Children of Israel, The Israelites — Verse 55

رَّبُّكُمْ أَعْلَمُ بِكُمْ (Your Lord knows you best;) O mankind, meaning, He knows best who among you deserves to be guided and who does not deserve to be guided. إِن يَشَأْ يَرْحَمْكُمْ (if He wills, He will have mercy on you,) by helping you to obey Him and turn to Him. أَوْ إِن يَشَأْ يُعَذِّبْكُمْ وَمَآ أَرْسَلْنَـكَ (or if He wills, He will punish you. And We have not sent you) - O Muhammad - عَلَيْهِمْ وَكِيلاً (as a guardian over them.) meaning, `We have sent you as a warner, so whoever obeys you, will enter Paradise and whoever disobeys you, will enter Hell.' وَرَبُّكَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَنْ فِى السَّمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرْضِ (And your Lord knows best all who are in the heavens and the earth.) meaning, their status or level of obedience or disobedience. The Preference of some Prophets above Others وَلَقَدْ فَضَّلْنَا بَعْضَ النَّبِيِّينَ عَلَى بَعْضٍ (And indeed, We have preferred some of the Prophets above others.) As Allah says: تِلْكَ الرُّسُلُ فَضَّلْنَا بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ مِّنْهُمْ مَّن كَلَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَفَعَ بَعْضَهُمْ دَرَجَـتٍ (Those Messengers! We preferred some of them to others; to some of them Allah spoke (directly); others He raised to degrees (of honor.)) 2:253 This does not contradict the report in the Two Sahihs which says that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: «لَا تُفَضِّلُوا بَيْنَ الْأَنْبِيَاء» (Don't give superiority to any Prophet among (Allah's) Prophets.) What is meant in this Hadith is giving a superiority based on whims and fanaticism or sectarian feelings, not on the basis of evidence. If there is solid evidence, we have to follow it. There is no dispute that the Messengers are better than the rest of the Prophets, and that the mighty Messengers of Great Resolve are the best of all. They are the five mentioned in two Ayat of the Qur'an, in Surat Al-Ahzab: وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِنَ النَّبِيِّيْنَ مِيثَاقَهُمْ وَمِنْكَ وَمِن نُّوحٍ وَإِبْرَهِيمَ وَمُوسَى وَعِيسَى ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ (And (remember) when We took from the Prophets their covenant, and from you and from Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa and `Isa son of Maryam.) 33:7 and in Surat Ash-Shura: شَرَعَ لَكُم مِّنَ الِدِينِ مَا وَصَّى بِهِ نُوحاً وَالَّذِى أَوْحَيْنَآ إِلَيْكَ وَمَا وَصَّيْنَا بِهِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمُوسَى وَعِيسَى أَنْ أَقِيمُواْ الدِّينَ وَلاَ تَتَفَرَّقُواْ فِيهِ (He has ordained for you the same religion which He ordained for Nuh, and that which We have revealed to you, and that which We ordained for Ibrahim, Musa and `Isa saying you should establish religion and make no divisions in it.) 42:13 There is no dispute that Muhammad is the best of them, then Ibrahim, then Musa, then `Isa (peace be upon them all), according to the best-known view. We have discussed the evidence for this in detail elsewhere, and Allah is the source of help. Allah's saying, وَءَاتَيْنَا دَاوُودَ زَبُوراً (and to Dawud We gave the Zabur.) is an indication of his virtue and honor. Al-Bukhari recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said: «خُفِّفَ عَلَى دَاوُدَ الْقُرْآنُ، فَكَانَ يَأْمُرُ بِدَوَابِّهِ فَتُسْرَجُ، فَكَانَ يَقْرَؤُهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَفْرُغ» (The Qur'an (i.e. revea- led Scripture of Zabur) was made easy for Dawud, so he would call for his mounts to be saddled, and he would finish reciting it (i.e., the Zabur) be- fore the job was done.)

And your Lord knows best all who are in the heavens and the earth thus endowing them each one with what He will according to the measure of their states. And verily We have preferred some of the prophets above others endowing each of them with a particular merit Moses with being spoken to; Abraham with Friendship; and Muhammad (s) with the Night Journey; and We gave David the Psalms.

And We made some of the prophets more excellent than others. The prophets have the generous gifts of states and the specific characteristics of proximity. One of them has chosenness [Adam], another bosom friendship [Abraham], another speaking with God [Moses], and still another the miʿrāj, intercession, and vision. Then He made some of them su- perior to others in specific characteristics. He made the prophets superior to the world's folk, He made the messengers superior to the prophets, He made the Possessors of Resoluteness superior to the messengers, and He made MuṣṬafā superior to the Possessors of Resoluteness. The furthest limits of the stations of all of them are the beginning of the station of MuṣṬafā; the furthest limits of their stations is apparent, but the end of his station is not apparent. He is aware of the secret core of all of them, but no one other than the Real is aware of his secret core. That is why he said, “'I am the master of the children of Adam, without boasting.' How should I boast of that? For I am separate from them in my state and I stand with the Real in beautiful courtesy. Were I to boast, I would boast of the Real, proximity, and closeness, for He says, 'Then He drew close, so He came down' [53:8]. If I do not boast about the place of closeness and proximity, how could I boast about being the master of all the races?” That paragon of the world was a sun whose eastern horizon was Mecca and whose western horizon was Yathrib. Its eclipse was in the cave, but that was an eclipse within which a hundred thousand deposits of gentle favor were unveiled. On his forehead was the splendor of By thy life [15:72], on the sleeve of his covenant the exalted embroidery of MuḤammad is God's mes- senger [48:29], on the door of the pavilion of his secret core this flag of rulership: Surely We have opened up for thee a clear opening [48:1]. The rug of that paragon's messengerhood was thrown from the east of the world to the west of the world, the carpet of his prophethood was spread from Qāf to Qāf, the shadowy banners of unbelief were overthrown with his appearance, the seat of his secret core's joy was set up higher than the throne of Ursa Major.

And We made some of the prophets more excellent than others. The prophets have the generous gifts of states and the specific characteristics of proximity. One of them has chosenness [Adam], another bosom friendship [Abraham], another speaking with God [Moses], and still another the miʿrāj, intercession, and vision. Then He made some of them su- perior to others in specific characteristics. He made the prophets superior to the world's folk, He made the messengers superior to the prophets, He made the Possessors of Resoluteness superior to the messengers, and He made MuṣṬafā superior to the Possessors of Resoluteness. The furthest limits of the stations of all of them are the beginning of the station of MuṣṬafā; the furthest limits of their stations is apparent, but the end of his station is not apparent. He is aware of the secret core of all of them, but no one other than the Real is aware of his secret core. That is why he said, “'I am the master of the children of Adam, without boasting.' How should I boast of that? For I am separate from them in my state and I stand with the Real in beautiful courtesy. Were I to boast, I would boast of the Real, proximity, and closeness, for He says, 'Then He drew close, so He came down' [53:8]. If I do not boast about the place of closeness and proximity, how could I boast about being the master of all the races?” That paragon of the world was a sun whose eastern horizon was Mecca and whose western horizon was Yathrib. Its eclipse was in the cave, but that was an eclipse within which a hundred thousand deposits of gentle favor were unveiled. On his forehead was the splendor of By thy life [15:72], on the sleeve of his covenant the exalted embroidery of MuḤammad is God's mes- senger [48:29], on the door of the pavilion of his secret core this flag of rulership: Surely We have opened up for thee a clear opening [48:1]. The rug of that paragon's messengerhood was thrown from the east of the world to the west of the world, the carpet of his prophethood was spread from Qāf to Qāf, the shadowy banners of unbelief were overthrown with his appearance, the seat of his secret core's joy was set up higher than the throne of Ursa Major.

And We made some of the prophets more excellent than others. The prophets have the generous gifts of states and the specific characteristics of proximity. One of them has chosenness [Adam], another bosom friendship [Abraham], another speaking with God [Moses], and still another the miʿrāj, intercession, and vision. Then He made some of them su- perior to others in specific characteristics. He made the prophets superior to the world's folk, He made the messengers superior to the prophets, He made the Possessors of Resoluteness superior to the messengers, and He made MuṣṬafā superior to the Possessors of Resoluteness. The furthest limits of the stations of all of them are the beginning of the station of MuṣṬafā; the furthest limits of their stations is apparent, but the end of his station is not apparent. He is aware of the secret core of all of them, but no one other than the Real is aware of his secret core. That is why he said, “'I am the master of the children of Adam, without boasting.' How should I boast of that? For I am separate from them in my state and I stand with the Real in beautiful courtesy. Were I to boast, I would boast of the Real, proximity, and closeness, for He says, 'Then He drew close, so He came down' [53:8]. If I do not boast about the place of closeness and proximity, how could I boast about being the master of all the races?” That paragon of the world was a sun whose eastern horizon was Mecca and whose western horizon was Yathrib. Its eclipse was in the cave, but that was an eclipse within which a hundred thousand deposits of gentle favor were unveiled. On his forehead was the splendor of By thy life [15:72], on the sleeve of his covenant the exalted embroidery of MuḤammad is God's mes- senger [48:29], on the door of the pavilion of his secret core this flag of rulership: Surely We have opened up for thee a clear opening [48:1]. The rug of that paragon's messengerhood was thrown from the east of the world to the west of the world, the carpet of his prophethood was spread from Qāf to Qāf, the shadowy banners of unbelief were overthrown with his appearance, the seat of his secret core's joy was set up higher than the throne of Ursa Major.

And We made some of the prophets more excellent than others. The prophets have the generous gifts of states and the specific characteristics of proximity. One of them has chosenness [Adam], another bosom friendship [Abraham], another speaking with God [Moses], and still another the miʿrāj, intercession, and vision. Then He made some of them su- perior to others in specific characteristics. He made the prophets superior to the world's folk, He made the messengers superior to the prophets, He made the Possessors of Resoluteness superior to the messengers, and He made MuṣṬafā superior to the Possessors of Resoluteness. The furthest limits of the stations of all of them are the beginning of the station of MuṣṬafā; the furthest limits of their stations is apparent, but the end of his station is not apparent. He is aware of the secret core of all of them, but no one other than the Real is aware of his secret core. That is why he said, “'I am the master of the children of Adam, without boasting.' How should I boast of that? For I am separate from them in my state and I stand with the Real in beautiful courtesy. Were I to boast, I would boast of the Real, proximity, and closeness, for He says, 'Then He drew close, so He came down' [53:8]. If I do not boast about the place of closeness and proximity, how could I boast about being the master of all the races?” That paragon of the world was a sun whose eastern horizon was Mecca and whose western horizon was Yathrib. Its eclipse was in the cave, but that was an eclipse within which a hundred thousand deposits of gentle favor were unveiled. On his forehead was the splendor of By thy life [15:72], on the sleeve of his covenant the exalted embroidery of MuḤammad is God's mes- senger [48:29], on the door of the pavilion of his secret core this flag of rulership: Surely We have opened up for thee a clear opening [48:1]. The rug of that paragon's messengerhood was thrown from the east of the world to the west of the world, the carpet of his prophethood was spread from Qāf to Qāf, the shadowy banners of unbelief were overthrown with his appearance, the seat of his secret core's joy was set up higher than the throne of Ursa Major.

And We made some of the prophets more excellent than others.The prophets have the generous gifts of states and the specific characteristics of proximity. One of them has chosenness [Adam], another bosom friendship [Abraham], another speaking with God [Moses], and still another the miʿrāj, intercession, and vision. Then He made some of them su- perior to others in specific characteristics. He made the prophets superior to the world's folk, He made the messengers superior to the prophets, He made the Possessors of Resoluteness superior to the messengers, and He made MuṣṬafā superior to the Possessors of Resoluteness. The furthest limits of the stations of all of them are the beginning of the station of MuṣṬafā; the furthest limits of their stations is apparent, but the end of his station is not apparent. He is aware of the secret core of all of them, but no one other than the Real is aware of his secret core. That is why he said, �'I am the master of the children of Adam, without boasting.' How should I boast of that? For I am separate from them in my state and I stand with the Real in beautiful courtesy. Were I to boast, I would boast of the Real, proximity, and closeness, for He says, 'Then He drew close, so He came down' [53:8]. If I do not boast about the place of closeness and proximity, how could I boast about being the master of all the races?�That paragon of the world was a sun whose eastern horizon was Mecca and whose western horizon was Yathrib. Its eclipse was in the cave, but that was an eclipse within which a hundred thousand deposits of gentle favor were unveiled. On his forehead was the splendor of By thy life [15:72], on the sleeve of his covenant the exalted embroidery of MuḤammad is God's mes- senger [48:29], on the door of the pavilion of his secret core this flag of rulership: Surely We have opened up for thee a clear opening [48:1]. The rug of that paragon's messengerhood was thrown from the east of the world to the west of the world, the carpet of his prophethood was spread from Qāf to Qāf, the shadowy banners of unbelief were overthrown with his appearance, the seat of his secret core's joy was set up higher than the throne of Ursa Major.

وربك -أيها النبي- أعلم بمَن في السموات والأرض. ولقد فَضَّلْنا بعض النبيين على بعض بالفضائل وكثرة الأتباع وإنزال الكتب، وأعطينا داود الزبور.

وقوله "وربك أعلم بمن في السموات والأرض" أي بمراتبهم في الطاعة والمعصية "ولقد فضلنا بعض النبيين على بعض" وكما قال تعالى "تلك الرسل فضلنا بعضهم على بعض منهم من كلم الله ورفع بعضهم درجات" وهذا لا ينافي ما ثبت في الصحيحين أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال "لا تفضلوا بين الأنبياء" فإن المراد من ذلك هو التفضيل بمجرد التشهي والعصبية لا بمقتضى الدليل فإذا دل الدليل على شيء وجب اتباعه ولا خلاف أن الرسل أفضل من بقية الأنبياء وأن أولي العزم منهم أفضلهم وهم الخمسة المذكورون نصا في آيتين من القرآن في سورة الأحزاب "وإذ أخذنا من النبيين ميثاقهم ومنك ومن نوح وإبراهيم وموسى وعيسى ابن مريم" وفي الشورى في قوله "شرع لكم من الدين ما وصى به نوحا والذي أوحينا إليك وما وصينا به إبراهيم وموسى وعيسى أن أقيموا الدين ولا تتفرقوا فيه" ولا خلاف أن محمدا صلى الله عليه وسلم أفضلهم ثم بعده إبراهيم ثم موسى ثم عيسى عليهم السلام على المشهور وقد بسطناه بدلائله في غير هذا الموضع والله الموفق وقوله تعالى "وآتينا داود زبورا" تنبيه على فضله وشرفه. قال البخاري حدثنا إسحاق بن نصر أخبرنا عبدالرزاق أخبرنا معمر عن همام عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال "خفف على داود القرآن فكان يأمر بدوابه فتسرج فكان يقرؤه قبل أن يفرغ" يعني القرآن.

أورد المفسرون فى سبب نزول هاتين الآيتين روايات منها :قال ابن كثير : قال العوفى عن ابن عباس فى قوله : ( قُلِ ادعوا الذين زَعَمْتُم مِّن دُونِهِ . . . ) .قال : كان أهل الشرك يقولون نعبد الملائكة والمسيح وعزيرا .وروى البخارى وغيره عن ابن مسعود فى قوله : ( أولئك الذين يَدْعُونَ ) قال : كان ناس من الإِنس يعبدون ناسا من الجن ، فأسلم الجن وتمسك هؤلاء - أى الإِنس - بدينهم . . فنزلت هذه الآية .وقال القرطبى : لما ابتليت قريش بالقَحْط ، وشكَوْا إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، أنزل الله هذه الآية : ( قُلِ ادعوا الذين زَعَمْتُم مِّن دُونِهِ . . . ) .والمراد بالزعم هنا : الظن الكاذب الذى لا أساس له من الحقيقة والواقع .قال الآلوسى ما ملخصه : والزعم قريب من الظن ، ويقال إنه القول المشكوك فيه ، ويستعمل بمعنى الكذب ، حتى قال ابن عباس : كل ما ورد فى القرآن زعم فهو كذب .وقد يطلق على القول المحقق ، والصدق الذى لا شك فيه . . . فقد ورد عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال : " زعم جبريل كذا . . . " .وهو مما يتعدى إلى مفعولين ، وقد حذفا هنا ، أى : زعمتموهم آلهة . . والظاهر أن المراد من الموصول - الذين - كل من عبد من دون الله من العقلاء .والمعنى : قل - أيها الرسول الكريم - لهؤلاء الكافرين الذين أشركوا مع الله - تعالى - آلهة أخرى فى العبادة . قل لهم على سبيل الإِرشاد والتحدى : هذه الآلهة التى تعبدونها ، اطلبوا منها أن تدفع عنكم ما نزل بكم من ضر كمرض أو فقر أو قحط؛ أو أن تحوله منكم إلى غيركم . . .فإذا لم تستطع ذلك - وهى بكل تأكيد لا تستطيع ولن تستطيع - فاتركوا عبادتها ، وأخلصوا العبادة والطاعة لمن هو على كل شئ قدير ، وهو الله - عز وجل - .واكتفى - سبحانه - بذكر كشف الضر ، لأنه هو الذى تتطلع إليه النفوس عند نزول المصائب ، أكثر من تطلعها إلى جلب النفع ، إذ عند نزول الضر ، لا تشتغل الألسنة والقلوب إلا برجاء كشفه .

يقول تعالى ذكره لنبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم: وربك يا محمد أعلم بمن في السماوات والأرض وما يصلحهم فإنه هو خالقهم ورازقهم ومدبرهم، وهو أعلم بمن هو أهل للتوبة والرحمة، ومن هو أهل للعذاب، أهدى للحقّ من سبق له مني الرحمة والسعادة، وأُضلّ من سبق له مني الشقاء والخذلان، يقول: فلا يكبرنّ ذلك عليك، فإن ذلك من فعلي بهم لتفضيلي بعض النبيين على بعض، بإرسال بعضهم إلى بعض الخلق، وبعضهم إلى الجميع، ورفعي بعضهم على بعض درجات.كما حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله ( وَرَبُّكَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَنْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأرْضِ وَلَقَدْ فَضَّلْنَا بَعْضَ النَّبِيِّينَ عَلَى بَعْضٍ ) اتخذ الله إبراهيم خليلا وكلَّم موسى تكليما، وجعل الله عيسى كمثل آدم خلقه من تراب، ثم قال له كن فيكون، وهو عبد الله ورسوله، من كلمة الله وروحه، وآتى سليمان مُلكا لا ينبغي لأحد من بعده، وآتى داود زبورا، كنا نحدّث دعاء عُلِّمه داود، تحميد وتمجيد، ليس فيه حلال ولا حرام، ولا فرائض ولا حدود، وغفر لمحمد ما تقدّم من ذنبه وما تأخَّر.حدثنا القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج ( وَلَقَدْ فَضَّلْنَا بَعْضَ النَّبِيِّينَ عَلَى بَعْضٍ ) قال: كلم الله موسى، وأرسل محمدا إلى الناس كافَّة.

( وربك أعلم بمن في السماوات والأرض ( أي : ربك العالم بمن في السموات والأرض فجعلهم مختلفين في صورهم وأخلاقهم وأحوالهم ومللهم .( ولقد فضلنا بعض النبيين على بعض ( قيل جعل أهل السموات والأرض مختلفين كما فضل بعض النبيين على بعض .قال قتادة في هذه الآية : اتخذ الله إبراهيم خليلا وكلم موسى تكليما وقال لعيسى : كن فيكون وآتى سليمان ملكا لا ينبغي لأحد من بعده وآتى داود زبورا كما قال : ( وآتينا داود زبورا ( والزبور : كتاب علمه الله داود يشتمل على مائة وخمسين سورة كلها دعاء وتمجيد وثناء على الله عز وجل وليس فيها حرام ولا حلال ولا فرائض ولا حدود .معناه : إنكم لم تنكروا تفضيل النبيين فكيف تنكرون فضل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وإعطاءه القرآن؟ وهذا خطاب مع من يقر بتفضيل الأنبياء عليهم السلام من أهل الكتاب وغيرهم .

تماثل القرينتين في فاصلتيْ هذه الآية من كلمة { والأرض } وكلمة { على بعض } ، يدل دلالة واضحة على أنهما كلام مرتبط بعضه ببعض ، وأن ليس قوله : { وربك أعلم بمن في السماوات والأرض } تكملة لآية { ربكم أعلم بكم } [ الإسراء : 54 ] الآية .وتغيير أسلوب الخطاب في قوله : { وربك أعلم } بعد قوله : { ربكم أعلم بكم } [ الإسراء : 54 ] إيماء إلى أن الغرض من هذه الجملة عائد إلى شأن من شؤون النبي التي لها مزيد اختصاص به ، تقفية على إبطال أقوال المشركين في شؤون الصفات الإلهية ، بإبطال أقوالهم في أحوال النبي . ذلك أن المشركين لم يقبلوا دعوة النبي بغرورهم أنه لم يكن من عظماء أهل بلادهم وقادتهم ، وقالوا : أبعث الله يتيم أبي طالب رسولاً ، أبعث الله بشراً رسولاً ، فأبكتهم الله بهذا الرد بقوله : وربك أعلم بمن في السماوات والأرض } فهو العالم حيث يجعل رسالته .وكان قوله : { وربك أعلم بمن في السماوات والأرض } كالمقدمة لقوله : { ولقد فضلنا بعض النبيئين } الآية . أعاد تذكيرهم بأن الله أعلم منهم بالمستأهل للرسالة بحسب ما أعده الله فيه من الصفات القابلة لذلك ، كما قال الله تعالى عنهم { قالوا لن نؤمن حتى نؤتى مثل ما أوتي رسل الله الله أعلم حيث يجعل رسالاته } في سورة [ الأنعام : 124 ].وكان الحكم في هذه المقدمة على عموم الموجودات لتكون بمنزلة الكلية التي يؤخذ منها كل حكم لجزئياتها ، لأن المقصود بالإبطال من أقوال المشركين جامع لصور كثيرة من أحوال الموجودات من البشر والملائكة وأحوالهم؛ لأن بعض المشركين أحالوا إرسال رسول من البشر ، وبعضهم أحالوا إرسال رسول ليس من عظمائهم ، وبعضهم أحالوا إرسال من لا يأتي بمثل ما جاء به موسى عليه الصلاة والسلام . وذلك يثير أحوالاً جمة من العصور والرجال والأمم أحياءً وأمواتاً . فلا جرم كان للتعميم موقع عظيم في قوله : { بمن في السماوات والأرض } ، وهو أيضاً كالمقدمة لجملة { ولقد فضلنا بعض النبيئين على بعض } ، مشيراً إلى أن تفاضل الأنبياء ناشىء على ما أودعه الله فيهم من موجبات التفاضل . وهذا إيجاز تضمن إثباتَ النبوءة وتقررها فيما مضى ما لا قبل لهم بإنكاره ، وتعدّدَ الأنبياء مما يجعل محمداً صلى الله عليه وسلم ليس بدعا من الرسل ، وإثباتَ التفاضل بين الأفراد من البشر ، فمنهم رسول ومنهم مرسل إليهم ، وإثباتَ التفاضل بين أفراد الصنف الفاضل . وتقرر ذلك فيما مضى تقرراً لا يستطيع إنكاره إلا مكابر بالتفاضل حتى بين الأفضلين سنةً إلهية مقررة لا نكران لها . فعلم أن طعنهم في نبوءة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم طعن مكابرة وحسد . كما قال تعالى في شأن اليهود { أم يحسدون الناس على ما آتاهم الله من فضله فقد آتينا آل إبراهيم الكتاب والحكمة وآتيناهم مُلكاً عظيماً } في سورة [ النساء : 54 ].وتخصيص داوود عليه السلام بالذكر عقب هذه القضية العامة وجهه صاحب «الكشاف» ومن تبعه بأن فائدة التلميح إلى أن محمداً صلى الله عليه وسلم أفضل الأنبياء وأمته أفضل الأمم لأن في الزبور أن الأرض يرثها عباد الله الصالحون . وهذا حسن . وأنا أرى أن يكون وجه هذا التخصيص الإيماء إلى أن كثيراً من الأحوال المرموقة في نظر الجاهلين وقاصري الأنظار بنظر الغضاضة هي أحوال لا تعوق أصحابها عن الصعود في مدارج الكمال التي اصطفاها الله لها ، وأن التفضيل بالنبوءة والرسالة لا ينشأ عن عظمة سابقة؛ فإن داوود عليه السلام كان راعياً من رعاة الغنم في بني إسرائيل ، وكان ذا قوة في الرمي بالحجر ، فأمر الله شاول ملك بني إسرائيل أن يختار داوود لمحاربة جالوت الكنعاني ، فلما قَتل داوودُ جالوتَ آتاه الله النبوءة وصيره ملِكاً لإسرائيل ، فهو النبي الذي تجلى فيه اصطفاء الله تعالى لمن لم يكن ذا عظمة وسيادة .وذكر إيتائه الزبور هو محل التعريض للمشركين بأن المسلمين سيرثون أرضهم وينتصرون عليهم لأن ذلك مكتوب في الزبور كما تقدم آنفاً . وقد أوتي داوود الزبور ولم يؤت أحد من أنبياء بني إسرائيل كتاباً بعد موسى عليه السلام .وذكر داوود تقدم في سورة الأنعام وفي آخر سورة النساء .وأما الزبور فذكر عند قوله تعالى : { وآتينا داوود زبورا } في آخر سورة [ النساء : 163 .والزبور : اسم لمجموع أقوال داوود عليه السلام التي بعضها مما أوحاه إليه وبعضها مما ألهمه من دعوات ومناجاة وهو المعروف اليوم بكتاب المزامير من كتب العهد القديم .

{ وَرَبُّكَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَنْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ } من جميع أصناف الخلائق فيعطي كلا منهم ما يستحقه تقتضيه حكمته ويفضل بعضهم على بعض في جميع الخصال الحسية والمعنوية كما فضل بعض النبيين المشتركين بوحيه على بعض بالفضائل والخصائص الراجعة إلى ما من به عليهم من الأوصاف الممدوحة والأخلاق المرضية والأعمال الصالحة وكثرة الأتباع ونزول الكتب على بعضهم المشتملة على الأحكام الشرعية والعقائد المرضية، كما أنزل على داود زبورا وهو الكتاب المعروف. فإذا كان تعالى قد فضل بعضهم على بعض وآتى بعضهم كتبا فلم ينكر المكذبون لمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم ما أنزله الله عليه وما فضله به من النبوة والكتاب.

قوله تعالى : وربك أعلم بمن في السماوات والأرض ولقد فضلنا بعض النبيين على بعض وآتينا داود زبورا قوله تعالى : وربك أعلم بمن في السماوات والأرض ولقد فضلنا بعض النبيين على بعض أعاد بعد أن قال : ربكم أعلم بكم ليبين أنه خالقهم وأنه جعلهم مختلفين في أخلاقهم وصورهم وأحوالهم ومالهم ألا يعلم من خلق .وكذا النبيون فضل بعضهم على بعض عن علم منه بحالهم . وقد مضى القول في هذا في ( البقرة ) . وآتينا داود زبورا الزبور : كتاب ليس فيه حلال ولا حرام ، ولا فرائض ولا حدود ; وإنما هو دعاء وتحميد وتمجيد . أي كما آتينا داود الزبور فلا تنكروا أن يؤتى محمد القرآن . وهو في محاجة اليهود .

When a preacher calls for the truth and his hearers pay no attention to him, then certainly the preacher becomes exasperated, especially when the truth is as clear as daylight. Sometimes, he is so irritated that he cannot but vent his anger on the addressees by saying that they are not going to receive God’s mercy. Such words as these do not befit a preacher. He does not have permission from God to utter such words. Conveying the message of truth is one thing and meting out the divine reward according to the response given to the call of truth, another. The first is the task of a preacher and the second, that of God. A preacher should never make the mistake of crossing the limits set for him by entering the sphere reserved for God. Similarly, it happens sometimes that the preacher and the addressees engage in arguments regarding which of their respective prophets is the superior one. The energies of each side are then spent on proving that their own prophet enjoys a higher status with God, with the result that the discussion, which should have been focused on the principles of the prophet’s message, is instead focused on personalities. This awakens in them feelings of prejudice and, as a result, places further obstacles in the path of the acceptance of the truth. Hence the explanation given in these verses that it is a matter pertaining to God as to what status He grants to His servants. What preachers have to do is avoid such heated discussions on irrelevant topics and convey the real message of truth to the people.

That Zabur (the Psalms) has been mentioned particularly in the last sentence of verse 55: وَآتَيْنَا دَاوُودَ زَبُورً‌ا ، (And We gave Dawud the Zabur) has been done, perhaps, because Zabur reports that the Holy Prophet ﷺ will be a ruler along with being a messenger and prophet. This is as it appears in the Qur'an: وَلَقَدْ كَتَبْنَا فِي الزَّبُورِ‌ مِن بَعْدِ الذِّكْرِ‌ أَنَّ الْأَرْ‌ضَ يَرِ‌ثُهَا عِبَادِيَ الصَّالِحُونَ (And We have already written in the Zabur, after the [ previous ] mention, that the land is inherited by My righteous servants - al-Anbiya', 21:105). At this stage, Imam al-Baghawi says in his Tafsir that Zabur is a book of Allah revealed to Sayyidna Dawud (علیہ السلام) . It has one hundred and fifty surahs or chapters and all surahs are restricted to praises of Allah and prayers to Him. The areas of lawful and unlawful, obligations and limits have not been taken up there.

(And thy Lord is best aware of all who are in the heavens and the earth) of the believers and what is best for them. (And we preferred some of the Prophets above others) through bestowing upon some Our friendship and speaking directly to others, (and unto David We gave the Psalms) and We gave Moses the Torah, Jesus the Gospel and Muhammad (pbuh) the Qur'an.