the Holiness not engaged in seeking livelihood or concerned with the means of acquiring or actualising it, which is why they denigrated and scorned their intellects. We do not see that you have over us any merit, or advancement in terms of what we are referring to, since for them merit was confined to advancement in terms of wealth, property and reputation; nay, we deem you liars', for being unable to perceive what you affirm or understand what you say despite our abundant astuteness.
فقال رؤساء الكفر من قومه: إنك لست بمَلَك ولكنك بشر، فكيف أُوحي إليك مِن دوننا؟ وما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم أسافلنا وإنما اتبعوك من غير تفكر ولا رويَّة، وما نرى لكم علينا من فضل في رزق ولا مال لـمَّا دخلتم في دينكم هذا، بل نعتقد أنكم كاذبون فيما تدَّعون.
فقال "الملأ الذين كفروا من قومه" والملأ هم السادة والكبراء من الكافرين منهم "ما نراك إلا بشرا مثلنا" أي لست بملك ولكنك بشر فكيف أوحي إليك من دوننا ثم ما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم أراذلنا كالباعة والحاكة وأشباههم ولم يتبعك الأشراف ولا الرؤساء منا ثم هؤلاء الذين اتبعوك لم يكن عن ترّو منهم ولا فكر ولا نظر بل بمجرد ما دعوتهم أجابوك فاتبعوك ولهذا قالوا "وما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم أراذلنا بادي الرأي" أي في أول بادئ "وما نرى لكم علينا من فضل" يقولون ما رأينا لكم علينا فضيلة في خلق ولا خلق ولا رزق ولا حال لما دخلتم في دينكم هذا "بل نظنكم كاذبين" أي فيما تدعونه لكم من البر والصلاح والعبادة والسعادة في الدار الآخرة إذ صرتم إليها هذا اعتراض الكافرين على نوح عليه السلام وأتباعه وهو دليل على جهلهم وقلة علمهم وعقلهم فإنه ليس بعار على الحق رذالة من اتبعه فإن الحق في نفسه صحيح سواء اتبعه الأشراف أو الأراذل بل الحق الذي لا شك فيه أن اتباع الحق هم الأشراف ولو كانوا فقراء والذين يأبونه هم الأراذل ولو كانوا أغنياء ثم الواقع غالبا أن ما يتبع الحق ضعفاء الناس. والغالب على الأشراف والكبراء مخالفته كما قال تعالى "وكذلك ما أرسلنا من قبلك في قرية من نذير إلا قال مترفوها إنا وجدنا آباءنا على أمة وإنا على آثارهم مقتدون" ولما سأل هرقل ملك الروم أبا سفيان صخر بن حرب عن صفات النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم قال له فيما قال: أشراف الناس اتبعوه أو ضعفاؤهم؟ قال بل ضعفاؤهم. فقال هرقل هم أتباع الرسل وقولهم "بادي الرأي" ليس بمذمة ولا عيب لأن الحق إذا وضح لا يبقى للرأي ولا للفكر مجال بل لا بد من اتباع الحق والحالة هذه لكل ذي زكاء وذكاء بل لا يفكر ههنا إلا غبي أو عيي والرسل صلوات الله وسلامه عليهم أجمعين إنما جاءوا بأمر جلي واضح. وقد جاء في الحديث أن رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم قال "ما دعوت أحدا إلى الإسلام إلا كانت له كبوة غير أبي بكر فإنه لم يتلعثم" أي ما تردد ولا تروى لأنه رأى أمرا جليا عظيما واضحا فبادر إليه وسارع. وقوله "وما نرى لكم علينا من فضل" هم لا يرون ذلك لأنهم عمي عن الحق لا يسمعون ولا يبصرون بل هم في ريبهم يترددون في ظلمات الجهل يعمهون وهم الأفاكون الكاذبون الأقلون الأرذلون وهم في الآخرة هم الأخسرون.
ثم حكى - سبحانه - ما رد به قوم نوح عليه فقال : ( فَقَالَ الملأ الذين كَفَرُواْ مِن قِوْمِهِ مَا نَرَاكَ إِلاَّ بَشَراً مِّثْلَنَا وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتبعك إِلاَّ الذين هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِيَ الرأي وَمَا نرى لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِن فَضْلٍ بَلْ نَظُنُّكُمْ كَاذِبِينَ ) .والمراد بالملأ : أصحاب الجاه والغنى من قوم نوح . وهذا اللفظ اسم جميع لا واحد له من لفظه كرهط وهو - كما يقول الآلوسى - : مأخوذ من قولهم فلان ملئ بكذا : إذا كان قادرا عليه . . . أو لأنهم متمالئون أى متظاهرون متعاونون ، أو لأنهم يملأون القلوب والعيون . . .ووصفهم بالكفر ، لتسجيل ذلك عليهم من أول الأمر زيادة فى ذمهم .أى : بعد هذا النصح الحكيم الذى وجهه نوح - عليه السلام - لقومه ، رد عليه أغنياؤهم وسادتهم بقولهم ( مَا نَرَاكَ ) يا نوح إلا بشر مثلنا ، أى : إلا إنسانا مثلنا ، ليست فيك مزية تجعلك مختصا بالنبوة دوننا . . .فهم - لجهلهم وغبائهم - توهموا أن النبوة لا تجامع البشرية ، مع أن الحكمة تقتضى أن يكون الرسول بشرا من جنس المرسل إليهم ، حتى تتم فائدة التفاهم معه ، والاقتداء به فى أخلاقه وسلوكه .وقد حكى القرآن قولهم هذا فى أكثر من موضع ، ومن ذلك قوله - تعالى - ( وَقَالَ الملأ مِن قَوْمِهِ الذين كَفَرُواْ وَكَذَّبُواْ بِلِقَآءِ الآخرة وَأَتْرَفْنَاهُمْ فِي الحياة الدنيا مَا هذا إِلاَّ بَشَرٌ مِّثْلُكُمْ يَأْكُلُ مِمَّا تَأْكُلُونَ مِنْهُ وَيَشْرَبُ مِمَّا تَشْرَبُونَ . وَلَئِنْ أَطَعْتُمْ بَشَراً مِّثْلَكُمْ إِنَّكُمْ إِذاً لَّخَاسِرُونَ . . . ) ثم إنهم فى التعليل لعدم اتباع نبيهم لم يكتفوا بقولهم ما نراك إلا بشر مثلنا : بل أضافوا إلى ذلك قولهم : ( وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتبعك إِلاَّ الذين هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِيَ الرأي ) ومرادهم بقولهم : ( أَرَاذِلُنَا ) أى فقراؤنا ومن لا وزن لهم فينا .قال الجمل : ولفظ ( أَرَاذِلُنَا ) فيه وجهان : أحدهما أنه جميع الجمع فهو جمع أرذل - بضم الذال - جمع رذل - بسكونها - نحو كلب وأكلب وأكالب . . .ثانهيما : أنه جمع مفرد وهو أرذل كأكبر وأكابر . . والأرذل هو المغروب عنه لرداءته .ومرادهم بقولهم : ( بَادِيَ الرأي ) أى : أوله من البدء . يقال : بدأ يبدأ إذا فعل الشئ أولا وعليه تكون الياء مبدلة من الهمزة لانكسار ما قبلها ويؤيده قراءة أبى عمرو " بادئ الرأى " .أى : وما نراك اتبعك يا نوح إلا الذين هم أقلنا شأنا وأحقرنا حالا من غير أن يثبتوا من حقيقة أمرك ، ولو تثبتوا وتفكروا ما اتبعوك ويصح أن يكون مرادهم بقولهم ( بَادِيَ الرأي ) أى اتبعوك ظاهرا لا باطنا ، ويكون لفظ ( بادى ) من البدو بمعنى الظهور . يقال : بدا الشئ يبدو بدواً وبُدوءاً وبداء أى ظهور وعليه يكون المعنى : وما نراك اتبعك يا نوح إلا الذين هم أهوننا أمرا ، ومع ذلك فإن اتباعهم لك إنما هو فى ظاهر أمرهم ، أما بواطنهم فهى تدين بعقيدتنا .وشبيه بهذه الجملة قوله - تعالى - ( قالوا أَنُؤْمِنُ لَكَ واتبعك الأرذلون ) قال صاحب الكشاف : وإنما استرذلوا المؤمنين لفقرهم وتأخرهم فى الأسباب الدنيوية لأنهم أى الملأ من قوم نوح - كانوا جهالا ما كانوا يعلمون إلا ظاهرا من الحياة الدنيا فكان الأشرف عندهم من له جاه ومال كما ترى أكثر المتسمين بالإِسلام ، يعقتدون ذلك ويبنون عليه إكرامهم وإهانتهم ، ولقد زال عنهم أن التقدم فى الدنيا - مع ترك الآخرة - لا يقرب أحدامن الله وإنما يبعده ، ولا يرفعه بل يضعه ، فضلا عن أن يجعله سببا فى الاختيار للنبوة والتأهيل لها . . .ثم أضافوا إلى مزاعمهم السابقة زعما جديدا فقالوا : ( وَمَا نرى لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِن فَضْلٍ بَلْ نَظُنُّكُمْ كَاذِبِينَ ) .والفضل : الزيادة فى الشرف والغنى وغيرهما مما يتميز به الإنسان عن غيره .والمراد هنا : آثاره التي تدل عليه .أى : أنت يا نوح ليست إلا بشرا مثلنا ، وأتباعك هم أحقرنا شأنا ، وما نرى لك ولمتبعيك شيئا من الزيادة علينا لا فى العقل ولا فى غيره ، بل إننا لنعتقد أنكم كاذبون فى دعواكم أنكم على الحق ، لأن الحق فى نظرنا هو فى عبادة هذه الأصنام التى عبدها من قبلنا آباؤنا .وهكذا نرى أن الملأ من قوم نوح - عليه السلام - قد عللوا كفرهم بما جاءهم به بثلاث علل ، أولها : أنه بشر مثلهم وثانيها : أن أتباعه من فقرائهم وثالثها : أنه لا مزية له ولأتباعه عليهم . .وهى كلها علل باطلة ، تدل على جهلهم ، وانطماس بصيرتهم ، ويدل على ذلك ، رد نوح - عليه السلام - الذى حكاه القرآن فى قوله - تعالى - :( قَالَ ياقوم أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِن كُنتُ على بَيِّنَةٍ . . . ) .
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : فَقَالَ الْمَلأُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ قَوْمِهِ مَا نَرَاكَ إِلا بَشَرًا مِثْلَنَا وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتَّبَعَكَ إِلا الَّذِينَ هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ وَمَا نَرَى لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِنْ فَضْلٍ بَلْ نَظُنُّكُمْ كَاذِبِينَ (27)قال أبو جعفر: يقول تعالى ذكره: فقال الكبراء من قوم نوح وأشرافهم ، وهم (الملأ )، ، (14) الذين كفروا بالله وجحدوا نبوة نبيهم نوح عليه السلام ، (ما نراك)، يا نوح، (إلا بشرًا مثلنا) ، يعنون بذلك أنه آدمي مثلهم في الخلق والصُّورة والجنس، كأنهم كانوا منكرين أن يكون الله يرسل من البشر رسولا إلى خلقه. (15)* * *وقوله: (وما نراك اتَّبعك إلا الذين هم أراذلنا بادي الرأي) ، يقول: وما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم سفلتنا من الناس ، دون الكبراء والأشراف ، فيما نرَى ويظهر لنا.* * *وقوله: (بادي الرأي) ، اختلفت القرأة في قراءته.فقرأته عامة قرأة المدينة والعراق: ( بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ )، بغير همز " البادي" وبهمز " الرأي"، بمعنى: ظاهر الرأي، من قولهم: " بدا الشيء يبدو " ، إذا ظهر، كما قال الراجز: (16)أَضْحَـى لِخَـالِي شَـبَهِيَ بَـادِي بَدِيوَصَــارَ لِلْفَحْــلِ لِسَــانِي وَيَـدِي (17)" بادي بدي" بغير همز، وقال آخر:وقَدْ عَلَتْنِي ذُرْأَةٌ بادِي بَدِي (18)* * *وقرأ ذلك بعض أهل البصرة: (بَادِئَ الرَّأْيِ)، مهموزًا أيضًا، بمعنى: مبتدأ الرأي، من قولهم: " بدأت بهذا الأمر "، إذا ابتدأت به قبل غيره.* * *قال أبو جعفر: وأولى القراءتين بالصواب في ذلك عندنا قراءة من قرأ: ( بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ ) بغير همز " البادي"، وبهمز " الرأي"، لأن معنى ذلك الكلام: إلا الذين هم أراذلنا ، في ظاهر الرأي ، وفيما يظهر لنا.* * *وقوله: (وما نرى لكم علينا من فضل)، يقول: وما نتبين لكم علينا من فضل نلتموه بمخالفتكم إيانا في عبادة الأوثان إلى عبادة الله وإخلاص العبودة له، فنتبعكم طلبَ ذلك الفضل ، وابتغاءَ ما أصبتموه بخلافكم إيانا ، (بل نظنكم كاذبين).* * *وهذا خطاب منهم لنوحٍ عليه السلام، وذلك أنهم إنما كذبوا نوحًا دون أتباعه، لأن أتباعه لم يكونوا رُسلا. وأخرج الخطابَ وهو واحد مخرج خطاب الجميع، كما قيل: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ ، [ سورة الطلاق: 1] .* * *قال أبو جعفر: وتأويل الكلام: بل نظنك ، يا نوح ، في دعواك أن الله ابتعثك إلينا رسولا كاذبًا.* * *وبنحو ما قلنا في تأويل قوله (بادي الرأي) قال أهل التأويل.*ذكر من قال ذلك:18105- حدثنا القاسم قال ، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج، عن عطاء الخراساني، عن ابن عباس قوله: ( وما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم أراذلنا بادي الرأي ) ، قال: فيما ظهر لنا------------------------الهوامش :(14) انظر تفسير " الملأ " فيما سلف ص : 177 ، تعليق : 1 ، والمراجع هناك .(15) انظر تفسير " البشر " فيما سلف 11 : 521 ، تعليق : 1 ، والمراجع هناك .(16) أبو نخيلة السعدي .(17) هذا الرجز والذي يليه ، من رجز أبي نخيلة السعدي ، لا شك في البيت الثاني منهما ، أما الأول فإني أرتاب في صحة إنشاده ، على الوجه الذي أنشده الفراء في معاني القرآن . وقد خرج هذا الرجز ، صديقنا وشيخنا عبد العزيز الميمني الراجكرتي في سمط اللآلئ : 293 ، 480 ، وفي اللسان ( ذرأ ) ، وتهذيب إصلاح المنطق 2 : 32 ، وسيبويه 2 : 54 ، ونوادر اليزيدي : 128 ، والأغاني ( ساسي) 18 : 151 ، وتاريخ ابن عساكر 2: 321 ، وأزيد ، تاريخ الطبري 9 : 273 ، والمعاني الكبير : 1223 ، والفراء في معاني القرآن ، ومجاز القرآن 1 : 288 ، واللسان ( بدا ) ، والأبيات هي :كَـيْفَ التَّصَـابِي فِعْـلَ مَـنْ لَـمْ يَهْتَدِوَقَــد عَلَتْنِــي ذُرْأَةٌ بَــادِي بَـدىوَرَثْيَــةٌ تَنْهَـــضُ فــي تَشَـدُّدِيبَعْـدَ انْتِهَـاضِي فـي الشَّـبَابِ الأمْلَدِوَبَعْــدَ مَــا أَذْكُــرُ مِـنْ تَـأَوُّدِيوَبَعْــدَ تَمْشَــائِي وتَطْوِيحِـي يَـدِيوَمِشْــيَتِي تَحْـتَ الغُـدَافِ الأسْـوَدِوذكرها صاحب اللسان في ( بدا ) ، والتبريزي في تهذيب إصلاح المنطق ، وزاد بعد قوله " ورثيــة تنهــض فــي تشـدديوصــار للفحــل لســاني ويـديأما البيت الأول ، فلم أجده في مكان ، وأخشى أن تكون " بادي بدى " فيه ، موضوعة مكان كلمة أخرى ، ولا شك أن موضع هذين البيتين ، ليس في الموضع الذي وضع أحدهما فيه صاحب اللسان والتبريزي .(18) انظر التعليق السالف . و " الذرأة " ( بضم فسكون ) ، الشيب في مقدم الرأس .
( فقال الملأ الذين كفروا من قومه ) والملأ هم الأشراف والرؤساء . ( وما نراك ) يا نوح ، ( إلا بشرا ) آدميا ، ( مثلنا وما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم أراذلنا ) سفلتنا ، والرذل : الدون من كل شيء والجمع : أرذل ، ثم يجمع على أراذل ، مثل : كلب وأكلب وأكالب ، وقال في سورة الشعراء : " واتبعك الأرذلون " يعني : السفلة . وقال عكرمة : الحاكة والأساكفة ، ( بادي الرأي ) قرأ أبو عمرو " بادئ " بالهمز ، أي : أول الرأي ، يريدون أنهم اتبعوك في أول الرأي من غير روية وتفكر ، ولو تفكروا لم يتبعوك . وقرأ الآخرون بغير همز ، أي ظاهر الرأي من قولهم : بدا الشيء : إذا ظهر ، معناه : اتبعوك ظاهرا من غير أن يتدبروا ويتفكروا باطنا . قال مجاهد : رأي العين ، ( وما نرى لكم علينا من فضل بل نظنكم كاذبين ) .
عطف قول المَلأ من قومه بالفاء على فعل { أرسلنا } [ هود : 25 ] للإشارة إلى أنهم بادروه بالتكذيب والمجادلة الباطلة لمّا قال لهم : { إني لكم نذيرٌ مبينٌ } [ هود : 25 ] إلى آخره . ولم تقع حكاية ابتداء محاورتهم إياه ب ( قال ) مجرداً عن الفاء كما وقع في الأعراف لأن ابتداء محاورته إياهم هنا لم يقع بلفظ القول فلم يحك جوابهم بطريقة المحاورات بخلاف آية الأعراف .والملأ : سادة القوم . وتقدم عند قوله تعالى : { قال الملأ من قومه إنّا لنراك في ضلال مبين } في سورة [ الأعراف : 60 ].جزموا بتكذيبه فقدموا لذلك مقدمات استخلصوا منها تكذيبه ، وتلك مقدمات باطلة أقاموها على ما شاع بينهم من المغالطات الباطلة التي روجها الإلف والعادة فكانوا يعدون التفاضل بالسؤدد وهو شرف مصطلح عليه قوامه الشجاعة والكرم ، وكانوا يجعلون أسباب السؤدد أسباباً مادية جسدية ، فيسوّدون أصحاب الأجسام البَهْجة كأنهم خشب مسندة لأنهم ببساطة مداركهم العقلية يعظمون حسن الذوات ، ويسوّدون أهل الغنى لأنهم يطمعون في نوالهم ، ويسوّدون الأبطال لأنهم يُعدونهم لدفاع أعدائهم . ثم هم يعرفون أصحاب تلك الخلال إمّا بمخالطتهم وإما بمخالطة أتباعهم فإذا تسامعوا بسيّد قوم ولم يعرفوه تعرّفوا أتباعَه وأنصاره ، فإن كانوا من الأشراف والسادة علموا أنهم ما اتّبعوه إلا لما رأوا فيه من موجبات السيادة؛ وهذه أسباب ملائمة لأحوال أهل الضلالة إذ لا عناية لهم بالجانب النفساني من الهيكل الإنساني .فلما دعاهم نوح عليه السّلام دعوةً علموا منها أنّه يقودهم إلى طاعته ففكروا وقدّروا فرأوا الأسباب المألوفة بينهم للسؤدد مفقودة من نوح عليه السلام ومن الذين اتّبعوه فجزموا بأنه غير حقيق بالسيادة عليهم فجزموا بتكذيبه فيما ادّعاه من الرسالة بسيادة للأمة وقيادة لها .وهؤلاء لقصود عقولهم وضعف مداركهم لم يبلغوا إدراك أسباب الكمال الحق ، فذهبوا يتطلّبون الكمال من أعراض تعرض للناس بالصدفة من سعة مال ، أو قوة أتباع ، أو عزة قبيلة . وتلك أشياء لا يطرد أثرها في جلب النفع العام ولا إشعار لها بكمال صاحبها إذ يشاركه فيها أقل الناس عقولاً ، والحيوان الأعجم مثل البقرة بما في ضرعها من لبن ، والشاة بما على ظهرها من صوف ، بل غالب حالها أنها بضد ذلك .وربما تطلبوا الكمال في أجناس غير مألوفة كالجن ، أو زيادة خلقة لا أثر لها في عمل المتصف بها مثل جمال الصورة وكمال القامة ، وتلك وإن كانت ملازمة لموصوفاتها لكنّها لا تفيدهم أن يكونوا مصادر كمالات ، فقد يشاركهم فيها كثير من العجماوات كالظباء والمَها والطواويس ، فإن ارتقوا على ذلك تطلبوا الكمال في أسباب القوة والعزة من بسطة الجسم وإجادة الرماية والمجالدة والشجاعة على لقاء العدو . وهذه أشبه بأن تعدّ في أسباب الكمال ولكنها مكمّلات للكمال الإنساني لأنها آلات لإنقاذ المقاصد السامية عند أهل العقول الراجحة والحكمة الإلهية كالأنبياء والملوك الصالحين ، وبدون ذلك تكون آلات لإنفاذ المقاصد السيّئة مثل شجاعة أهل الحرابة وقطّاع الطريق والشّطّار ، ومثل القوة على خلع الأبواب لاقتحام منازل الآمنين .وإنما الكمال الحق هو زكاء النفس واستقامة العقل ، فهما السبب المطّرد لإيصال المنافع العامة لما في هذا العالم ، ولهما تكون القوى المنفّذة خادمة كالشجاعة للمدافعين عن الحق والملجئين للطغاة على الخنوع إلى الدّين ، على أن ذلك معرض للخطأ وغيبة الصواب فلا يكون له العصمة من ذلك إلاّ إذا كان محفوفاً بالإرشاد الإلهي المعصوم ، وهو مقام النبوءة والرسالة .فهؤلاء الكفرة من قوم نوح لمّا قَصروا عن إدراك أسباب الكمال وتطلبوا الأسباب من غير مكانها نظروا نوحاً عليه السلام وأتباعه فلم يروه من جنس غير البشر ، وتأمّلوه وأتباعه فلم يروا في أجسامهم ما يميّزهم عن الناس وربّما كان في عموم الأمة من هم أجمل وجوهاً أو أطول أجساماً .من أجل ذلك أخطأوا الاستدلال فقالوا : { ما نراك إلاّ بشراً مثلنا } فأسندوا الاستدلال إلى الرؤية . والرؤية هنا رؤية العين لأنّهم جعلوا استدلالهم ضرورياً من المحسوس من أحوال الأجسام ، أي ما نراك غير إنسان ، وهو مماثل للنّاس لا يزيد عليهم جوارح أو قوائم زائدة .والبشَر محركة : الإنسان ذكراً أو أنثى ، واحداً كان أو جمعاً . قال الراغب : «عبر عن الإنسان بالبشر اعتباراً بظهور بشرته وهي جلده من الشعر بخلاف الحيوانات التي عليها الصوف والشعر والوبر» أي والريش . والبشر مرادف الإنسان فيطلق كما يطلق الإنسان على الواحد والأكثر ، والمؤنث والمذكر . وقد يثنى كما في قوله تعالى : { أنؤمن لبشرين مثلنا } [ المؤمنون : 47 ].وقالوا : { وما نراك اتّبعك إلاّ الذين هم أراذلنا } فجعلوا أتباع الناس المعدودين في عادتهم أراذل محقورين دليلاً على أنه لا ميزة له على سادتهم الذين يلوذ بهم أشراف القوم وأقوياؤهم . فنفوا عنه سبب السيادة من جهتي ذاته وأتباعه ، وذلك تعريض بأنهم لا يتبعونه لأنهم يترفعون عن مخالطة أمثالهم وأنه لو أبعدهم عنه لاتبَعوه ، ولذلك ورد بعده { وما أنا بطارد الذين آمنوا } [ هود : 29 ] الآية .والأرذال : جمع أرذل المجعول اسماً غير صفة كذلك على القياس ، أو جمع رذيل على خلاف القياس . والرذيل : المحتقر . وأرادوا أنهم من لفيف القوم غير سادة ولا أثرياء . وإضافة ( أراذل ) إلى ضمير جماعة المتكلمين لتعيين القبيلة ، أي أراذل قومنا . وعبّر عنهم بالموصول والصّلة دون أن يقال : إلا أراذلنا لحكاية أن في كلام الذين كفروا إيماء إلى شهرة أتباع نوح عليه السلام بين قومهم بوصف الرذالة والحقارة ، وكان أتباع نوح عليه السلام من ضعفاء القوم ولكنهم من أزكياء النفوس ممّن سبق لهم الهدى .و { بادي } قرأه الجمهور بياء تحتية في آخره على أنه مشتق من بدَا المقصور إذا ظهر ، وألفهُ منقلبة عن الواو لما تحركت وانفتح ما قبلها ، فلما صيغ منه وزن فاعل وقعت الواو متطرفة إثر كسرة فقلبت ياء .والمعنى فيما يبدو لهم من الرأي دون بحث عن خفاياه ودقائقه .وقرأه أبو عَمرو وحده بهمزة في آخره على أنه مشتق من البداء ، وهو أول الشيء .والمعنى : فيما يقع أول الرأي ، أي دون إعادة النظر لمعرفة الحق من التمويه ، ومآل المعنيين واحد .والرأي : نظر العقل ، مشتق من فعل رأى ، كما استعمل رأى بمعنى ظن وعلم .يعنون أن هؤلاء قد غرتهم دعوتك فتسرعوا إلى متابعتك ولو أعادوا النظر والتأمل لعلموا أنك لا تستحق أن تتبع .وانتصاب { بادى الرأي } بالنيابة عن الظرف ، أي في وقت الرأي دون بحث عن خفيّه ، أو في الرأي الأول دون إعادة نظر .وإضافة { بادى } إلى { الرأي } من إضافة الصفة إلى الموصوف ، ومعنى كلامهم : لا يلبث أن يرجع إلى متبعيك رُشدُهم فيعيدوا التأمل في وقت آخر ويُكشف لهم خَطؤُهم .ولما وصفوا كل فريق من التابع والمتبوع بما ينفي سيادة المتبوع وتزكية التابع جَمَعوا الوصف الشامل لهما . وهو المقصود من الوصفين المفرقين . وذلك قولهم : { وما نَرى لكم علينا من فضل } فنفوا أن يكون لنوح عليه السّلام وأتباعه فضل على الذين لم يؤمنوا به حتى يكون نوح عليه السلام سيّداً لهم ويكون أتباعه مفضلين بسيادة متبوعهم .والفضل : الزيادة في الشرف والكمال ، والمراد هنا آثاره وعلاماته لأنها التي تُرى ، فجعلوا عدم ظهور فضل لهم عليهم دليلاً على انتفاء فضلهم ، لأنّ الشيء الذي لا تخفى آثاره يصح أن يجعل انتفاء رؤيتِها دليلاً على انتفائها إذ لو ثبتت لرئَيت .وجملة { بل نظنّكم كاذبين } إبطال للمنفي كلّه الدال على صدقه في دعواه بإثبات ضد المنفي ، وهو ظنهم إياهم كاذبين لأنّه إذا بطل الشيء ثبت ضدّه ، فزعموا نوحاً عليه السلام كاذباً في دعوى الرسالة وأتباعه كاذبين في دعوى حصول اليقين بصدق نوح عليه السّلام ، بل ذلك منهم اعتقاد باطل ، وهذا الظن الذي زعموه مستند إلى الدليل المحسوس في اعتقادهم .واستعمل الظن هنا في العلم كقوله : { الذين يظنون أنهم ملاقوا ربهم } [ البقرة : 46 ] وهو إطلاق شائع في الكلام .
{ فَقَالَ الْمَلَأُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ قَوْمِهِ } أي: الأشراف والرؤساء، رادين لدعوة نوح عليه السلام، كما جرت العادة لأمثالهم، أنهم أول من رد دعوة المرسلين. { مَا نَرَاكَ إِلَّا بَشَرًا مِثْلَنَا } وهذا مانع بزعمهم عن اتباعه، مع أنه في نفس الأمر هو الصواب، الذي لا ينبغي غيره، لأن البشر يتمكن البشر، أن يتلقوا عنه، ويراجعوه في كل أمر، بخلاف الملائكة. { وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتَّبَعَكَ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا } أي: ما نرى اتبعك منا إلا الأراذل والسفلة، بزعمهم. وهم في الحقيقة الأشراف، وأهل العقول، الذين انقادوا للحق ولم يكونوا كالأراذل، الذين يقال لهم الملأ، الذين اتبعوا كل شيطان مريد، واتخذوا آلهة من الحجر والشجر، يتقربون إليها ويسجدون لها، فهل ترى أرذل من هؤلاء وأخس؟. وقولهم: { بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ } أي: إنما اتبعوك من غير تفكر وروية، بل بمجرد ما دعوتهم اتبعوك، يعنون بذلك، أنهم ليسوا على بصيرة من أمرهم، ولم يعلموا أن الحق المبين تدعو إليه بداهة العقول، وبمجرد ما يصل إلى أولي الألباب، يعرفونه ويتحققونه، لا كالأمور الخفية، التي تحتاج إلى تأمل، وفكر طويل. { وَمَا نَرَى لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِنْ فَضْلٍ } أي: لستم أفضل منا فننقاد لكم، { بَلْ نَظُنُّكُمْ كَاذِبِينَ } وكذبوا في قولهم هذا، فإنهم رأوا من الآيات التي جعلها الله مؤيدة لنوح، ما يوجب لهم الجزم التام على صدقه.
قوله تعالى : فقال الملأ الذين كفروا من قومه ما نراك إلا بشرا مثلنا وما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم أراذلنا بادي الرأي وما نرى لكم علينا من فضل بل نظنكم كاذبينفيه أربع مسائل :الأولى : قوله تعالى : فقال الملأ قال أبو إسحاق الزجاج : الملأ الرؤساء ; أي هم مليئون بما يقولون . وقد تقدم هذا في " البقرة " وغيرها .ما نراك إلا بشرا مثلنا أي آدميا . " مثلنا " نصب على الحال . و " مثلنا " مضاف إلى معرفة وهو نكرة يقدر فيه التنوين ; كما قال الشاعر :يا رب مثلك في النساء غريرةالثانية : قوله تعالى : وما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم أراذلنا أراذل جمع أرذل ، وأرذل جمع رذل ; مثل كلب وأكلب وأكالب . وقيل : والأراذل جمع الأرذل ، كأساود جمع الأسود من الحيات . والرذل النذل ; أرادوا اتبعك أخساؤنا وسقطنا وسفلتنا . قال الزجاج : نسبوهم إلى الحياكة ; ولم يعلموا أن الصناعات لا أثر لها في الديانة . قال النحاس : الأراذل هم الفقراء ، والذين لا حسب لهم ، والخسيسو الصناعات . وفي الحديث أنهم كانوا حاكة وحجامين . وكان هذا جهلا منهم ; لأنهم عابوا نبي الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - بما لا عيب فيه ; لأن الأنبياء - صلوات الله وسلامه عليهم - إنما عليهم أن يأتوا بالبراهين والآيات ، وليس عليهم تغيير الصور والهيئات ، وهم يرسلون إلى الناس جميعا ، فإذا أسلم منهم الدنيء لم يلحقهم من ذلك نقصان ; لأن عليهم أن يقبلوا إسلام كل من أسلم منهم .[ ص: 23 ] قلت : الأراذل هنا هم الفقراء والضعفاء ; كما قال هرقل لأبي سفيان : أشراف الناس اتبعوه أم ضعفاؤهم ؟ فقال : بل ضعفاؤهم ; فقال : هم أتباع الرسل . قال علماؤنا : إنما كان ذلك لاستيلاء الرياسة على الأشراف ، وصعوبة الانفكاك عنها ، والأنفة من الانقياد للغير ; والفقير خلي عن تلك الموانع ، فهو سريع إلى الإجابة والانقياد . وهذا غالب أحوال أهل الدنيا .الثالثة : اختلف العلماء في تعيين السفلة على أقوال ; فذكر ابن المبارك عن سفيان أن السفلة هم الذين يتقلسون ، ويأتون أبواب القضاة والسلاطين يطلبون الشهادات وقال ثعلب عن ابن الأعرابي : السفلة الذين يأكلون الدنيا بدينهم ; قيل له : فمن سفلة السفلة ؟ قال : الذي يصلح دنيا غيره بفساد دينه . وسئل علي - رضي الله عنه - عن السفلة فقال : الذين إذا اجتمعوا غلبوا ; وإذا تفرقوا لم يعرفوا . وقيل لمالك بن أنس - رضي الله عنه - : من السفلة ؟ قال : الذي يسب الصحابة . وروي عن ابن عباس - رضي الله عنهما - : الأرذلون الحاكة والحجامون . يحيى بن أكثم : الدباغ والكناس إذا كان من غير العرب .الرابعة : إذا قالت المرأة لزوجها : يا سفلة ، فقال : إن كنت منهم فأنت طالق ; فحكى النقاش أن رجلا جاء إلى الترمذي فقال : إن امرأتي قالت لي يا سفلة ، فقلت : إن كنت سفلة فأنت طالق ; قال الترمذي : ما صناعتك ؟ قال : سماك ; قال : سفلة والله ، سفلة والله سفلة . قلت : وعلى ما ذكره ابن المبارك عن سفيان لا تطلق ، وكذلك على قول مالك ، وابن الأعرابي لا يلزمه شيء .بادي الرأي أي ظاهر الرأي ، وباطنهم على خلاف ذلك . يقال : بدا يبدو . إذا ظهر ; كما قال :فاليوم حين بدون للنظارويقال للبرية بادية لظهورها . وبدا لي أن أفعل كذا ، أي ظهر لي رأي غير الأول . وقال الأزهري : معناه فيما يبدو لنا من الرأي . ويجوز أن يكون بادي الرأي من بدأ يبدأ وحذف الهمزة . وحقق أبو عمرو الهمزة فقرأ : " بادئ الرأي " أي أول الرأي ; أي اتبعوك حين ابتدءوا ينظرون ، ولو أمعنوا النظر والفكر لم يتبعوك ; ولا يختلف المعنى هاهنا بالهمز وترك [ ص: 24 ] الهمز . وانتصب على حذف " في " كما قال - عز وجل - : واختار موسى قومه .وما نرى لكم علينا من فضل أي في اتباعه ; وهذا جحد منهم لنبوته - صلى الله عليه وسلم -بل نظنكم كاذبين الخطاب لنوح ومن آمن معه .
Numerous prophets of God have appeared in this world and it has been their mission to acquaint man with God’s scheme of creation—the scheme by which man has been kept in the present world for the purpose of putting him to the test. Here, one has the opportunity to worship different things, but what is desired from man is that he should become the worshipper of God. Those who do not become God’s worshippers have failed in the test and shall have to face severe punishment in the life after death. This is precisely what Noah told the people of his community. So, he became the ‘clear warner’ for them, but his community did not accept what he had to say. The reason for this was the propensity of the people to be taken in by appearances. In theory, man is a prey to many kinds of misguidance. But, in fact, there has been only one way of human beings going astray throughout the ages and that is their clinging to appearances coupled with their worldly approach to all matters. World-oriented people, in accordance with their temperament, assume worldly things to be the standard by which to determine Truth and untruth. Either consciously or unconsciously, they presume that the possessor of worldly outward glories is in possession of the Truth and one who is deprived of worldly glories is also deprived of the Truth. When God’s missionary makes his appearance, he seems to his contemporaries to be only a human being among other human beings. From the worldly point of view he has no special signs of greatness around him. And since, till then, no material benefits had become attached to the religion he presents to people, it is mostly destitute people who have nothing to lose by adopting the ‘new religion,’ who enter the fold of that religion. This state of affairs becomes a trial for the great ones of the time. They presume that since the adherents of the new religion have no worldly glory, neither can they be in possession of the Truth, so much so that there are certain people in the community who do not hesitate to call them impostors and liars.
Some questions raised by the disbelievers appear in the third verse (27). Before we take these up, let us first look at the meanings of some of the words there.
The word ملا : (mala) generally means a group. Some leading lexicographers say that a group of the chiefs of a people is called: ملا (mala' ). Bashar (بشر) is translated as human being or man. Aradhil (ارزذل) is the plural form of ardhal (ارذل). It means someone lowly, not having any status or respect among his people. The expression: بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ (badiyarra'y) means cursory or shallow opinion.
As for their objections, the first one related to the status of Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) as a prophet and messenger: مَا نَرَاكَ إِلَّا بَشَرًا مِّثْلَنَا (We see that you are nothing but a man like us). In effect, they were saying that he ate, drank, walked, slept and woke up like them. How then, they questioned, could they accept this extraordinary status of his as a messenger and prophet of God? They thought that the person who is sent to men as a messenger from Allah should not belong to the genus of man, instead, he should be an angel whose distinct status had to be recognized by everyone, willingly or unwillingly.
This was answered in the fourth verse (28) as follows:
يَا قَوْمِ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِن كُنتُ عَلَىٰ بَيِّنَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّي وَآتَانِي رَحْمَةً مِّنْ عِندِهِ فَعُمِّيَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنُلْزِمُكُمُوهَا وَأَنتُمْ لَهَا كَارِهُونَ
He said, "0 my people, tell me when I am on a clear path from my Lord, and He has bestowed mercy upon me from Himself and it has been hidden from your sight. Shall we, then, impose it upon you while you are averse to it?".
Here we are being told that for a rasul or messenger to be a man is not contrary to his mission as a prophet or messenger. In fact, a little thought would show that this is how it should be - that the rasul of men should be a man so that men find it comfortable to learn their religion from him. There is an enormous difference in the mental and emotional make up of men and angels. If an angel were to be sent as a rasul, learning religion from him would have become terribly difficult. The reason is that an angel is not hungry or thirsty or sleepy or plain tired, nor does he have to deal with all those human compulsions. How would he have the feeling for such human weaknesses? And, without this feeling, how could men have followed him deed-wise? This theme has appeared in other verses of the Qur'an, either explicitly or suggestively, at several places. Bypassing these, they were exhorted to use their reason and realize that it was not the least necessary that a prophet and messenger should not be a man. But, what is necessary is that he brings with him some proof, argument and evidence from Allah Ta` ala that could make it easy for people to accept that he was definitely a rasul sent by Allah. Those open proofs بَیِّنۃ (bayyinah) and binding arguments for common people take the form of miracles shown at the hands of prophets. Therefore, Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) said that he had brought with him the clear path, argument and mercy from his Lord. If they had seen it carefully and thought about it, they would not have refused to accept the invitation. But, their aversion and hostility made them blind, hence they opted to deny the truth and became adamant to it.
But, this mercy of Allah Ta` ala that comes through a prophet is not something which could be caused to fall over the heads of people - until they themselves show their inclination to have it. There is a hint here that the prophet would have passed on the wealth of' ‘Iman he had come with to them, if he could, despite their denial and obstinacy. But, this was against Divine law. A blessing is aspired for. People cannot be compelled to have it. From here it also stands proved that it has never been permissible, in any period of a prophet, that people should be compelled to become believers. Even those who continue to spread the ugly propaganda that Islam was spread by the sword are not themselves unaware of the truth of the matter. But, they find it convenient to use the power of a lie to sow seeds of doubt in the hearts of the ignorant only to keep the torches of their hatred burning.
As a side benefit, it has also become easier to understand why an angel was not made a prophet. The reason is that an angel is endowed with supernatural power. He is way distinct from human beings in every facet of his existence. To see him and then to believe in him would have become an exercise in compulsion. With an angel in front of him, who could dare being obstinate - something so conveniently demonstrated before prophets? Then, according to the dictate of the Shari` ah, if a person believes unwillingly under the threat of some coercive power, his belief and faith is not acceptable. In fact, the ideally desirable thing is to believe without seeing (al-'Iman bi'l-ghaib اَلاِیمَان بِالغَیب) - that one believes without having fully observed and witnessed the ultimate subduing power of Allah Ta` ala.
The second objection they raised was: وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتَّبَعَكَ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ (and we do not see you followed by anyone but by the lowest among us who are of shallow opinion - 27). This objection has two aspects: (1) That the people of higher status would have been the first to accept your call, if it was correct and true; and that only such lowly people have accepted it shows that the call itself is not worth accepting. (2) That there is something else that stops us from accepting your call to believe. Suppose we were to believe, then we understand that we too will be taken as Muslims, like them and equal to them and, in rows of prayers as well as in other meetings, we will have to sit with them as equals. This we cannot do.
These people were far from reality and very unaware indeed. Simply because poor people did not wallow in wealth and pride in office and status, they had elected to berate them as lowly and mundane - although, the thought itself is as ignorant as it can be. Honor and dis-grace, reason and understanding are not subservient to wealth and property. Rather, as experience bears out, power and wealth can become intoxicating enough as would stop its possessors from under-standing and accepting so many reasonable and correct things. These barriers do not stand before the meek and the poor. They go ahead and accept what is correct and true. This is the reason why the customary Divine practice through the lanes of time gone by has been no other but that the first among those who believe in prophets are none but the weak and the meek. This phenomenon has also been explained in past Scriptures. Pursuant to this, when the blessed letter from the Holy Prophet ﷺ inviting him to believe reached the Byzantine Emperor, Hiraql, he felt the need to ascertain the truth of the matter - because, he had read the signs of the noble prophets in the Torah and the Injil. Therefore, he assembled people of Arabia who were visiting Syria at that time and asked them some questions about those signs.
One of these questions was, ` Are those who follow him the poor and the weak among his people, or those who are considered big and notable among them?' He was told, ` They are poor and weak.' Thereupon, Hiraql confessed, ` this is sign of his being a true prophet because those who follow prophets initially are these very poor and weak people.'
In short, taking poor people to be lowly was ignorance on their part. In reality, ` radhil' or disgraced is he who does not recognize his creator and sustainer and disobeys what He has asked him to do. Therefore, the venerated Sufyan Ibn Said Ath-Thawri, was asked by someone, ` who is mean and disgraced?' He said, ` people who keep flattering rulers and officials.' And Ibn al-Arabi said, ` mean is he who earns Dunya (benefits of worldly life) by selling his din دِین (religion).' Someone asked him, ` who is the meanest?' Then, he said, ` a person who ruins his religion and streamlines the worldly life of someone else.' Imam Malik said, ` mean is he who maligns the noble Companions of the Holy Prophet ﷺ because they are the greatest benefactors of the entire Muslim Ummah, and the source through which the blessings of 'Iman and Shari` ah have reached us.'
Returning to the ignorant thought expressed by the objectors, we see that it has been initially refuted in the third verse (29). It has been said that a prophet does not fancy anyone's wealth or property. He takes no compensation for his service or good counsel to people. His compensation is with Allah alone. Therefore, the rich and the poor are equal in his sight. Let the rich not be scared about their wealth for no one would start asking for it once they become believers.
(The chieftains of his folk) of Noah's folk, (who disbelieved, said: We see thee) O Noah (but a mortal like us, and we see not that any follow you) believe in you (save the most abject among us) the lowly and weak among us, (without reflection) who have manifest weak judgement; it is said that this means: their bad judgement lead them to believe in you. (We behold in you no merit above us) in what you say: you eat and drink just as we do eat and drink (nay, we deem you liars) in what you say.
The Story of Nuh and His Conversation with His People
Allah, the Exalted, informs about Prophet Nuh. He was the first Messenger whom Allah sent to the people of the earth who were polytheists involved in worshipping idols. Allah mentions that he (Nuh) said to his people,
إِنَّى لَكُمْ نَذِيرٌ مُّبِينٌ
(I have come to you as a plain warner.) meaning, to openly warn you against facing Allah's punishment if you continue worshipping other than Allah. Thus, Nuh said,
أَن لاَّ تَعْبُدُواْ إِلاَّ اللَّهَ
(That you worship none but Allah;) This can also be seen in his statement,
إِنِّى أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ أَلِيمٍ
(surely, I fear for you the torment of a painful Day.) This means, "If you all continue doing this, then Allah will punish you with a severe punishment in the Hereafter." Then Allah says,
فَقَالَ الْمَلأُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ مِن قِوْمِهِ
(The chiefs who disbelieved among his people said;) The word `chiefs' (Al-Mala'u) here means the leaders and the heads of the disbelievers. They said,
مَا نَرَاكَ إِلاَّ بَشَرًا مِّثْلَنَا
(We see you but a man like ourselves,) This means, "You are not an angel. You are only a human being, so how can revelation come to you over us We do not see anyone following you except the lowliest people among us, like the merchants, weavers and similar people. No people of nobility, or rulers among us follow you. These people who follow you are not known for their intelligence, wit, or sharp thinking. Rather, you merely invited them (to this Islam) and they responded to your call and followed you (ignorantly)." This is the meaning of their statement,
وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتَّبَعَكَ إِلاَّ الَّذِينَ هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِىَ الرَّأْى
(nor do we see any follow you but the meanest among us and they (too) followed you without thinking.) The statement, "without thinking," means that they merely followed the first thing that came to their minds. Concerning the statement,
وَمَا نَرَى لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِن فَضْلٍ
(And we do not see in you any merit above us, in fact we think you are liars.) In this they are saying, "We do not see that you and your followers have any virtuous status above us in your physical appearance, your character, your provisions, or your condition, since you accepted this (new) religion of yours."
بَلْ نَظُنُّكُمْ كَـذِبِينَ
s(in fact we think you are liars. ) This means, "We think you are lying about that which you are claiming for yourselves of righteousness, piety, worship and happiness in the abode of the Hereafter when you arrive there." This was the response of the disbelievers to Nuh and his followers. This is a proof of their ignorance and their deficiency in knowledge and intelligence. For verily, the truth is not to be rejected because of the lowly status of those who follow it. Verily, the truth is correct in itself, regardless of whether its followers are of low status, or nobility. Actually, the reality concerning which there is no doubt, is that the followers of the truth are the noble ones, even though they may be poor. On the other hand, those who reject the truth are the lowly wretches, even though they may be wealthy. Thus, we see that usually the weakest of people are the ones who follow the truth, while the nobility and high-class people usually are opposed to the truth. This is as Allah says,
وَكَذَلِكَ مَآ أَرْسَلْنَا مِن قَبْلِكَ فِى قَرْيَةٍ مِّن نَّذِيرٍ إِلاَّ قَالَ مُتْرَفُوهَآ إِنَّا وَجَدْنَآ ءَابَآءَنَا عَلَى أُمَّةٍ وَإِنَّا عَلَى ءَاثَـرِهِم مُّقْتَدُونَ
(And similarly, We sent not a warner before you to any town (people) but the luxurious ones among them said: "We found our fathers following a cerain way and religion, and we will indeed follow their footsteps.")43:23 When Heraclius, the emperor of Rome, asked Abu Sufyan Sakhr bin Harb about the qualities of the Prophet , he said to him, "Are his followers the noble people, or the weak" Abu Sufyan said, "They are the weakest of them." Then Heraclius said, "They (weak ones) are the followers of the Messengers." Concerning their statement,
بَادِىَ الرَّأْى
(without thinking. ) In reality this is not objectionable, or something derogatory, because the truth when it is made clear, does not leave room for second-guessing, or excessive thinking. Rather, it is mandatory that it should be followed and this is the condition of every pious, intelligent person. No one continues doubtfully pondering the truth (after it is made clear) except one who is ignorant and excessively critical. The Messengers - Allah's peace and blessings be upon them all - only delivered what was obvious and clear. Concerning Allah's statement,
وَمَا نَرَى لَكُمْ عَلَيْنَا مِن فَضْلٍ
(And we do not see in you any merit above us,) They did not see this (the virtue of accepting Islam) because they were blind from the truth. They could not see, nor could they hear. Rather, they were wavering in their skepticism. They were wandering blindly in the darknesses of their ignorance. They, in reality, were the slanderers and liars, lowly and despicable. Therefore, in the Hereafter they will be the greatest losers.
The council of his people who disbelieved, that is the noblemen who were brimming with the affairs of this world, with power over these [affairs] and who were veiled by their intellect and by their rational concepts from the Truth, said: 'We see you but a mortal like us, being as they were exoteric folk, halting at the limits of the intellect which is tarnished with illusion and bewildered with vain desires: this is the intellect [used for the pursuit] of livelihood. These [folk] cannot see anyone being at a stage beyond the one which they have attained on the basis of reason and have no awareness of the levels of preparedness and perfection as being one stage after another and one level above another [and so on continuously] to an extent that only God knows. Thus they have not felt the station of prophethood and its significance; and we see not that any follow you save the vilest among us, the poor among us, those who are lower [in status] than us, since for them level and status are related to reputation and wealth, exactly as God, exalted be He, said: They know [merely] an outward aspect of the life of this world; but they, of the Hereafter, they are oblivious [Q. 30:7]; [through] rash opinion, that is, [they are] impulsive and spontaneous opinion since they are of weak intellect, unable to acquire livelihood, while we are folk of reflection and consideration: they said this because they were veiled by their intellect which is incapable of perceiving reality and spiritual merit as its used is restricted to the acquisition of livelihood and halting at the limits thereof. As for the followers of Noah, peace be upon him, they are folk of far-reaching aspirations and intellects that hover over the Holiness not engaged in seeking livelihood or concerned with the means of acquiring or actualising it, which is why they denigrated and scorned their intellects. We do not see that you have over us any merit, or advancement in terms of what we are referring to, since for them merit was confined to advancement in terms of wealth, property and reputation; nay, we deem you liars', for being unable to perceive what you affirm or understand what you say despite our abundant astuteness.
The council of his people who disbelieved, that is the noblemen who were brimming with the affairs of this world, with power over these [affairs] and who were veiled by their intellect and by their rational concepts from the Truth, said: 'We see you but a mortal like us, being as they were exoteric folk, halting at the limits of the intellect which is tarnished with illusion and bewildered with vain desires: this is the intellect [used for the pursuit] of livelihood. These [folk] cannot see anyone being at a stage beyond the one which they have attained on the basis of reason and have no awareness of the levels of preparedness and perfection as being one stage after another and one level above another [and so on continuously] to an extent that only God knows. Thus they have not felt the station of prophethood and its significance; and we see not that any follow you save the vilest among us, the poor among us, those who are lower [in status] than us, since for them level and status are related to reputation and wealth, exactly as God, exalted be He, said: They know [merely] an outward aspect of the life of this world; but they, of the Hereafter, they are oblivious [Q. 30:7]; [through] rash opinion, that is, [they are] impulsive and spontaneous opinion since they are of weak intellect, unable to acquire livelihood, while we are folk of reflection and consideration: they said this because they were veiled by their intellect which is incapable of perceiving reality and spiritual merit as its used is restricted to the acquisition of livelihood and halting at the limits thereof. As for the followers of Noah, peace be upon him, they are folk of far-reaching aspirations and intellects that hover over the Holiness not engaged in seeking livelihood or concerned with the means of acquiring or actualising it, which is why they denigrated and scorned their intellects. We do not see that you have over us any merit, or advancement in terms of what we are referring to, since for them merit was confined to advancement in terms of wealth, property and reputation; nay, we deem you liars', for being unable to perceive what you affirm or understand what you say despite our abundant astuteness.
Numerous prophets of God have appeared in this world and it has been their mission to acquaint man with God’s scheme of creation—the scheme by which man has been kept in the present world for the purpose of putting him to the test. Here, one has the opportunity to worship different things, but what is desired from man is that he should become the worshipper of God. Those who do not become God’s worshippers have failed in the test and shall have to face severe punishment in the life after death. This is precisely what Noah told the people of his community. So, he became the ‘clear warner’ for them, but his community did not accept what he had to say. The reason for this was the propensity of the people to be taken in by appearances. In theory, man is a prey to many kinds of misguidance. But, in fact, there has been only one way of human beings going astray throughout the ages and that is their clinging to appearances coupled with their worldly approach to all matters. World-oriented people, in accordance with their temperament, assume worldly things to be the standard by which to determine Truth and untruth. Either consciously or unconsciously, they presume that the possessor of worldly outward glories is in possession of the Truth and one who is deprived of worldly glories is also deprived of the Truth. When God’s missionary makes his appearance, he seems to his contemporaries to be only a human being among other human beings. From the worldly point of view he has no special signs of greatness around him. And since, till then, no material benefits had become attached to the religion he presents to people, it is mostly destitute people who have nothing to lose by adopting the ‘new religion,’ who enter the fold of that religion. This state of affairs becomes a trial for the great ones of the time. They presume that since the adherents of the new religion have no worldly glory, neither can they be in possession of the Truth, so much so that there are certain people in the community who do not hesitate to call them impostors and liars.
Some questions raised by the disbelievers appear in the third verse (27). Before we take these up, let us first look at the meanings of some of the words there.
The word ملا : (mala) generally means a group. Some leading lexicographers say that a group of the chiefs of a people is called: ملا (mala' ). Bashar (بشر) is translated as human being or man. Aradhil (ارزذل) is the plural form of ardhal (ارذل). It means someone lowly, not having any status or respect among his people. The expression: بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ (badiyarra'y) means cursory or shallow opinion.
As for their objections, the first one related to the status of Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) as a prophet and messenger: مَا نَرَاكَ إِلَّا بَشَرًا مِّثْلَنَا (We see that you are nothing but a man like us). In effect, they were saying that he ate, drank, walked, slept and woke up like them. How then, they questioned, could they accept this extraordinary status of his as a messenger and prophet of God? They thought that the person who is sent to men as a messenger from Allah should not belong to the genus of man, instead, he should be an angel whose distinct status had to be recognized by everyone, willingly or unwillingly.
This was answered in the fourth verse (28) as follows:
يَا قَوْمِ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِن كُنتُ عَلَىٰ بَيِّنَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّي وَآتَانِي رَحْمَةً مِّنْ عِندِهِ فَعُمِّيَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنُلْزِمُكُمُوهَا وَأَنتُمْ لَهَا كَارِهُونَ
He said, "0 my people, tell me when I am on a clear path from my Lord, and He has bestowed mercy upon me from Himself and it has been hidden from your sight. Shall we, then, impose it upon you while you are averse to it?".
Here we are being told that for a rasul or messenger to be a man is not contrary to his mission as a prophet or messenger. In fact, a little thought would show that this is how it should be - that the rasul of men should be a man so that men find it comfortable to learn their religion from him. There is an enormous difference in the mental and emotional make up of men and angels. If an angel were to be sent as a rasul, learning religion from him would have become terribly difficult. The reason is that an angel is not hungry or thirsty or sleepy or plain tired, nor does he have to deal with all those human compulsions. How would he have the feeling for such human weaknesses? And, without this feeling, how could men have followed him deed-wise? This theme has appeared in other verses of the Qur'an, either explicitly or suggestively, at several places. Bypassing these, they were exhorted to use their reason and realize that it was not the least necessary that a prophet and messenger should not be a man. But, what is necessary is that he brings with him some proof, argument and evidence from Allah Ta` ala that could make it easy for people to accept that he was definitely a rasul sent by Allah. Those open proofs بَیِّنۃ (bayyinah) and binding arguments for common people take the form of miracles shown at the hands of prophets. Therefore, Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) said that he had brought with him the clear path, argument and mercy from his Lord. If they had seen it carefully and thought about it, they would not have refused to accept the invitation. But, their aversion and hostility made them blind, hence they opted to deny the truth and became adamant to it.
But, this mercy of Allah Ta` ala that comes through a prophet is not something which could be caused to fall over the heads of people - until they themselves show their inclination to have it. There is a hint here that the prophet would have passed on the wealth of' ‘Iman he had come with to them, if he could, despite their denial and obstinacy. But, this was against Divine law. A blessing is aspired for. People cannot be compelled to have it. From here it also stands proved that it has never been permissible, in any period of a prophet, that people should be compelled to become believers. Even those who continue to spread the ugly propaganda that Islam was spread by the sword are not themselves unaware of the truth of the matter. But, they find it convenient to use the power of a lie to sow seeds of doubt in the hearts of the ignorant only to keep the torches of their hatred burning.
As a side benefit, it has also become easier to understand why an angel was not made a prophet. The reason is that an angel is endowed with supernatural power. He is way distinct from human beings in every facet of his existence. To see him and then to believe in him would have become an exercise in compulsion. With an angel in front of him, who could dare being obstinate - something so conveniently demonstrated before prophets? Then, according to the dictate of the Shari` ah, if a person believes unwillingly under the threat of some coercive power, his belief and faith is not acceptable. In fact, the ideally desirable thing is to believe without seeing (al-'Iman bi'l-ghaib اَلاِیمَان بِالغَیب) - that one believes without having fully observed and witnessed the ultimate subduing power of Allah Ta` ala.
The second objection they raised was: وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتَّبَعَكَ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِيَ الرَّأْيِ (and we do not see you followed by anyone but by the lowest among us who are of shallow opinion - 27). This objection has two aspects: (1) That the people of higher status would have been the first to accept your call, if it was correct and true; and that only such lowly people have accepted it shows that the call itself is not worth accepting. (2) That there is something else that stops us from accepting your call to believe. Suppose we were to believe, then we understand that we too will be taken as Muslims, like them and equal to them and, in rows of prayers as well as in other meetings, we will have to sit with them as equals. This we cannot do.
These people were far from reality and very unaware indeed. Simply because poor people did not wallow in wealth and pride in office and status, they had elected to berate them as lowly and mundane - although, the thought itself is as ignorant as it can be. Honor and dis-grace, reason and understanding are not subservient to wealth and property. Rather, as experience bears out, power and wealth can become intoxicating enough as would stop its possessors from under-standing and accepting so many reasonable and correct things. These barriers do not stand before the meek and the poor. They go ahead and accept what is correct and true. This is the reason why the customary Divine practice through the lanes of time gone by has been no other but that the first among those who believe in prophets are none but the weak and the meek. This phenomenon has also been explained in past Scriptures. Pursuant to this, when the blessed letter from the Holy Prophet ﷺ inviting him to believe reached the Byzantine Emperor, Hiraql, he felt the need to ascertain the truth of the matter - because, he had read the signs of the noble prophets in the Torah and the Injil. Therefore, he assembled people of Arabia who were visiting Syria at that time and asked them some questions about those signs.
One of these questions was, ` Are those who follow him the poor and the weak among his people, or those who are considered big and notable among them?' He was told, ` They are poor and weak.' Thereupon, Hiraql confessed, ` this is sign of his being a true prophet because those who follow prophets initially are these very poor and weak people.'
In short, taking poor people to be lowly was ignorance on their part. In reality, ` radhil' or disgraced is he who does not recognize his creator and sustainer and disobeys what He has asked him to do. Therefore, the venerated Sufyan Ibn Said Ath-Thawri, was asked by someone, ` who is mean and disgraced?' He said, ` people who keep flattering rulers and officials.' And Ibn al-Arabi said, ` mean is he who earns Dunya (benefits of worldly life) by selling his din دِین (religion).' Someone asked him, ` who is the meanest?' Then, he said, ` a person who ruins his religion and streamlines the worldly life of someone else.' Imam Malik said, ` mean is he who maligns the noble Companions of the Holy Prophet ﷺ because they are the greatest benefactors of the entire Muslim Ummah, and the source through which the blessings of 'Iman and Shari` ah have reached us.'
Returning to the ignorant thought expressed by the objectors, we see that it has been initially refuted in the third verse (29). It has been said that a prophet does not fancy anyone's wealth or property. He takes no compensation for his service or good counsel to people. His compensation is with Allah alone. Therefore, the rich and the poor are equal in his sight. Let the rich not be scared about their wealth for no one would start asking for it once they become believers.
(The chieftains of his folk) of Noah's folk, (who disbelieved, said: We see thee) O Noah (but a mortal like us, and we see not that any follow you) believe in you (save the most abject among us) the lowly and weak among us, (without reflection) who have manifest weak judgement; it is said that this means: their bad judgement lead them to believe in you. (We behold in you no merit above us) in what you say: you eat and drink just as we do eat and drink (nay, we deem you liars) in what you say.