Cattle, Livestock — Verse 120

وَذَرُواْ ظَـهِرَ الإِثْمِ وَبَاطِنَهُ (Leave evil, open and secret...) refers to all kinds of sins committed in public and secret. Qatadah said that, وَذَرُواْ ظَـهِرَ الإِثْمِ وَبَاطِنَهُ (Leave sin, open and secret...) encompasses sins committed in public and secret, whether few or many. In another statement, Allah said, قُلْ إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ رَبِّيَ الْفَوَحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ (Say: "(But) the things that my Lord has indeed forbidden are Al-Fawahish (evil sins) whether committed openly or secretly.) 7:33 This is why Allah said, إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَكْسِبُونَ الإِثْمَ سَيُجْزَوْنَ بِمَا كَانُواْ يَقْتَرِفُونَ (Verily, those who commit sin will get due recompense for that which they used to commit.) Whether the sins they committed were public or secret, Allah will compensate them for these sins. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that An-Nawwas bin Sam`an said, "I asked Allah's Messenger ﷺ about Al-Ithm. He said, «الْإِثمُ مَا حَاكَ فِي صَدْرِكَ وَكَرِهْتَ أَنْ يَطَّلِعَ النَّاسُ عَلَيْه» (The sin is that which you find in your heart and you dislike that people become aware of it.)

And forsake leave outward aspect of sin and its inward aspect that is what is overt of it and what is secret — it is said that ‘sin’ here means fornication or it is said any act of disobedience; surely those who earn sin shall be requited in the Hereafter for what they used to perpetrate what they used to earn.

Leave aside the outward of sin and its inward. Know that the Exalted Lord created the creatures with His majestic power and perfect exaltation and arranged them in keeping with His subtle artisanry, wise gaze, and limitless generosity. He completed their limitless blessings both outwardly and inwardly. He said, “He has lavished on you His blessings, outward and inward” [31:20]. Then He asked the servants to be grateful for the blessings: “And be grateful for the blessings of God, if He it is whom you worship” [16:114]. If you want to show what is stipulated for servanthood, then display gratitude for His blessings and do not employ the blessings of your Lord in opposing Him, whether outwardly or inwardly. This is why He said, “Leave aside the outward sin and the inward.” Just as He made blessings two sorts, the outward and the inward, so also He made opposition two sorts, the outward and the inward. The outward blessing is the perfection of creation, and the inward blessing is the beauty of character. The counterparts of these are outward sin, which is op- position that enters the outward bodily parts, and inward sin, which is love for disobedience that enters the heart. This is why Sahl Tustarī said concerning the meaning of this verse, “Abandon acts of disobedience with your limbs and also love for those acts in your heart.” It has also been said that outward sin is seeking this world and inward sin is seeking paradise. Even though seeking paradise is not disobedience in the tongue of learning, in the path of the che- valiers and the tasting of the recognizers, seeking paradise is to seek blessings. When someone seeks blessings, he is held back from the mystery of the Beneficent and the joy of the Presence. They count anything that holds you back from that mystery and joy as association and disobedi- ence, even if, for some people, it is obedience and worship. In this meaning they sang, Any talk that keeps you back from the road-let it be unbelief or faith. Any picture that holds you back from the Friend-let it be ugly or beautiful. [DS 51]

Leave aside the outward of sin and its inward. Know that the Exalted Lord created the creatures with His majestic power and perfect exaltation and arranged them in keeping with His subtle artisanry, wise gaze, and limitless generosity. He completed their limitless blessings both outwardly and inwardly. He said, “He has lavished on you His blessings, outward and inward” [31:20]. Then He asked the servants to be grateful for the blessings: “And be grateful for the blessings of God, if He it is whom you worship” [16:114]. If you want to show what is stipulated for servanthood, then display gratitude for His blessings and do not employ the blessings of your Lord in opposing Him, whether outwardly or inwardly. This is why He said, “Leave aside the outward sin and the inward.” Just as He made blessings two sorts, the outward and the inward, so also He made opposition two sorts, the outward and the inward. The outward blessing is the perfection of creation, and the inward blessing is the beauty of character. The counterparts of these are outward sin, which is op- position that enters the outward bodily parts, and inward sin, which is love for disobedience that enters the heart. This is why Sahl Tustarī said concerning the meaning of this verse, “Abandon acts of disobedience with your limbs and also love for those acts in your heart.” It has also been said that outward sin is seeking this world and inward sin is seeking paradise. Even though seeking paradise is not disobedience in the tongue of learning, in the path of the che- valiers and the tasting of the recognizers, seeking paradise is to seek blessings. When someone seeks blessings, he is held back from the mystery of the Beneficent and the joy of the Presence. They count anything that holds you back from that mystery and joy as association and disobedi- ence, even if, for some people, it is obedience and worship. In this meaning they sang, Any talk that keeps you back from the road-let it be unbelief or faith. Any picture that holds you back from the Friend-let it be ugly or beautiful. [DS 51]

Leave aside the outward of sin and its inward. Know that the Exalted Lord created the creatures with His majestic power and perfect exaltation and arranged them in keeping with His subtle artisanry, wise gaze, and limitless generosity. He completed their limitless blessings both outwardly and inwardly. He said, “He has lavished on you His blessings, outward and inward” [31:20]. Then He asked the servants to be grateful for the blessings: “And be grateful for the blessings of God, if He it is whom you worship” [16:114]. If you want to show what is stipulated for servanthood, then display gratitude for His blessings and do not employ the blessings of your Lord in opposing Him, whether outwardly or inwardly. This is why He said, “Leave aside the outward sin and the inward.” Just as He made blessings two sorts, the outward and the inward, so also He made opposition two sorts, the outward and the inward. The outward blessing is the perfection of creation, and the inward blessing is the beauty of character. The counterparts of these are outward sin, which is op- position that enters the outward bodily parts, and inward sin, which is love for disobedience that enters the heart. This is why Sahl Tustarī said concerning the meaning of this verse, “Abandon acts of disobedience with your limbs and also love for those acts in your heart.” It has also been said that outward sin is seeking this world and inward sin is seeking paradise. Even though seeking paradise is not disobedience in the tongue of learning, in the path of the che- valiers and the tasting of the recognizers, seeking paradise is to seek blessings. When someone seeks blessings, he is held back from the mystery of the Beneficent and the joy of the Presence. They count anything that holds you back from that mystery and joy as association and disobedi- ence, even if, for some people, it is obedience and worship. In this meaning they sang, Any talk that keeps you back from the road-let it be unbelief or faith. Any picture that holds you back from the Friend-let it be ugly or beautiful. [DS 51]

Leave aside the outward of sin and its inward. Know that the Exalted Lord created the creatures with His majestic power and perfect exaltation and arranged them in keeping with His subtle artisanry, wise gaze, and limitless generosity. He completed their limitless blessings both outwardly and inwardly. He said, “He has lavished on you His blessings, outward and inward” [31:20]. Then He asked the servants to be grateful for the blessings: “And be grateful for the blessings of God, if He it is whom you worship” [16:114]. If you want to show what is stipulated for servanthood, then display gratitude for His blessings and do not employ the blessings of your Lord in opposing Him, whether outwardly or inwardly. This is why He said, “Leave aside the outward sin and the inward.” Just as He made blessings two sorts, the outward and the inward, so also He made opposition two sorts, the outward and the inward. The outward blessing is the perfection of creation, and the inward blessing is the beauty of character. The counterparts of these are outward sin, which is op- position that enters the outward bodily parts, and inward sin, which is love for disobedience that enters the heart. This is why Sahl Tustarī said concerning the meaning of this verse, “Abandon acts of disobedience with your limbs and also love for those acts in your heart.” It has also been said that outward sin is seeking this world and inward sin is seeking paradise. Even though seeking paradise is not disobedience in the tongue of learning, in the path of the che- valiers and the tasting of the recognizers, seeking paradise is to seek blessings. When someone seeks blessings, he is held back from the mystery of the Beneficent and the joy of the Presence. They count anything that holds you back from that mystery and joy as association and disobedi- ence, even if, for some people, it is obedience and worship. In this meaning they sang, Any talk that keeps you back from the road-let it be unbelief or faith. Any picture that holds you back from the Friend-let it be ugly or beautiful. [DS 51]

Leave aside the outward of sin and its inward.Know that the Exalted Lord created the creatures with His majestic power and perfect exaltation and arranged them in keeping with His subtle artisanry, wise gaze, and limitless generosity. He completed their limitless blessings both outwardly and inwardly. He said, �He has lavished on you His blessings, outward and inward� [31:20]. Then He asked the servants to be grateful for the blessings: �And be grateful for the blessings of God, if He it is whom you worship� [16:114]. If you want to show what is stipulated for servanthood, then display gratitude for His blessings and do not employ the blessings of your Lord in opposing Him, whether outwardly or inwardly. This is why He said, �Leave aside the outward sin and the inward.�Just as He made blessings two sorts, the outward and the inward, so also He made opposition two sorts, the outward and the inward. The outward blessing is the perfection of creation, and the inward blessing is the beauty of character. The counterparts of these are outward sin, which is op- position that enters the outward bodily parts, and inward sin, which is love for disobedience that enters the heart. This is why Sahl Tustarī said concerning the meaning of this verse, �Abandon acts of disobedience with your limbs and also love for those acts in your heart.�It has also been said that outward sin is seeking this world and inward sin is seeking paradise. Even though seeking paradise is not disobedience in the tongue of learning, in the path of the che- valiers and the tasting of the recognizers, seeking paradise is to seek blessings. When someone seeks blessings, he is held back from the mystery of the Beneficent and the joy of the Presence. They count anything that holds you back from that mystery and joy as association and disobedi- ence, even if, for some people, it is obedience and worship. In this meaning they sang,Any talk that keeps you back from the road-let it be unbelief or faith.Any picture that holds you back from the Friend-let it be ugly or beautiful. [DS 51]

واتركوا -أيها الناس- جميع المعاصي، ما كان منها علانية وما كان سرًّا. إن الذين يفعلون المعاصي سيعاقبهم ربهم؛ بسبب ما كانوا يعملونه من السيئات.

قال مجاهد "وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه" معصيته في السر والعلانية وفي رواية عنه هو ما ينوى مما هو عامل وقال قتادة "وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه" أي سره وعلانيته قليله وكثيره وقال السدي: ظاهره الزنا مع البغايا ذوات الرايات وباطنه الزنا مع الخليلة والصدائق والأخدان وقال عكرمة ظاهره نكاح ذوات المحارم والصحيح أن الآية عامة في ذلك كله وهي كقوله تعالى "قل إنما حرم ربي الفواحش ما ظهر منها وما بطن" الآية ولهذا قال تعالى "إن الذين يكسبون الإثم سيجزون بما كانوا يقترفون" أي سواء كان ظاهرا أو خفيا فإن الله سيجزيهم عليه قال ابن أبي حاتم: حدثنا الحسن بن عرفة حدثنا عبد الرحمن بن مهدي عن معاوية بن صالح عن عبد الرحمن بن جبير بن نفير عن أبيه عن النواس بن سمعان قال: سألت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن الإثم فقال "الإثم ما حاك في صدرك وكرهت أن يطلع الناس عليه".

ثم أمر الله عباده أن يتركوا ما ظهر من الآثام وما استتر فقال :{ وَذَرُواْ ظَاهِرَ الإثم وَبَاطِنَهُ } أى اتركوا جميع المعاصى ما كان منها سرا وما كان منها علانية ، أو ما كان منها بالجوارج وما كان منها بالقلوب ، لأن الله - تعالى - لا يخفى عليه شىء .ثم بين - سبحانه - عاقبة المرتكبين للآثام فقال : { إِنَّ الذين يَكْسِبُونَ الإثم سَيُجْزَوْنَ بِمَا كَانُواْ يَقْتَرِفُونَ } أى : إن الذين يعملون المعاصى ويرتكبون القبائح الظاهرة والباطنة لن ينجو من المحاسبة والمؤاخذة بل سيجزون بما يستحقونه من عقوبات بسبب اجتراحهم للسيئات .

القول في تأويل قوله : وَذَرُوا ظَاهِرَ الإِثْمِ وَبَاطِنَهُقال أبو جعفر: يقول تعالى ذكره: ودعوا، أيها الناس، (9) علانية الإثم، وذلك ظاهره= وسرّه، وذلك باطنه، . كذلك:-13794- حدثنا بشر بن معاذ قال، حدثنا يزيد قال، حدثنا سعيد, عن قتادة: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه)، أي: قليله وكثيره، وسرّه وعلانيته .13795- حدثنا محمد بن عبد الأعلى قال، حدثنا محمد بن ثور, عن معمر, عن قتادة: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه)، قال: سره وعلانيته .13796- حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا حكام, عن أبي جعفر, عن الربيع بن أنس في قوله: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه)، يقول: سره وعلانيته= وقوله: مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ ، [سورة الأعراف: 33]، قال: سره وعلانيته .13797- حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا إسحاق قال، حدثنا عبد الله بن أبي جعفر, عن أبيه, عن الربيع بن أنس في قوله: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه)، قال: نهى الله عن ظاهر الإثم وباطنه، أن يعمل به سرًّا أو علانية, وذلك ظاهره وباطنه .13798- حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال، حدثنا شبل, عن ابن أبي نجيح, عن مجاهد: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه)، معصية الله في السر والعلانية .13799- حدثنا القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج, عن ابن جريج, عن مجاهد: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه)، قال: هو ما ينوي مما هو عامل .* * *ثم اختلف أهل التأويل في المعنيِّ بالظاهر من الإثم والباطن منه، في هذا الموضع.فقال بعضهم: " الظاهر منه "، ما حرم جل ثناؤه بقوله: وَلا تَنْكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آبَاؤُكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ ، [سورة النساء: 22 ]، وقوله: حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أُمَّهَاتُكُمْ الآية, و " الباطن منه "، الزنى .* ذكر من قال ذلك:13800- حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا الحجاج قال، حدثنا حماد, عن عطاء بن السائب, عن سعيد بن جبير في قوله: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه)، قال: الظاهر منه: وَلا تَنْكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آبَاؤُكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ إِلا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ والأمهات والبنات والأخوات =" والباطن ". الزنى .* * *وقال آخرون: " الظاهر "، أولات الرايات من الزواني ، (10) والباطن: ذوات الأخدان .* ذكر من قال ذلك:13801- حدثني محمد بن الحسين قال، حدثنا أحمد بن مفضل قال، حدثنا أسباط, عن السدي: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه) أما " ظاهره "، فالزواني في الحوانيت ، وأما " باطنه "، فالصديقة يتخذها الرجل فيأتيها سرًّا .13802- حدثت عن الحسين بن الفرج قال، سمعت أبا معاذ قال، حدثني عبيد بن سليمان قال، سمعت الضحاك يقول في قوله: وَلا تَقْرَبُوا الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ ، [سورة الأنعام: 151]. كان أهل الجاهلية يستسرُّون بالزنى, ويرون ذلك حلالا ما كان سرًّا, فحرّم الله السر منه والعلانية =" ما ظهر منها "، يعني العلانية =" وما بطن "، يعني: السر .13803- حدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا أبي, عن أبي مكين وأبيه, عن خصيف, عن مجاهد: وَلا تَقْرَبُوا الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ ، قال: " ما ظهر منها "، الجمع بين الأختين, وتزويج الرجل امرأة أبيه من بعده =" وما بطن "، الزنى .* * *وقال آخرون: " الظاهر "، التعرّي والتجرد من الثياب، وما يستر العورة في الطواف =" والباطن "، الزنى .* ذكر من قال ذلك:13804- حدثني يونس قال، أخبرنا ابن وهب قال، قال ابن زيد في قوله: وَلا تَقْرَبُوا الْفَوَاحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ ، قال: ظاهره العُرْيَة التي كانوا يعملون بها حين يطوفون بالبيت ، (11) وباطنه: الزنى .* * *قال أبو جعفر: والصواب من القول في ذلك عندنا أن يقال: إن الله تعالى ذكره تقدم إلى خلقه بترك ظاهر الإثم وباطنه، وذلك سره وعلانيته. و " الإثم " كل ما عُصِي الله به من محارمه, (12) وقد يدخل في ذلك سرُّ الزنى وعلانيته, ومعاهرة أهل الرايات وأولات الأخدان منهن, ونكاحُ حلائل الآباء والأمهات والبنات, والطواف بالبيت عريانًا, وكل معصية لله ظهرت أو بطنت . وإذ كان ذلك كذلك, وكان جميعُ ذلك " إثمًا ", وكان الله عمّ بقوله: (وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه)، جميع ما ظهر من الإثم وجميع ما بطن= لم يكن لأحد أن يخصّ من ذلك شيئًا دون شيء، إلا بحجة للعذر قاطعة .غير أنه لو جاز أن يوجَّه ذلك إلى الخصوص بغير برهان, كان توجيهه إلى أنه عنى بظاهر الإثم وباطنه في هذا الموضع، ما حرم الله من المطاعم والمآكل من الميتة والدم, وما بيَّن الله تحريمه في قوله: حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةُ إلى آخر الآية, أولى, إذ كان ابتداء الآيات قبلها بذكر تحريم ذلك جرى، وهذه في سياقها. ولكنه غير مستنكر أن يكون عنى بها ذلك, وأدخل فيها الأمر باجتناب كل ما جانسه من معاصي الله, فخرج الأمر عامًا بالنهي عن كل ما ظهر أو بطن من الإثم .* * *القول في تأويل قوله : إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَكْسِبُونَ الإِثْمَ سَيُجْزَوْنَ بِمَا كَانُوا يَقْتَرِفُونَ (120)قال أبو جعفر: يقول تعالى ذكره: إن الذين يعملون بما نَهاهم الله عنه، ويركبون معاصيَ الله ويأتون ما حرَّم الله=(سيجزون)، يقول: سيثيبهم الله يوم القيامة بما كانوا في الدنيا يعملون من معاصيه . (13)---------------------الهوامش :(9) انظر تفسير (( ذر )) فيما سلف ص : 57 ، تعليق : 1 ، والمراجع هناك .(10) (( أولات الرايات )) ، البغايا في الجاهلية ، كن ينصبن رايات عند خيامهن أو عند بيوتهن ، يعرفن بها .(11) (( العرية )) ( بضم العين وسكون الراء ) ، مصدر (( عرى من ثوبه يعرى عريًا وعرية )) ، يقال : (( جارية حسنة العرية ، وحسنة المعرى والمعراة )) ، أي حسنة عند تجريدها من ثيابها .(12) انظر تفسير (( الإثم )) فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة ( أثم ) .(13) انظر تفسير (( كسب )) فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة ( كسب )= وتفسير (( الجزاء )) فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة ( جزا )= وتفسير (( اقترف )) فيما سلف ص : 59 ، 60

( وذروا ظاهر الإثم وباطنه ) يعني : الذنوب كلها لأنها لا تخلو من هذين الوجهين ، قال قتادة : علانيته وسره ، وقال مجاهد : ظاهر الإثم ما يعمله بالجوارح من الذنوب ، وباطنه ما ينويه ويقصده بقلبه كالمصر على الذنب القاصد له .وقال الكلبي : ظاهره الزنا وباطنه المخالة ، وأكثر المفسرين على أن ظاهر الإثم الإعلان بالزنا ، وهم أصحاب الروايات ، وباطنه الاستسرار به ، وذلك أن العرب كانوا يحبون الزنا فكان الشريف منهم يتشرف ، فيسر به ، وغير الشريف لا يبالي به فيظهره ، فحرمهما الله عز وجل ، وقال سعيد بن جبير : ظاهر الإثم نكاح المحارم وباطنه الزنا .وقال ابن زيد : ظاهر الإثم التجرد من الثياب والتعري في [ الطواف ] والباطن الزنا ، وروى حبان عن الكلبي : ظاهر الإثم طواف الرجال بالبيت نهارا عراة ، وباطنه طواف النساء بالليل عراة ، ( إن الذين يكسبون الإثم سيجزون ) في الآخرة ، ( بما كانوا يقترفون ) [ يكتسبون في الدنيا ] .

{ وَذَرُواْ ظاهر الإثم وَبَاطِنَهُ }.جملة معترضة ، والواو اعتراضيّة ، والمعنى : إنْ أردتم الزّهد والتقرّب إلى الله فتقرّبوا إليْه بترك الإثم ، لا بترك المباح . وهذا في معنى قوله تعالى : { ليس البرّ أن تولّوا وجوهكم قبل المشرق والمغرب ولكن البرّ من آمن بالله } [ البقرة : 177 ] الآية .وتقدّم القول على فعل ( ذَر ) عند قوله تعالى : { وذرِ الذين اتَّخذوا دينهم لعباً ولهواً } في هذه السّورة [ 70 ]. والإثم تقدّم الكلام عليه عند قوله تعالى : { قل فيهما إثم كبير } في سورة [ البقرة : 219 ].والتّعريف في الإثم : تعريف الاستغراق ، لأنَّه في المعنى تعريف للظاهر وللباطن منه ، والمقصود من هذين الوصفين تعميم أفراد الإثم لانحصارها في هذين الوصفين ، كما يقال : المَشرق والمغرب والبَرّ والبحر ، لقصد استغراق الجهات .وظاهر الإثم ما يراه النّاس ، وباطنُه ما لا يطّلع عليه النّاس ويقع في السرّ ، وقد استوعب هذا الأمر ترك جميع المعاصي . وقد كان كثير من العرب يراءون النّاس بعمل الخير ، فإذا خلوا ارتكبوا الآثام ، وفي بعضهم جاء قوله تعالى : { ومن النّاس مَن يعجبك قوله في الحياة الدّنيا ويُشهد الله على ما في قلبه وهو ألدّ الخصام وإذا تولَّى سعى في الأرض ليفسد فيها ويُهلك الحرث والنسل والله لا يحبّ الفساد وإذا قيل له اتَّق الله أخذته العزّة بالإثم فحسبه جهنّم ولبئس المهاد } [ البقرة : 204 ، 206 ].{ إِنَّ الذين يَكْسِبُونَ الإثم سَيُجْزَوْنَ بِمَا كَانُواْ يَقْتَرِفُونَ }.تعليل للأمر بترك الإثم ، وإنذارٌ وإعذار للمأمورين ، ولذلك أكَّد الخبر ب ( إنّ ) ، وهي في مثل هذا المقام ، أي مقام تعقيب الأمر أو الإخبار تفيد معنى التّعليل ، وتغني عن الفاء ، ومثالها المشهور قول بشار: ... إنّ ذاك النّجاحَ في التّبكيروإظهار لفظ الإثم في مقام إضماره إذ لم يقل : إنّ الّذين يكسبونه لزيادة التّنديد بالإثم ، وليستقرّ في ذهن السّامع أكمل استقرار ، ولتكون الجملة مستقلّة فتسير مسير الأمثال والحكم . وحرف السّين ، الموضوع للخبر المستقبل ، مستعمل هنا في تحقّق الوقوع واستمراره .ولمّا جاء في المذنبين فعلُ يكسبون المتعدي إلى الإثم ، جاء في صلة جَزائهم بفعل ( يقترفون ) ، لأنّ الاقتراف إذا أطلق فالمراد به اكتساب الإثم كما تقدّم آنفاً في قوله تعالى : { وليقترفوا ما هم مقترفون } [ الأنعام : 113 ].

المراد بالإثم: جميع المعاصي، التي تؤثم العبد، أي: توقعه في الإثم، والحرج، من الأشياء المتعلقة بحقوق الله، وحقوق عباده. فنهى الله عباده، عن اقتراف الإثم الظاهر والباطن، أي: السر والعلانية، المتعلقة بالبدن والجوارح، والمتعلقة بالقلب، ولا يتم للعبد، ترك المعاصي الظاهرة والباطنة، إلا بعد معرفتها، والبحث عنها، فيكون البحث عنها ومعرفة معاصي القلب والبدن، والعلمُ بذلك واجبا متعينا على المكلف. وكثير من الناس، تخفى عليه كثير من المعاصي، خصوصا معاصي القلب، كالكبر والعجب والرياء، ونحو ذلك، حتى إنه يكون به كثير منها، وهو لا يحس به ولا يشعر، وهذا من الإعراض عن العلم، وعدم البصيرة. ثم أخبر تعالى، أن الذين يكسبون الإثم الظاهر والباطن، سيجزون على حسب كسبهم، وعلى قدر ذنوبهم، قلَّت أو كثرت، وهذا الجزاء يكون في الآخرة، وقد يكون في الدنيا، يعاقب العبد، فيخفف عنه بذلك من سيئاته.

للعلماء فيه أقوال كثيرة وحاصلها راجع إلى أن الظاهر ما كان عملا بالبدن مما نهى الله عنه , وباطنه ما عقد بالقلب من مخالفة أمر الله فيما أمر ونهى ; وهذه المرتبة لا يبلغها إلا من اتقى وأحسن ; كما قال : " ثم اتقوا وآمنوا ثم اتقوا وأحسنوا " [ المائدة : 93 ] .وهي المرتبة الثالثة حسب ما تقدم بيانه في " المائدة " .وقيل : هو ما كان عليه الجاهلية من الزنا الظاهر واتخاذ الحلائل في الباطن .وما قدمنا جامع لكل إثم وموجب لكل أمر .

In the matter of eating and drinking and other everyday routines, every community develops a customary religion. People have strong feelings about this customary or traditional religion because of the testimonies of ancestors and of great men of the past, which exist in its support. Deviation from this becomes synonymous with turning away from the religion of the revered forefathers. So, when the call of Truth clashes with this customary religion, all sorts of objections are raised against it. The great men of the day seek out such aspects of established practices as will convince the general public that their customary religion is correct and the ‘new religion’ is wrong. But God is aware of everything. On Doomsday, when He lays bare the realities, every individual will see whether he has been standing on the firm ground of reality or on the thin ice of superstition.

Linkage of Verses Earlier (116), by saying: وَ اِن تطِع (And if you obey), following people in error was prohibited absolutely. Onward from there, comes the prohibition of such following in a particular matter as necessitated by an event. That event pertains to the lawfulness of what has been slaughtered properly or improperly. The event is that disbelievers tried to put Muslims in doubt by commenting that they did not eat of the animals killed by Allah (i.e. by natural death) while they had no problem with eating of what they killed (slaughtered) themselves (as deduced by Abu Dawud and al-Hakim from Sayyidna Ibn ` Abbas ؓ ). Some Muslims reported this doubt before the Holy Prophet ﷺ Thereupon, these verses ending at: لَمُشْرِ‌كُونَ (121) were revealed (narrated by Abu Dawud and Al Tirmidhi from Sayyidna Ibn ` Abbs as in Al-Lubab). The gist of the answer given is: You are Muslims. You observe the injunctions of Allah particularly - and Allah has told you all about the Halal and the Haram. So, keep abiding by it. Do not entertain any doubts about something Halal being حَرَام haram, and something حَرَام haram, being Halal. As for the scruples of disbelievers, just pay no attention to them. The substantiation of this answer is that rational proofs are required only to prove the basic principles of faith (like Oneness of Allah, the prophethood of His messengers etc.) but once these basic principles are established and admitted, rational arguments are no more required for establishing a subsidiary or consequential rule of the Shari'ah. What is required is to prove that this rule is based on a specific order given by Allah or His messenger. Once it is established that the rule is based on a specific injunction imposed by Allah Ta` ala or His messenger, it cannot be called in question on the basis of rational ar-guments. (because after admitting that the rule is prescribed by Allah Who is all-Wise, all-Powerful, it will always be based on wisdom which might be unknown to us.) Rather, it is sometimes harmful to mention rational wisdom for the rules of Shari'ah, because any wisdom given by one's conjectures will always remain subject to doubts on the basis of counter arguments, and there is no way to find out a certain and absolute wisdom for a subsidiary rule of Shari'ah. However, if it is evident that a person wants to know the wisdom behind a rule of Shari'ah only to seek truth and to satisfy himself, there is no harm in mentioning some possible reasons of a rule before him as a matter of additional knowledge. But in the event that the rational wisdom is asked only for the sake of confrontation, then the proper way for a Muslim should be to ignore such questions and to act according to the prescribed rules without paying attention to the critic. It is true that if a person wants to prove that a subsidiary rule of Shari'ah is repugnant to an absolute principle established by reason, the point raised by him may deserve answer, but the question raised by the mushriks in the present case was not of this nature in any way. Therefore, the Muslims are directed to ignore such absurd questions and keep believing and acting as before. It is on the basis of the aforesaid principles that the question of Mushriks has not been answered in express terms; However, the expression used has given a subtle indication to the difference between a carrion and an animal slaughtered properly. The text gives permission to eat an animal on which Allah's name is invoked (كُلُوا مِمَّا ذُكِرَ‌ اسْمُ اللَّـهِ عَلَيْهِ It is obvious that Allah's name is invoked on an animal while slaughtering it, therefore, it implies the condition of slaughtering an animal which drains out impure blood from the animal. On the other hand, it is forbidden to eat of an animal on which Allah's name is not invoked وَلَا تَأْكُلُوا مِمَّا لَمْ يُذْكَرِ‌ اسْمُ اللَّـهِ عَلَيْهِ. Not invoking Allah's name may happen in two different situations: (1) Not slaughtering an animal at all (2) slaughtering an animal without invoking Allah's name. Both these situations render the animal Harm according to this verse. Obviously, an animal which dies its natural death is covered under the first situation where its impure blood was not drained out and remaining in the body rendered it impure. That is why it has been held as Haram. Commentary The Qur'anic order of reciting the name of Allah implied; مَا ذُكِرَ‌ اسْمُ اللَّـهِ عَلَيْهِ (that upon which the name of Allah has been invoked) includes both kinds of slaughter termed in Islamic Fiqh as "al-dhabh-al-ikhtiyariyy (slaughtering an animal under control) and "al-dhabh-al-idtirariyy„ (hunting an animal out of control with an arrow or a hunting dog or falcon). The name of Allah shall be recited in the latter case when releasing the arrow or the dog or falcon. Similarly, the words " مَّا ذُكِرَ‌ اسْمُ اللَّـهِ عَلَيْهِ " include reciting actually or as implied. That is why Imam Abu Hanifah (رح) has allowed to eat an animal upon which the reciting of the name of Allah was missed inadvertently. However if it is missed deliberately, it will render the animal Haram.

(Forsake the outwardness of sin) the adultery of the outward (and the inwardness thereof) secret adultery, i.e. taking lovers in secret. (Lo! those who garner sin) those who commit adultery (will be awarded) a lashing in this world and punishment in the Hereafter because of (that which they have earned) i.e. committing adultery.

And avoid committing sin, whether openly or in secret�That is, give up the transgressions of the body, along with the desire for committing them within your heart, and [give up] persisting in doing them.His words: