The Command to Establish the Invitation to Allah
Allah said,
وَلْتَكُن مِّنْكُمْ أُمَّةٌ
(Let there arise out of you a group of people)
that calls to righteousness, enjoins all that is good and forbids evil in the manner Allah commanded,
وَأُوْلَـئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ
(And it is they who are the successful.)
Ad-Dahhak said, "They are a special group of the Companions and a special group of those after them, that is those who perform Jihad and the scholars."
The objective of this Ayah is that there should be a segment of this Muslim Ummah fulfilling this task, even though it is also an obligation on every member of this Ummah, each according to his ability. Muslim recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَنْ رَأَى مِنْكُمْ مُنْكَرًا فَلْيُغَيِّرْهُ بِيَدِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَبِلِسَانِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِع فَبِقَلْبِهِ، وَذلِكَ أَضْعَفُ الْإِيمَان»
(Whoever among you witnesses an evil, let him change it with his hand. If he is unable, then let him change it with his tongue. If he is unable, then let him change it with his heart, and this is the weakest faith.) In another narration, The Prophet said,
«وَلَيْسَ وَرَاءَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ حَبَّةُ خَرْدَل»
(There is no faith beyond that, not even the weight of a mustard seed.)
Imam Ahmad recorded that Hudhayfah bin Al-Yaman said that the Prophet said,
«وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِه، لَتَأْمُرُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَلَتَنْهَوُنَّ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ، أَوْ لَيُوشِكَنَّ اللهُ أَنْ يَبْعَثَ عَلَيْكُمْ عِقَابًا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ، ثُمَّ لتَدْعُنَّــهُ فَلَا يَسْتَجِيبَ لَكُم»
(By He in Whose Hand is my soul! You will enjoin righteousness and forbid evil, or Allah shall send down a punishment from Him to you. Then, you will supplicate to Him, but He will not accept your supplication.)
At-Tirmidhi also collected this Hadith and said, "Hasan". There are many other Hadiths and Ayat on this subject, which will be explained later.
The Prohibition of Division
Allah said,
وَلاَ تَكُونُواْ كَالَّذِينَ تَفَرَّقُواْ وَاخْتَلَفُواْ مِن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَهُمُ الْبَيِّنَـتُ
(And be not as those who divided and differed among themselves after the clear proofs had come to them) 3:105.
In this Ayah, Allah forbids this Ummah from imitating the division and discord of the nations that came before them. These nations also abandoned enjoining righteousness and forbidding evil, although they had proof of its necessity.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu `Amir `Abdullah bin Luhay said, "We performed Hajj with Mu`awiyah bin Abi Sufyan. When we arrived at Makkah, he stood up after praying Zuhr and said, `The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«إِنَّ أَهْلَ الْكِتَابَيْنِ افْتَرَقُوا فِي دِينِهِمْ عَلى ثِنْتَيْنِ وَسَبْعِينَ مِلَّةً، وَإِنَّ هذِهِ الْأُمَّةَ سَتَفْتَرِقُ عَلى ثَلَاثٍ وَسَبْعِينَ مِلَّةً يَعْنِي الْأَهْوَاءَ كُلُّهَا فِي النَّارِ إِلَّا وَاحِدَةً وَهِيَ الْجَمَاعَةُ وَإِنَّهُ سَيَخْرُجُ فِي أُمَّتِي أَقْوَامٌ تَجَارَى بِهِمْ تِلْكَ الْأَهْوَاءُ كَمَا يَتَجَارَى الْكَلَبُ بِصَاحِبِه، لَا يَبْقَى مِنْهُ عِرْقٌ وَلَا مَفْصِلٌ إِلَّا دَخَلَه»
(The People of the Two Scriptures divided into seventy-two sects. This Ummah will divide into seventy-three sects, all in the Fire except one, that is, the Jama`ah. Some of my Ummah will be guided by desire, like one who is infected by rabies; no vein or joint will be saved from these desires.)
Mu`awiyah said next: By Allah, O Arabs! If you do not adhere to what came to you from your Prophet then other people are even more prone not to adhere to it. " Similar was recorded by Abu Dawud from Ahmad bin Hanbal and Muhammad bin Yahya.
The Benefits of Brotherly Ties and Unity and the Consequence of Division on the Day of the Gatherin
Allah said next,
يَوْمَ تَبْيَضُّ وُجُوهٌ وَتَسْوَدُّ وُجُوهٌ
(On the Day when some faces will become white and some faces will become black;) 3:106 on the Day of Resurrection. This is when the faces of followers of the Sunnah and the Jama`ah will radiate with whiteness, and the faces of followers of Bid`ah (innovation) and division will be darkened, as has been reported from Ibn `Abbas. Allah said,
فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ اسْوَدَّتْ وُجُوهُهُمْ أَكْفَرْتُمْ بَعْدَ إِيمَـنِكُمْ
(As for those whose faces will become black (to them will be said): "Did you reject faith after accepting it")
Al-Hasan Al-Basri said, "They are the hypocrites."
فَذُوقُواْ الْعَذَابَ بِمَا كُنْتُمْ تَكْفُرُونَ
(Then taste the torment (in Hell) for rejecting faith,) and this description befits every disbeliever.
وَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ ابْيَضَّتْ وُجُوهُهُمْ فَفِى رَحْمَةِ اللَّهِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَـلِدُونَ
(And for those whose faces will become white, they will be in Allah's mercy (Paradise), therein they shall dwell forever.) in Paradise, where they will reside for eternity and shall never desire to be removed. Abu `Isa At-Tirmidhi recorded that Abu Ghalib said, "Abu Umamah saw heads (of the Khawarij sect) hanging on the streets of Damascus. He commented, `The Dogs of the Fire and the worst dead people under the cover of the sky. The best dead men are those whom these have killed.' He then recited,
يَوْمَ تَبْيَضُّ وُجُوهٌ وَتَسْوَدُّ وُجُوهٌ
(On the Day (i.e. the Day of Resurrection) when some faces will become white and some faces will become black;) until the end of the Ayah. I said to Abu Umamah, `Did you hear this from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ' He said, `If I only heard it from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ once, twice, thrice, four times, or seven times, I would not have narrated it to you.' " At-Tirmidhi said, "This Hadith is Hasan." Ibn Majah and Ahmad recorded similarly.
Allah said,
تِلْكَ آيَـتُ اللَّهِ نَتْلُوهَا عَلَيْكَ
(These are the Ayat of Allah. We recite them to you) meaning, `These are the verses of Allah, His proofs and signs that We reveal to you, O Muhammad,'
بِالْحَقِّ
(in truth) making known the true reality of this world and the Hereafter.
وَمَا اللَّهُ يُرِيدُ ظُلْماً لِّلْعَـلَمِينَ
(and Allah wills no injustice to the `Alamin. ) for He never treats them with injustice. Rather, He is the Just Ruler Who is able to do everything and has knowledge of everything. Therefore, He does not need to treat any of His creatures with injustice, and this is why He said next,
وَللَّهِ مَا فِى السَّمَـوَتِ وَمَا فِى الاٌّرْضِ
(and to Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the Earth.),
they are all His servants and His property,
وَإِلَى اللَّهِ تُرْجَعُ الأُمُورُ
(And all matters go back to Allah,) for His is the decision concerning the affairs of this life and the Hereafter, and His is the Supreme Authority in this life and the Hereafter.
Let there be one community of you calling to good to Islam and enjoining decency and forbidding indecency; those that call bid and forbid are the successful the victorious the particle min ‘of’ in minkum ‘of you’ is partitive since what is mentioned is a collective obligation fard kifāya and is not incumbent upon every individual of the community for not every person such as the ignorant is up to it. However it is also said that this particle is extra and what is meant is ‘so that you are a community calling to good and so on’.
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good. This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake. This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire. Be the elect servant of the king-with his brand you're safe from police by day and patrols by night. They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say, You have a Heart-taker better than life. Don't grieve-let go of life. “When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.”
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good. This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake. This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire. Be the elect servant of the king-with his brand you're safe from police by day and patrols by night. They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say, You have a Heart-taker better than life. Don't grieve-let go of life. “When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.”
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good. This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake. This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire. Be the elect servant of the king-with his brand you're safe from police by day and patrols by night. They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say, You have a Heart-taker better than life. Don't grieve-let go of life. “When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.”
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good. This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake. This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire. Be the elect servant of the king-with his brand you're safe from police by day and patrols by night. They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say, You have a Heart-taker better than life. Don't grieve-let go of life. “When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.”
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good.This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake.This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire.Be the elect servant of the king-with his brandyou're safe from police by day and patrols by night.They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say,You have a Heart-taker better than life.Don't grieve-let go of life.�When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.�
ولتكن منكم -أيها المؤمنون- جماعة تدعو إلى الخير وتأمر بالمعروف، وهو ما عُرف حسنه شرعًا وعقلا وتنهى عن المنكر، وهو ما عُرف قبحه شرعًا وعقلا وأولئك هم الفائزون بجنات النعيم.
يقول تعالى: ولتكن منكم أمة منتصبة للقيام بأمر الله في الدعوة إلى الخير والأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر وأولئك هم المفلحون قال الضحاك: هم خاصة الصحابة وخاصة الرواة يعني المجاهدين والعلماء وقال أبو جعفر الباقر: قرأ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "ولتكن منكم أمة يدعون إلى الخير" ثم قال "الخير اتباع القرآن وسنتي" رواه ابن مردويه والمقصود من هذه الآية أن تكون فرقة من هذه الأمة متصدية لهذا الشأن وإن كان ذلك واجبا على كل فرد من الأمة بحسبه كما ثبت في صحيح مسلم عن أبي هريرة قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "من رأى منكم منكرا فليغيره بيده فإن لم يستطع فبلسانه فإن لم يستطع فبقلبه وذلك أضعف الإيمان" وفي رواية "وليس وراء ذلك من الإيمان حبة خردل". وقال الإمام أحمد: حدثنا سليمان الهاشمي أنبأنا إسماعيل بن جعفر أخبرني عمرو بن أبي عمرو عن عبدالله بن عبدالرحمن الأشهلي عن حذيفة بن اليمان أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال "والذي نفسي بيده لتأمرن بالمعروف ولتنهون عن المنكر أو ليوشكن الله أن يبعث عليكم عقابا من عنده ثم لتدعنه فلا يستجيب لكم " ورواه الترمذي وابن ماجه من حديث عمرو بن أبي عمرو به وقال الترمذي: حسن والأحاديث في هذا الباب كثيرة مع الآيات الكريمة كما سيأتي تفسيرها في أماكنها.
وبعد أن أمرهم - سبحانه - بتكميل أنفسهم عن طريق خشيته وتقواه والاعتصام بدينه وبكتابه ، عقب ذلك بأمرهم بالعمل على تكميل غيرهم وإصلاح شأنه عن طريق دعوته إلى الخير وإبعاده عن الشر فقال - تعالى - :{ وَلْتَكُن مِّنْكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الخير وَيَأْمُرُونَ بالمعروف وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ المنكر } .الأمة : الجماعة التى تؤم وتقصد لأمر ما وتطلق على أتباع الأنبياء كما تقول : نحن من أمة محمد - صلى الله عليه وسلم - وعلى الرجل الجامع للخير الذى يقتدى به كقوله - تعالى -{ إِنَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ كَانَ أُمَّةً قَانِتاً لِلَّهِ حَنِيفاً } وعلى الدين والملة كقوله - تعالى - { إِنَّا وَجَدْنَآ آبَآءَنَا على أُمَّةٍ } وعلى الحين والزمان كقوله - تعالى - : { وَقَالَ الذي نَجَا مِنْهُمَا وادكر بَعْدَ أُمَّةٍ } والمراد بالأمة هنا الطائفة من الناس التى تصلح لمباشرة الدعوة إلى الخير والأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر .والمراد بالخير ما فيه صلاح للناس دينى أو دنيوى .والمراد بالمعروف ما حسنه الشرع وتعارف العقلاء على حسنه والمنكر ضد ذلك .والمعنى : ولتكن منكم أيها المؤمنون طائفة قوية الإيمان عظيمة الإخلاص ، تبذلى أقصى طاقتها وجهدها فى الدعوة إلى الخير الذي يصلح من شأن الناس ، وفى أمرهم بالتمسك بالتعاليم وبالأخلاق التى توافق الكتاب والسنة والعقول السليمة ، وفى نهيهم عن المنكر الذى يأباه شرع الله ، وتنفر منه الطباع الحسنة .وقوله : { وَلْتَكُن } صيغة وجوب من الله - تعالى - على كل من يصلح لمهمة الدعوة إلى الخير ، والأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر .وتكن إما من كان التامة أى : ولتوجد منكم أمة . فيكون قوله : { أُمَّةٌ } فاعلا لتكن وجملة { يَدْعُونَ } صفة لأمة ، و { مِّنْكُمْ } متعلق بتكن .وإما من كان الناقصة فيكون قوله : { أُمَّةٌ } اسمها ، وجملة { يَدْعُونَ } صفة لأمة ، و { مِّنْكُمْ } متعلق بكان الناقصة ، أو بمحذوف وقع حالا من أمة .و { مِّنْ } فى قوله - تعالى - { وَلْتَكُن مِّنْكُمْ أُمَّةٌ } يرى أكثر العلماء أنها للتبعيض .أى : ليكن بعض منكم أمة أى طائفة تبذل جهدها فى تبليغ رسالات الله وفى دعوة الناس إلى الخير وأمرهم بالمعروف ونهيهم عن المنكر .وفى هذا التبعيض وتنكير أمة تنبيه على قلة العاملين بذلك وأنه لا يخاطب به إلا الخواص . ومن هذا الأسلوب قوله - تعالى - : { اتقوا الله وَلْتَنظُرْ نَفْسٌ مَّا قَدَّمَتْ لِغَدٍ } فقد وجه الخطاب إلى نفس منكرة تنبيها على قلة الناظر فى معاده .وعلى هذا فكأن الآية الكريمة قد اشتملت على طلبين :أحدهما : وجه إلى الأمة كلها يطالبها بأن تعد طائفة من بينها لهذه المهمة السامية وهى دعوة الناس إلى الخير وأن تزود هذه الطائفة الصالحة لهذه المهمة بكل ما يمكنها من أداء مهمتها .وثانيهما : موجه إلى تلك الطائفة الصالحة لهذه المهمة ، بأن تخلص فيها ، وتؤديها على الوجه الأكمل الذى يرضى الله - تعالى - .ويرى بعض العلماء أن " من " فى قوله - تعالى - { وَلْتَكُن مِّنْكُمْ أُمَّةٌ } بيانية .فيكون المعنى أن الأمة كلها عليها واجب الأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر لا على سبيل الفرض الكفائى ، بل على سبيل الفرض العينى .أى : لتكونوا أيها المؤمنون جميعا أمة تدعون إلى الخير وتأمر بالمعروف وتنهى عن المنكر فمن هنا ليس المراد بها التبعيض على هذا الرأى بل المراد بها البيان ، وذلك كقولك : لفلان من أولاده جند ، وللأمير ن غلمانه عسكر ، تريد بذلك جميع أولاجه وغلمانه .ويبدو لنا أن الرأى الأول وهو أن " من " للتبعيض أقرب إلى الصواب ، لأن الأمة كلها برجالها ونسائها وشبابها وشيوخها لا تصلح لهذه المهمة السامية ، وإنما يصلح لها من يجيدها ويحسنها بأن تكون عنده القدرة العقلية ، والعلمية ، والنفسية ، والخلقية ، لأدائها .ولذا قال صاحب الكشاف مرجحا أن " من " للتبعيض : قوله : { وَلْتَكُن مِّنْكُمْ أُمَّةٌ } من للتبعيض ، لأن الأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر من فروض الكفايات ، لأنه لا يصلح له إلا من علم المعروف والمنكر ، وعلم كيف يرتب الأمر فى إقامته وكيف يباشره فإن الجاهل ربما نهى عن معروف وأمر بمنكر ، وربما عرف الحكم فى مذهبه وجهله فى مذهب صاحبه فنهاه عن غير منكر . وقد يغلظ في موضع اللين ، ويلين فى موضع الغلظة وينكر على من لا يزيده إنكاره إلا تماديا ، أو على من الإنكار عليه عبث .وقيل " من " للتبيين ، بمعنى : وكونوا أمة تأمرون ، كقوله - تعالى - { كُنْتُمْ خَيْرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخْرِجَتْ لِلنَّاسِ تَأْمُرُونَ بالمعروف وَتَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ المنكر } وقوله - تعالى - { وَيَأْمُرُونَ بالمعروف وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ المنكر } معطوف على قوله : { يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الخير } من باب عطف الخاص على العام .وفائدة هذا التخصيص ذكر الدعاء إلى الخير عاما ثم مفصلا على هذين الوجهين وهما الأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر ، لأنهما أشرف ألوان الدعوة إلى الخير .وقوله : { يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الخير } المفعول فيه محذوف وكذلك فى قوله : " يأمرون وينهون " والتقدير يدعون الناس إلى الخير ويأمرونهم بالمعروف وينهونهم عن المنكر .وحذف المفعول للإيذان بظهوره . أو للقصد إلى إيجاد نفس الفعل . أى يفعلون الدعاء إلى الخير ، أو لقصد التعميم أى يدعون كل من تتأتى له الدعوة .وقد ختم - سبحانه - الآية الكريمة بتبشير هؤلاء الداعين إلى الخير بالفلاح فقال { وأولئك هُمُ المفلحون } والفلاح هو الظفر وإدراك البغية .أى : وأولئك القائمون بواجب الدعوة إلى الخير والأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر هم الكاملون في الفلاح والنجاح ، ولا يمكن أن يفلح سواهم ممن لم يقم بهذا الواجب الذى هو مناط عزة الجماعات والأفراد ، وأساس رفعتهم وقوتهم وسعادتهم .قال بعض العلماء : فى الآية دليل على وجوب الأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر ووجوبه ثابت بالكتاب والسنة ، وهو من أعظم واجبات الشريعة المطهرة ، وأصل عظيم من أصولها ، وركن مشيد من أركانها ، وبه يرتفع سنامها ويكمل نظامها .وقال الإمام الغزالى : فى هذه الآية بيان الإيجاب . فإن قوله : { وَلْتَكُن } أمر . وظاهر الأمر الإيجاب ، وفيها بيان أن الفلاح منوط به . إذ حصر وقال : { وأولئك هُمُ المفلحون } وفيها بيان أنه فرض كفاية لا فرض عين وأنه إذا قام به البعض سقط الفرض عن الآخرين ، إذ لم يقل كونوا كلكم آمرين بالمعروف ، بل قال : { وَلْتَكُن مِّنْكُمْ أُمَّةٌ } وإن تقاعد عنه الخلق جميعا عم الإثم كافة القادرين عليه لا محالة .هذا وقد وردت أحاديث متعددة فى فضل الدعوة إلى الخير والأمر بالمعروف والنهى عن المنكر ، وفى بيان العاقبة السيئة التى تترتب على ترك هذا الواجب ، ومن ذلك :ما رواه مسلم والترمذى وابن ماجة النسائي عن أبى سعيد الخدرى قال : سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول : " من رأى منكم منكرا فليغيره بيده ، فإن لم يستطع فبلسانه ، فإن لم يستطع فبقلبه ، وذلك أضعف الإيمان " .وروى الترمذى عن جابر بن عبد الله عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال : " سيد الشهداء حمزة بن عبد المطلب ورجل قام إلى إمام جائر فامره ونهاه فقتله " .وروى الشيخان عن جرير بن عبد الله قال : بايعت النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم على السمع والطاعة فلقننى فيما استطعت والنصح لكل مسلم .وروى أبو داود والترمذى وابن ماجه والنسائى عن أبى بكر الصديق - رضى الله عنه - قال : ياأيها الناس إنكم تقرءون هذه الآية : { ياأيها الذين آمَنُواْ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنْفُسَكُمْ لاَ يَضُرُّكُمْ مَّن ضَلَّ إِذَا اهتديتم } وإني سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول : " إن الناس إذا رأوا الظالم فلم يأخذوا على يديه أوشك أن يعمهم الله بعقاب من عنده " .
القول في تأويل قوله : وَلْتَكُنْ مِنْكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ (104)قال أبو جعفر: يعني بذلك جل ثناؤه: " ولتكن منكم " أيها المؤمنون =" أمة "، يقول: جماعة (74) =" يدعون " الناس=" إلى الخير "، يعني إلى الإسلام وشرائعه &; 7-91 &; التي شرعها الله لعباده (75) =" ويأمرون بالمعروف "، يقول: يأمرون الناس باتباع محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم ودينه الذي جاء به من عند الله (76) " وينهون عن المنكر "،: يعني وينهون عن الكفر بالله والتكذيب بمحمد وبما جاء به من عند الله، بجهادهم بالأيدي والجوارح، حتى ينقادوا لكم بالطاعة.* * *وقوله: " وأولئك هم المفلحون "، يعني: المنجحون عند الله الباقون في جناته ونعيمه.* * *وقد دللنا على معنى " الإفلاح " في غير هذا الموضع، بما أغنى عن إعادته هاهنا. (77)* * *7595- حدثنا أحمد بن حازم قال، حدثنا أبو نعيم قال، حدثنا عيسى بن عمر القارئ، عن أبي عون الثقفي: أنه سمع صُبيحًا قال: سمعت عثمان يقرأ: ( " وَلْتَكُنْ مِنْكُمْ أمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إلَى الخَيْرِ وَيَأمُرُونَ بالمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ المُنْكَرِ وَيَسْتَعِينُونَ اللهَ عَلَى مَا أَصَابَهُم "). (78)7596- حدثني أحمد بن حازم قال، حدثنا أبو نعيم قال، حدثنا ابن &; 7-92 &; عيينة، عن عمرو ابن دينار قال: سمعت ابن الزبير يقرأ، فذكر مثل قراءة عثمان التي ذكرناها قبل سواء.7597- حدثنا يحيى بن أبي طالب قال، أخبرنا يزيد قال، أخبرنا جويبر ، عن الضحاك: " ولتكن منكم أمة يدعون إلى الخير ويأمرون بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكر "، قال: هم خاصة أصحابِ رسول الله، وهم خاصَّة الرواة. (79)-----------------الهوامش :(74) انظر تفسير"أمة" فيما سلف 1: 221 / 3: 74 ، 100 ، 128 ، 141 ، 275 - 277.(75) انظر تفسير"الخير" فيما سلف 2: 505.(76) انظر تفسير"المعروف" فيما سلف 3: 293 / 4 : 547 ، 548 / 5 : 44 ، 76 ، 93 ، 137 ، 520 .(77) انظر ما سلف 1: 249 ، 250 / 3: 561.(78) الأثر: 7595-"عيسى بن عمر الأسدي" المعروف بالهمداني ، القارئ الأعمى صاحب الحروف ، كوفي ثقة. مترجم في التهذيب وطبقات القراء 1 : 612."أبو عون الثقفي" هو: "محمد بن عبيد الله بن سعيد" الأعور ، كوفي تابعي ثقة. مترجم في التهذيب ، وطبقات القراء 2: 194. أما "صبيح" ، فلم أجد له ترجمة إلا في الجرح والتعديل لابن أبي حاتم 2 / 1 / 449 قال: "صبيح ، قال سمعت عثمان يقرأ: "ولتكن منكم أمة يهدون إلى الخير ويأمرون بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكر ويستعينون الله على ما أصابهم. روى عيسى بن عمر القارئ ، عن أبي عون ، عنه". ولم يزد على ذلك ، وفي الجرح كما ترى"يهدون إلى الخير" على غير ما جاء في الطبري ، فإنه يوافق القراءة الموروثة. وفي التاريخ الكبير للبخاري"صبيح بن عبد الله العبسي" أنه قال: "استعمل عثمان أبا سفيان بن الحارث على الفروض" ، ولست أستطيع أن أرجح أنهما رجل واحد. وانظر الدر المنثور 2: 61 ، 62.(79) الأثر 7597- رواه ابن كثير في تفسيره 2: 209 ولفظه: "قال الضحاك: هم خاصة الصحابة ، وخاصة الرواة" ثم بينه فقال: "يعني المجاهدين والعلماء".
( ولتكن منكم أمة ) أي : كونوا أمة ، ( من ) صلة ليست للتبعيض ، كقوله تعالى : " فاجتنبوا الرجس من الأوثان " ( الحج - 30 ) لم يرد اجتناب بعض الأوثان بل أراد فاجتنبوا الأوثان ، واللام في قوله ( ولتكن ) لام الأمر ، ( يدعون إلى الخير ) إلى الإسلام ، ( ويأمرون بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكر وأولئك هم المفلحون )أخبرنا إسماعيل بن عبد القاهر ، قال أنا عبد الغافر بن محمد ، قال أخبرنا محمد بن عيسى الجلودي ، أخبرنا إبراهيم بن محمد بن سفيان ، ثنا مسلم بن الحجاج ، حدثنا أبو بكر محمد بن أبي شيبة ، أخبرنا وكيع ، عن سفيان ، عن قيس بن مسلم ، عن طارق بن شهاب ، قال : قال أبو سعيد رضي الله عنهما سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول : " من رأى منكم منكرا فليغيره بيده فإن لم يستطع فبلسانه فإن لم يستطع فبقلبه وذلك أضعف الإيمان " .أخبرنا أبو عبد الله بن الفضل الخرقي ، قال أخبرنا أبو الحسن الطيسفوني ، أخبرنا عبد الله بن عمر الجوهري ، أخبرنا أحمد بن علي الكشميهني ، أخبرنا علي بن حجر ، أخبرنا إسماعيل بن جعفر ، أنا عمرو بن أبي عمرو ، عن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن الأشهلي ، عن حذيفة أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال : " والذي نفسي بيده لتأمرن بالمعروف ولتنهون عن المنكر أو ليوشكن الله أن يبعث عليكم عذابا من عنده ثم لتدعنه فلا يستجاب لكم " .أخبرنا الإمام أبو علي الحسين بن محمد القاضي ، أخبرنا أبو طاهر محمد بن محمد بن محمش الزيادي ، أخبرنا أبو بكر محمد بن الحسين القطان ، أنا علي بن الحسين الدراوردي أخبرنا أبو النعمان ، أخبرنا عبد العزيز بن مسلم القسملي ، أنا إسماعيل بن أبي خالد عن قيس بن أبي حازم ، قال : سمعت أبا بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه يقول : يا أيها الناس إنكم تقرءون هذه الآية : ( ياأيها الذين آمنوا عليكم أنفسكم لا يضركم من ضل إذا اهتديتم ) فإني سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول : " إن الناس إذا رأوا منكرا فلم يغيروه يوشك أن يعمهم الله تعالى بعذابه " .أخبرنا عبد الواحد بن أحمد المليحي ، أنا أحمد بن عبد الله النعيمي ، أنا محمد بن يوسف ، أنا محمد بن إسماعيل ، أنا عمرو بن حفص بن غياث ، أخبرنا أبي أنا الأعمش حدثني الشعبي أنه سمع النعمان بن بشير رضي الله عنه يقول : قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم : " مثل المداهن في حدود الله تعالى والواقع فيها ، كمثل قوم استهموا على سفينة فصار بعضهم في أسفلها وصار بعضهم في أعلاها ، فكان الذين في أسفلها يمرون بالماء على الذين في أعلاها ، فتأذوا به فأخذ فأسا فجعل ينقر أسفل السفينة ، فأتوه فقالوا : ما لك؟ فقال تأذيتم بي ولا بد لي من الماء فإن أخذوا على يديه أنجوه ونجوا أنفسهم وإن تركوه أهلكوه وأهلكوا أنفسهم " .
هذا مفرّع عن الكلام السَّابق : لأنَّه لمّا أظهر لهم نعمة نقلهم من حالتي شقاء وشناعة إلى حالتي نعيم وكَمال ، وكانوا قد ذاقوا بين الحالتين الأمَرّيْن ثُمّ الأَحْلَوَيْن ، فحلبوا الدّهر أشطريه ، كانوا أحرياء بأن يَسعوا بكل عزمهم إلى انتشال غيرهم من سُوء ما هو فيه إلى حُسنى ما هُم عليه حتَّى يكون النَّاس أمَّة واحدة خيِّرة . وفي غريزة البشر حبّ المشاركة في الخير لذلك تجد الصّبي إذا رأى شيئاً أعجبه نادى من هو حوله ليراه معه .ولذلك كان هذا الكلام حرياً بأن يعطف بالفاء ، ولو عطف بها لكان أسلوباً عربياً إلاّ أنّه عُدل عن العطف بالفاء تنبيهاً على أن مضمون هذا الكلام مقصود لذاته بحيث لو لم يسبقه الكلام السابق لكان هو حريّاً بأن يؤمر به ، فلا يكونُ مذكوراً لأجل التفرّع عن غيره والتبع .وفيه من حسن المقابلة في التَّقسيم ضرب من ضروب الخطابة : وذلك أنَّه أنكر على أهل الكتاب كفرهم وصدّهم النَّاس عن الإيمان ، فقال : { قل يا أهل الكتاب لم تكفرون بآيات الله والله شهيد على ما تعملون قل يا أهل الكتاب لم تصدون عن سبيل الله } [ آل عمران : 98 ، 99 ] الآية .وقابل ذلك بأن أمر المؤمنين بالإيمان والدعاء إليه إذ قال : { يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الله حق تقاته } [ آل عمران : 102 ] وقوله : { ولتكن منكم أمة يدعون إلى الخير } الآية .وصيغة { ولتكن منكم أمَّة } صيغة وجوب لأنَّها أصرح في الأمر من صيغة افعلوا لأنَّها أصلها . فإذا كان الأمر بالمعروف والنَّهي عن المنكر غير معلوم بينهم من قبل نزوللِ هذه الآية ، فالأمرُ لتشريع الوجوب ، وإذا كان ذلك حاصلاً بينهم من قبل كما يدلّ عليه قوله : { كنتم خير أمة أخرجت للناس تأمرون بالمعروف وتنهون عن المنكر } [ آل عمران : 110 ] فالأمر لتأكيد ما كانوا يفعلونه ووجوبه ، وفيه زيادة الأمر بالدّعوة إلى الخير وقد كان الوجوب مقرّراً من قبل بآيات أخرى مثل : { وتواصوا بالحق وتواصوا بالصبر } [ العصر : 3 ] ، أو بأوامر نبويَّة . فالأمر لتأكيد الوجوب أيضا للدلالة على الدّوام والثبات عليه ، مثل { يأيها الذين آمنوا آمنوا باللَّه } [ النساء : 136 ] .والأمَّة الجماعة والطائفة كقوله تعالى : { كلما دخلت أمة لعنت أختها } [ الأعراف : 38 ] .وأصل الأمَّة في كلام العرب الطَّائفة من النَّاس الَّتي تؤمّ قصداً واحداً : من نسب أو موطن أو دين ، أو مجموع ذلك ، ويتعيّن ما يجمعها بالإضافة أو الوصف كقولهم : أمَّة العرب وأمّة غسان وأمّة النصارى .والمخاطب بضمير ( منكم ) إن كان هم أصحابَ رسول الله كما هو ظاهر الخطابات السابقة آنِفاً جاز أن تكون ( مِن ) بَيانيَّة وَقُدّم البيانُ على المبيَّن ويكون ما صْدق الأمّة نفس الصّحابة ، وهم أهل العصر الأول من المسلمين فيكون المعنى : ولتكونوا أمَّة يدعون إلى الخير فهذه الأمَّة أصحاب هذا الوصف قد أمروا بأن يكوِّنوا من مجموعهم الأمَّة الموصوفة بأنهم يدعون إلى الخير ، والمقصود تكوين هذا الوصف ، لأنّ الواجب عليهم هو التَّخلق بهذا الخلق فإذا تخلّقوا به تكوّنت الأمَّة المطلوبة .وهي أفضل الأمم . وهي أهل المدينة الفاضلة المنشود للحكماء من قبل ، فجَاءت الآية بهذا الأمر على هذا الأسلوب البليغ الموجز .وفي هذا محسِّن التجريد : جُرّدت من المخاطبين أمَّة أخرى للمبالغة في هذا الحكم كما يقال : لِفلان من بنيه أنصار . والمقصود : ولتكونوا آمرين بالمعروف ناهين عن المنكر حتَّى تكونوا أمَّة هذه صفتها ، وهذا هو الأظهر فيكون جميع أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قد خوطبوا بأن يكونوا دعاة إلى الخير ، ولا جرم فهم الَّذين تلقوا الشَّريعة من رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم مباشرة ، فهم أولى النَّاس بتبليغها . وأعلم بمشَاهِدها وأحوالها ، ويشهد لهذا قوله صلى الله عليه وسلم في مواطن كثيرة : « ليبلغ الشاهد الغائب أَلاَ هل بلّغت » وإلى هذا المحمل مال الزجاج وغير واحد من المفسّرين ، كما قاله ابن عطية .ويجوز أيضاً على اعتبار الضّمير خطابا لأصحاب محمَّد صلى الله عليه وسلم أن تكون ( من ) للتبعيض ، والمراد من الأمّة الجماعة والفريق ، أي : وليكن بعضكم فريقاً يدعون إلى الخير فيكون الوجوب على جماعة من الصّحابة فقد قال ابن عطية : قال الضّحاك ، والطبري : أمر المؤمنين أن تكون منهم جماعة بهذه الصّفة . فهم خاصّة أصحاب الرسول وهم خاصّة الرواة .وأقول : على هذا يثبت حكم الوجوب على كلّ جيل بعدهم بطريق القياس لئلا يتعطّل الهدى . ومن النَّاس من لا يستطيع الدّعوة إلى الخير ، والأمر بالمعروف ، والنَّهي عن المنكر قال تعالى : { فلولا نفر من كل فرقة منهم طائفة ليتفقهوا في الدين ولينذروا قومهم } [ التوبة : 122 ] الآية .وإن كان الخطاب بالضّمير لجميع المؤمنين تبعاً لكون المخاطب بيَأيها الّذين آمنوا إيَّاهم أيضاً ، كانت ( مِنْ ) للتبعيض لا محالة ، وكان المراد بالأمّة الطائفة إذ لا يكون المؤمنون كُلّهم مأمورين بالدعاء إلى الخير ، والأمر بالمعروف ، والنهي عن المنكر ، بل يكون الواجب على الكفاية وإلى هذا المعنى ذهب ابن عطية ، والطبري ، ومن تبعهم ، وعلى هذا فيكون المأمور جماعة غير معيّنة وإنما المقصود حصول هذا الفعل الَّذى فُرض على الأمَّة وقُوعُه .على أنّ هذا الاعتبار لا يمنع من أن تكون ( مِن ) بيانية بمعنى أن يكونوا هم الأمّة ويكون المراد بكونهم يدعون إلى الخير ، ويأمرون بالمعروف ، وينهون عن المنكر ، إقامة ذلك فيهم وأن لا يخلُوا عن ذلك على حسب الحاجة ومقدار الكفاءة للقيام بذلك ، ويكون هذا جارياً على المعتاد عند العرب من وصف القبيلة بالصّفات الشائعة فيها الغالبة على أفرادها كقولهم : بَاهِلَة لِئَام ، وعُذْرةُ عُشَّاق .وعلى هذه الاعتبارات تجري الاعتبارات في قوله : { ولا تكونوا كالذين تفرقوا } كما سيأتي .إنّ الدعوة إلى الخير تتفاوت : فمنها ما هو بيّن يقوم به كلّ مسلم ، ومنها ما يحْتاج إلى علم فيقوم به أهله ، وهذا هو المسمّى بفرض الكفاية ، يعني إذا قام به بعض النَّاس كفَى عن قيام الباقين ، وتتعيَّن الطائفة الَّتي تقوم بها بتوفّر شروط القيام بمثل ذلك الفعل فيها .كالقوة على السلاح في الحرب ، وكالسباحة في إنقاذ الغريق ، والعلم بأمور الدّين في الأمر بالمعروف والنَّهي عن المنكر ، وكذلك تَعيّن العدد الَّذي يكفي للقيام بذلك الفعل مثل كون الجيش نصفَ عدد جيش العدوّ ، ولمَّا كان الأمر يستلزم متعلِّقاً فالمأمور في فرض الكفاية الفريق الّذين فيهم الشروط ، ومجموعُ أهل البلد ، أو القبيلة ، لتنفيذ ذلك ، فإذا قام به العدد الكافي ممّن فيهم الشروط سقط التكليف عن الباقين ، وإذا لم يقوموا به كان الإثم على البلد أو القبيلة ، لسكوت جميعهم ، ولتقاعس الصَّالحين للقيام بذلك ، مع سكوتهم أيضا ثمّ إذا قام به البعض فإنَّما يُثاب البعض خاصّة .ومعنى الدعاء إلى الخير الدعاء إلى الإسلام ، وبثّ دعوة النّبيء صلى الله عليه وسلم فإنّ الخير اسم يجمع خصال الإسلام : ففي حديث حذيفة بن اليَمان « قلت : يا رسول الله إنّا كنّا في جاهلية وشَرّ فجاءَنا الله بهذا الخيْرِ فهل بعد هذا الخير من شرّ » الحديث ، ولذلك يكون عطف الأمر بالمعروف والنّهي عن المنكر عليه من عطف الشيء على مغايره ، وهو أصل العطف . وقيل : أريد بالخير ما يشمل جميع الخيرات ، ومنها الأمر بالمعروف والنَّهي عن المنكر ، فيكون العطف من عطف الخاصّ على العامّ للاهتمام به .وحذفت مفاعيل يَدعون ويأمرون وَيَنهَوْن لقصد التَّعميم أي يَدعون كلّ أحد كما في قوله تعالى : { واللَّهُ يدعو إلى دار السَّلام } [ يونس : 25 ] .والمعروف هو ما يعرف وهو مجاز في المقبول المرضي به ، لأنّ الشيء إذا كان معروفاً كان مألوفاً مقبولاً مرضيّاً به ، وأريد به هنا ما يُقبل عند أهل العقول ، وفي الشَّرائع ، وهو الحقّ والصلاح ، لأنّ ذلك مقبول عند انتفاء العوارض .والمنكر مجاز في المكروه ، والكُرْه لازم للإنكار لأنّ النكر في أصل اللِّسان هو الجهل ومنه تسمية غير المألوف نكرة ، وأريد به هنا الباطل والفساد ، لأنَّهما من المكروه في الجبلّة عند انتفاء العوارض .والتَّعريف في ( الخير والمعروف والمنكر ) تعريف الاستغراق ، فيفيد العموم في المعاملات بحسب ما ينتهي إليه العلم والمقدرة فيُشبه الاستغراق العرفي .ومن المفسّرين من عيّن جعل ( مِن ) في قوله تعالى : { ولتكن منكم أمة } للبيان ، وتأوّل الكلام بتقدير تقديممِ البيان على المبيَّن فيَصِير المعنى : ولتكن أمَّة هي أنتم أي ولتكونوا أمَّة يدعون محاولة للتسويَّة بين مضمون هذه الآية ، ومضمون قوله تعالى : { كنتم خير أمة أخرجت للناس تأمرون بالمعروف } [ آل عمران : 110 ] الآية . ومساواة معنيي الآيتين غير متعيّنة لِجواز أن يكون المراد من خير أمَّة هاته الأمَّة ، الَّتي قامت بالأمر بالمعروف ، على ما سنبيِّنه هنالك .والآية أوجبت أن تقوم طائفة من المسلمين بالأمر بالمعروف والنَّهي عن المنكر ، ولا شكّ أن الأمر والنَّهي من أقسام القول والكلام ، فالمكلّف به هو بيان المعروف ، والأمر به ، وبيان المنكر ، والنَّهي عنه ، وأمَّا امتثال المأمورين والمنهيين لذلك ، فموكول إليهم أو إلى ولاة الأمور الَّذين يحملونهم على فعل ما أمروا به ، وأمَّا ما وقع في الحديث : « من رأى منكم منكراً فَلْيُغَيِّرْه بيدِه ، فإنْ لم يَسْتَطِعْ فبِلِسانه فإن لم يستطع فبقلبه » فذلك مرتبةُ التغيير ، والتَّغييرُ يكون باليد ، ويكون بالقلب ، أي تمنّى التَّغيير ، وأمَّا الأمر والنَّهي فلا يكونان بهما .والمعروف والمنكر إن كانا ضروريين كان لكلّ مسلم أن يأمر وينهى فيهما ، وإن كانا نظريَّيْن ، فإنَّما يقوم بالأمر والنَّهي فيهما أهل العلم .وللأمر بالمعروف والنَّهي عن المنكر شروط مبيّنة في الفقه والآداب الشرعية ، إلاّ أنِّي أنبِّه إلى شرط ساء فهم بعض النَّاس فيه وهو قول بعض الفقهاء : يشترط أن لا يجرّ النَّهي إلى منكر أعظم . وهذا شرط قد خرم مزيّة الأمر بالمعروف والنَّهي عن المنكر ، واتّخذه المسلمون ذريعة لترك هذا الواجب . ولقد ساء فهمهم فيه إذا مراد مشترطِه أن يتحقَّق الآمر أنّ أمره يجرّ إلى منكر أعظم لاَ أن يخاف أو يتوهّم إذ الوجوب قطعي لا يعارضه إلاّ ظنّ أقوى .ولمّا كان تعيين الكفاءة للقيام بهذا الفرض ، في الأمر بالمعروف والنَّهي عن المنكر ، لتوقّفه على مراتب العلم بالمعروف والمنكر ، ومراتب القدرة على التَّغيير ، وإفهام النَّاس ذلك ، رأَى أيمة المسلمين تعيين ولاة للبحث عن المناكر وتعيين كيفية القيام بتغييرها ، وسمّوا تلك الولاية بالحسبة ، وقد أولى عمر بن الخطَّاب في هاته الولاية أم الشَفاء ، وأشهر من وليها في الدولة العبَّاسيَّة ابن عائشة ، وكان رجلاً صلباً في الحق ، وتسمّى هذه الولاية في المغرب ولاية السوق وقد وليها في قرطبة الإمام محمَّد بن خالد بن مَرْتَنِيل القرطبي المعروف بالأشجّ من أصحاب ابن القاسم توفِّي سنة 220 . وكانت في الدولة الحفصيَّة ولاية الحسبة من الولايات النبيهة وربَّما ضمّت إلى القضاء كما كان الحال في تونس بعد الدولة الحفصيَّة .وجملة { وأولئك هم المفلحون } معطوفة على صفات أمَّة وهي الَّتي تضمّنتها جُمَلُ { يدعون إلى الخير ويأمرون بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكر } والتقدير : وهم مفلحون : لأن الفلاح لمّا كان مسبّباً على تلك الصفّات الثلاث جعل بمنزلة صفة لهم ، ويجوز جعل جملة { وأولئك هم المفلحون } حالاً من أمَّة ، والواو للحال .والمقصود بشارتهم بالفلاح الكامل إن فعلوا ذلك . وكان مقتضى الظاهر فصل هذه الجملة عمّا قبلها بدون عطف ، مثل فصل جملة { أولئك على هدى من ربِّهم } [ البقرة : 5 ] لكن هذه عُطفت أو جاءت حالاً لأن مضمونها جزاء عن الجمل الَّتي قبلها ، فهي أجدر بأن تُلحق بها .ومفاد هذه الجملة قصر صفة الفلاح عليهم ، فهو إمّا قصر إضافي بالنّسبة لمن لم يقم بذلك مع المقدرة عليه وإمّا قصر أريد به المبالغة لعدم الاعتداد في هذا المقام بفلاح غيرهم ، وهو معنى قصد الدّلالة على معنى الكمال
أي: وليكن منكم أيها المؤمنون الذين مَنَّ الله عليهم بالإيمان والاعتصام بحبله { أمة } أي: جماعة { يدعون إلى الخير } وهو اسم جامع لكل ما يقرب إلى الله ويبعد من سخطه { ويأمرون بالمعروف } وهو ما عرف بالعقل والشرع حسنه { وينهون عن المنكر } وهو ما عرف بالشرع والعقل قبحه، وهذا إرشاد من الله للمؤمنين أن يكون منهم جماعة متصدية للدعوة إلى سبيله وإرشاد الخلق إلى دينه، ويدخل في ذلك العلماء المعلمون للدين، والوعاظ الذين يدعون أهل الأديان إلى الدخول في دين الإسلام، ويدعون المنحرفين إلى الاستقامة، والمجاهدون في سبيل الله، والمتصدون لتفقد أحوال الناس وإلزامهم بالشرع كالصلوات الخمس والزكاة والصوم والحج وغير ذلك من شرائع الإسلام، وكتفقد المكاييل والموازين وتفقد أهل الأسواق ومنعهم من الغش والمعاملات الباطلة، وكل هذه الأمور من فروض الكفايات كما تدل عليه الآية الكريمة في قوله { ولتكن منكم أمة } إلخ أي: لتكن منكم جماعة يحصل المقصود بهم في هذه الأشياء المذكورة، ومن المعلوم المتقرر أن الأمر بالشيء أمر به وبما لا يتم إلا به فكل ما تتوقف هذه الأشياء عليه فهو مأمور به، كالاستعداد للجهاد بأنواع العدد التي يحصل بها نكاية الأعداء وعز الإسلام، وتعلم العلم الذي يحصل به الدعوة إلى الخير وسائلها ومقاصدها، وبناء المدارس للإرشاد والعلم، ومساعدة النواب ومعاونتهم على تنفيذ الشرع في الناس بالقول والفعل والمال، وغير ذلك مما تتوقف هذه الأمور عليه، وهذه الطائفة المستعدة للدعوة إلى الخير والأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر هم خواص المؤمنين، ولهذا قال تعالى عنهم: { وأولئك هم المفلحون } الفائزون بالمطلوب، الناجون من المرهوب
قوله تعالى : ولتكن منكم أمة يدعون إلى الخير ويأمرون بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكر وأولئك هم المفلحونقد مضى القول في الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر في هذه السورة . و ( من ) في قوله منكم للتبعيض ، ومعناه أن الآمرين يجب أن يكونوا علماء وليس كل الناس علماء . وقيل : لبيان الجنس ، والمعنى لتكونوا كلكم كذلك . وهو الصواب والله أعلم . لقوله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - : بلغوا عني ولو آية قلت : القول الأول أصح ; فإنه يدل على أن الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر فرض على الكفاية ، وقد عينهم الله تعالى بقوله : الذين إن مكناهم في الأرض أقاموا الصلاة الآية . وليس كل الناس مكنوا . وقرأ ابن الزبير : " ولتكن منكم أمة يدعون إلى الخير ويأمرون بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكر ويستعينون الله على ما أصابهم " . قال أبو بكر الأنباري : وهذه الزيادة تفسير من ابن الزبير ، وكلام من كلامه غلط فيه بعض الناقلين فألحقه بألفاظ القرآن ; يدل على صحة ما أصف الحديث الذي حدثنيه أبي حدثنا حسن بن عرفة حدثنا وكيع عن أبي عاصم عن أبي عون عن صبيح قال : سمعت عثمان بن عفان يقرأ " ويأمرون بالمعروف وينهون عن المنكر ويستعينون الله على ما أصابهم " . فما يشك عاقل في أن عثمان لا يعتقد هذه الزيادة من القرآن ; إذ لم يكتبها في مصحفه الذي هو إمام المسلمين ، وإنما ذكرها واعظا بها ومؤكدا ما تقدمها من كلام رب العالمين جل وعلا .
This command pertains, on the one hand, to the common man and on the other to the intellectuals and the educated class. The educated should be strenuous in their efforts to enjoin goodness and forbid wrong in the community. Their keen awareness of the need for reform should ensure their continuing concern with the state of the people: they must encourage everyone to follow the path of goodness and shun the path of evil. However, for such an effort to succeed, the public must be submissive; they must be willing to listen to their elders. They must show respect for them, follow them as they are bid and stop where they are told to stop, thus surrendering themselves to their religious reformers. A Muslim community’s success thus depends respectively upon the attitudes of the religious elders and of the public. It is in an atmosphere of listening and obeying that society can be reformed, ensuring success both in this world as well as in the next. In short, elders motivated by the true religious spirit, should never shirk their responsibility towards their community of enjoining goodness upon them and forbidding evil.
Commentary
In the previous verses (102 - 103), Muslims were given two principles which guarantee their collective wellbeing. If everyone practiced Taqwa and made Islam his linkage with Allah,-the result will be that individual life will be corrected and the collective strength of Muslims will come in its wake.
In the present verses': وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ (104 - 105), yet another dimension of the proposed system has been added. It has been said here that Muslims are not to rest at the correction of what they think and do individually; but they should, along with that, be affectionately concerned with the good of other brothers and sisters in faith. By doing so, the whole community shall have the benefit of keeping its stance correct at all times, and at the same time, this will guarantee closer mutual cooperation and unity.
Collective well-being of Muslims depends on two things:
These are:
L Self-correction through Taqwa and a firm hold on the 'cord of Allah' through the Qur'an and the Faith.
2. The correction of others through call دعوۃ (da'wah) and positive propagation.
The second article of guidance appears in the opening verse which says: and there has to be a group of people from among you ...' So, the gist of the previous and the present verses is that one must correct his or her deeds and morals in the light of what Allah Almighty has sent as the Law, and with it, one must be concerned that other Muslim brothers and sisters do the same. The subject appears in Surah al-` Asr:
إِنَّ الْإِنسَانَ لَفِي خُسْرٍ ﴿2﴾ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالْحَقِّ وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ ﴿3﴾
Except those who believe and do good deeds and invite each
other to truth and invite each other to patience. (103:2, 3)
In order that Muslims have a firm bond of unity, they must relate to Allah, and in order that this bond stays firm through the ages, it is necessary that Muslims consider it their obligation to enjoin what is good in accordance with the dictates of the Qur'an and the Sunnah on their brothers and sisters in faith, and to stop them from what is not good. The purpose is that 'the cord of Allah' should not slip out of one's hands. This was succinctly illustrated by my well-known teacher, Shaykh al-Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad ` Uthmani (رح) who said:
"There is no way this 'cord of Allah' can break. That one loses his hand-hold on it is, of course, possible."
It is to offset this danger that the Holy Qur'an asks Muslims to go on educating other brothers and sisters in faith exhorting them to good deeds and holding them back from the bad ones. This will become a collective effort to stay with Allah and His commands and collective will be their gains in this mortal world and in the Hereafter. There are other proofs in the Holy Qur'an which show that the responsibility of mutual self-correction has been placed on the shoulders of each Muslim.
Cited above, you have seen the statement made in Su-rah al-'Mr. Elsewhere, in this very Surah ` Al-` Imran, it is said:
كُنتُمْ خَيْرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخْرِجَتْ لِلنَّاسِ تَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَتَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ
You are the best Ummah raised for mankind. You bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair. (3:110)
As is clear, here too, the obligation - to bid the Fair and forbid the_ Unfair' - has been assigned to the whole community. That they discharge this responsibility is the reason that they are placed higher over other communities. Similarly, there are a large number of sayings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ in this connection. As narrated in Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah, the Holy Prophet ﷺ has said:
والذی نفسی بیدہ لتامرون و لتنھون عن المنکراو لیوشکن اللہ ان یبعث علیکم عقابا من عندہ ثم لتدعنہ فلا یستجیب لکم
By Him in whose hands is my life, you must bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair lest Allah inflicts upon you a severe punish-ment; you shall then pray to Him (for mercy) but your prayer shall not be answered.
In another hadith, the Holy Prophet ﷺ said:
من رای منکم منکراً فیغیرہ بیدہ ، فان لم یستطع فبلسانہ، وان لم یستطع فبقلبہ ، وذلک اضعف الایمان
Whoever from among you sees that an evil is being committed then, he should change it with his hands. And if he is unable to do that, then, with his spoken word. And if he is unable to do even that, then, with his heart (i.e., abhor it taking it to be evil) and this is the weakest degree of faith.
All these citations leave no doubt about the fact that the duty of bidding the Fair and forbidding the Unfair falls on every individual of the community. The liability will, however, be proportionate to everyone's ability, which is true in the case of all other Islamic injunctions. You may have noticed in the hadith just quoted above that the obligation varies with ability.
Now, each function requires a different ability. First of all, the ability to bid the Fair depends on a correct knowledge of the Fair and the Unfair as such. One who cannot distinguish between the two or does not have a full knowledge of his undertaking would not be the right person to go out to others to bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair. Obviously, this would create disorder instead of discipline. It is quite possible that such a person may, because of his lack of knowledge, forbid something Fair or bid something Unfair. So, one who does not know the Fair and the Unfair is obligated to find it out, get to learn the معروف Ma` ruf and منکر Munkar as determined by the Shari` ah of Islam and then he can go ahead and make these known to others as part of his community service. Let this be clear that until such time that one has acquired the prerequisites of this mission, it is not permissible for him to stand up for this service. These days there are places where many ignorant enthusiasts would stand and deliver a sermon without knowing the Qur'an or the Hadith, or worse still, sections of common people would use hearsay to pick up arguments with others as to how something should or should not be done. This method is not proper to correct the Muslim society. Indeed it will result in more disputes and bring destruction to it.
Similarly, it is also included in 'to bid the Fair' that there be no formidable danger or unbearable harm likely to affect the person involved. Therefore, it was said in the hadith quoted above that one should stop sin with his hands, that is, by this strength. If he is unable .to do so, let him do it with his tongue. If he is unable to do so with his tongue, he should at the least consider it bad in his heart. It is obvious that 'not being able to stop it with his tongue' does not just mean that this person's tongue cannot move. It simply means that he strongly apprehends that, should he open his mouth and speak the truth, his life will be taken or he will be subjected to some other serious injury or loss. In such a case, this person will not be taken as 'able' and he will not be called a sinner for the abandonment of bidding the Fair and forbidding the Unfair. It would be an entirely different matter, if he elects to stake his life and property in the way of Allah, bear all losses and still goes ahead and bids the Fair and forbids the Unfair, which is something many blessed Companions and their Successors have been reported to have done. This is determination at its highest, and a feat of great merit which raised their status in this world and in the Here-after. But, what they did was not obligatory on them.
The nature of this obligation requires that one bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair in what is necessary; this would be obligatory. If done in what is commendable; the act too would remain commendable. For instance, the five salats are obligatory, therefore, giving good counsel to the non-performer of salah will become necessary on everyone. The nawafil (optional prayers) are classed as commendable or desirable, therefore, giving good counsel on these will be commendable. Here, etiquette would require that while advising someone to do a commendable act, soft language and attitude must be adopted in all cases. Similarly, while inviting to an obligatory act, one should start with softness. However, he may resort to firmness in attitude if one rejects the soft call outright. It is common sight these days that people tend to object in case of what is commendable or indifferent rather strongly, but remain silent when people abandon what is obligatory.
In addition to this, this obligation will become operative for everybody when one actually sees something forbidden being done before his eyes. For instance, there is a person who is seeing that a Muslim is drinking wine, or stealing or raping, he will then be obligated with the duty to stop it to the best of his ability. If all this is not happening before his eyes, he is not liable to discharge this duty. Rather, this is the duty of the Islamic government to inquire into the crime, investigate and punish the criminal.
The words of the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، من رای منکم منکراً (Whoever from among you sees that an evil is being committed) point out to this principle.
Then comes another level of this function - that there be a dedicated group among Muslims devoted exclusively to the mission of calling people to the Faith and giving them right guidance towards it. Its single mandate and activity should be that it keeps calling people to the Qur'an and the Sunnah through word and deed. When it sees people less inclined towards what is good, or sees them indulging in evils, it should not fall short of pointing out what is good and preventing people from taking to the evil, of course, according to its ability. It should be realized that this great mission can be carried out fully and effectively only when the performers have a complete knowledge of questions involved, as well as, when they are conversant with methods that go to make the call effective in the light of Sunnah. It is for this reason that a particular group of Muslims has been charged with this responsibility as they are likely to take care of all ramifications of this effort.
So, in the present verse:
وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ
it has been said: And there has to be a group of people from among you who call towards the good and bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair.
The first part of the verse' وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ translated as (And there has to be a group of people from among you) gives a hint that the presence of this group is necessary. In case, a government does not shoulder this responsibility, it will become obligatory on Muslims that they should establish and operate such a group, because the vital role of the Ummah depends on the existence of such a group. What are the major features of this group? The Qur'anic answer is يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْر (who call towards the good). It means that this call of theirs shall be their primary objective. What does خیر 'khayr' or 'good' mean? The Holy Prophet ﷺ has himself explained it by saying: الخیر ھو اتباع القرآن و سُنَّتی that is, 'khayr' means following the Qur'an and my Sunnah. (Ibn Kathir)
Seen in a restricted sense, 'to bid the Fair and to forbid the Unfair' could have been taken to mean that doing so shall be needed only on special occasions when the evil or 'the Unfair' منکرات (munkarat) are seen being committed. But, the expression يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْر who call towards the good) in the beginning makes it clear that the function of this group wi11 be to call towards the good, even when evil practices are not seen, or time may not have come to perform something obligatory.
For example, it is known that in the period between sunrise and Zawal (noon) no salah is prescribed by the Sharl'ah. But this group shall continue even in this period, to exhort people to perform salah when it is due. Or, take fasting which may not be due at a particular time, the month of Ramadan being far away, but that group will not shelve its duty and become complacent. Instead, it will keep reminding people about the month of Ramadan in advance, stressing on them that fasting will be obligatory at that time. In short, calling people to good will be the intrinsic duty of this group for all times to come.
Then, this 'call towards good' has two sub-levels:
1. Calling non-Muslims towards 'khayr', that is, Islam. This involves all Muslims. It means that every Muslim, in general, and this group, in particular, is responsible for giving the call of Islam, both by words and acts, to all peoples of the world. Therefore in a verse which enjoins jihad on Muslims, the true Muslims have been defined and praised in the following words:
الَّذِينَ إِن مَّكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ
that is, 'true Muslims are those who when We endow them with authority in a land the first thing they do is to establish a system of obedience to Allah on His earth, of which salah is an outward expression, and raise their financial system on principles governed by zakah, and they make the bidding of the Fair and the forbidding of the Unfair their very purpose of life.' (22:41)
Only if, the Muslim community of today were to take to extending their call towards good to other peoples as their objective, all ills that have crept into our social frame through the blind following of non Muslim nations shall cease to exist. When a community resolves to unite for this great objective and becomes sure that it has to forge ahead among the nations of the world and that the responsibility of teaching and training them falls on its shoulders, will find that all its disunities have disappeared and there remains nothing but that wonderful goal in sight. The secret of the successes achieved by the Holy Prophet ﷺ and his noble Companions ؓ lies hidden behind this effort. It appears in a hadith that the Holy Prophet ﷺ
recited this verse وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ (And there has to be a group of people from among you) and then said: This special group is the group of the noble Companions (Ibn Jarir). This is because each individual from among these blessed souls considered himself personally charged with the responsibility of calling people to good..
2. The second sub-level of this noble function is to call Muslims themselves towards the good. This means that تبلیغ tabligh or the act of conveying the message of Allah should be done by all Muslims generally, and by the special group particularly, among Muslims, fulfilling the duty of دعوۃ da'wah imposed by the Qur'an.
Again this call takes two forms as given below:
a). The first form will be that of a general and open call to good through which all Muslims will be educated into necessary injunctions and morals which have to be followed in Islam.
b). The second call would be particular and selective through which the objective will be to produce experts in the Muslim community, experts in the sciences of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Another verse of the Holy Qur'an leads in this direction:
فَلَوْلَا نَفَرَ مِن كُلِّ فِرْقَةٍ مِّنْهُمْ طَائِفَةٌ لِّيَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي الدِّينِ وَلِيُنذِرُوا قَوْمَهُمْ إِذَا رَجَعُوا إِلَيْهِمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَحْذَرُونَ
So, why should it not be that a group from every section of them goes forth, so that they may acquire perfect under-standing of the Faith, and so that they may warn their people . when they return to them, that they may be cautious. (9:122)
Further on, this responsibility-bearing group has been identified as carrying the additional distinction وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ that is, 'they bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair'.
The word, معروف 'ma` ruf literally means 'recognized' but as a Qur'anic term it includes all good enjoined by Islam, and promoted by all prophets (علیہم السلام) during their respective ages. Since what is good is known and recognized, it has been referred to as معروف 'ma` ruf .
Similarly, the word, منکر 'munkar' literally means 'non-recognized" or alien", but as a Qur'anic term it includes all evils and disorders about which it is well-known and recognized that the Holy Prophet declared them to be impermissible.
Keeping this in view, another point is worth-consideration. The Holy Qur'an could have used the word 'wajib' (what is obligating) instead of معروف 'ma` ruf, and the word معاصی 'ma` asi (sins) instead of 'munkar'., but it did not do so. The selection of the words معروف 'ma’ ruf and منکر 'munkar' maybe indicative of the principle that the subject of bidding the Fair and forbidding the Unfair1 must be an act which is recognized by the entire Muslim Ummah as 'fair' or 'unfair' without any difference of interpretation. As for the rules deduced through اجتہاد ijtihad, which have always been open for the different interpretations offered by the capable Muslim jurists, they should not be made an issue during the process of الامر بالمعروف والنھیٰ عن المنکر : 'bidding the fair and forbidding the unfair" It is a pity that such a wise Qur'anic principle is being generally neglected in the Muslim community, and the Muslims are made to fight each other on the secondary issues which can admit different interpretations. People tend to consider such efforts as some feat of piety while the evils which are held by the entire ummah unanimously as sins and are being committed in the community receive much less attention and often go unchecked.
1. It means that if a recognized school of Islamic jurisprudence, such as Hanafi school adopting a particular interpretation of Islamic law, has held an act as 'fair', the holders of an opposite view like Sh'afi'ites should not blame or reproach the former for their action, and vice versa. (editor)
Towards the conclusion of the verse, the commendable end of the group described therein has been enshrined in the following words:
وَأُولَـٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ
And it is these who are successful.
It simply means that, in reality, success is achieved by such people alone.
Primarily, this description applies to the great group of the Companions of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . They were the ones who rose with the great objective of calling towards the good and of curbing what was bad and in a very brief period of time conquered the entire world of their time. There were power centers of Byzantine and Persia which could not stop them and they went ahead teaching lessons in morality and purity and ushering around the light of righteousness and Godliness wherever they went.
Allah then commanded goodness and reconciliation, saying: (And there may spring from you) there still exists among you (a nation) a group (who invite to goodness) who invite to reconciliation and excellence, (and enjoin right conduct) they enjoin Allah's divine Oneness and the following of Muhammad (pbuh) (and forbid indecency) they forbid disbelief, idolatry and rejection, instead following the Messenger. (Such are they who are successful) who are saved from Allah's wrath and punishment.
The Command to Establish the Invitation to Allah
Allah said,
وَلْتَكُن مِّنْكُمْ أُمَّةٌ
(Let there arise out of you a group of people)
that calls to righteousness, enjoins all that is good and forbids evil in the manner Allah commanded,
وَأُوْلَـئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ
(And it is they who are the successful.)
Ad-Dahhak said, "They are a special group of the Companions and a special group of those after them, that is those who perform Jihad and the scholars."
The objective of this Ayah is that there should be a segment of this Muslim Ummah fulfilling this task, even though it is also an obligation on every member of this Ummah, each according to his ability. Muslim recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَنْ رَأَى مِنْكُمْ مُنْكَرًا فَلْيُغَيِّرْهُ بِيَدِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَبِلِسَانِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِع فَبِقَلْبِهِ، وَذلِكَ أَضْعَفُ الْإِيمَان»
(Whoever among you witnesses an evil, let him change it with his hand. If he is unable, then let him change it with his tongue. If he is unable, then let him change it with his heart, and this is the weakest faith.) In another narration, The Prophet said,
«وَلَيْسَ وَرَاءَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْإِيمَانِ حَبَّةُ خَرْدَل»
(There is no faith beyond that, not even the weight of a mustard seed.)
Imam Ahmad recorded that Hudhayfah bin Al-Yaman said that the Prophet said,
«وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِه، لَتَأْمُرُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَلَتَنْهَوُنَّ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ، أَوْ لَيُوشِكَنَّ اللهُ أَنْ يَبْعَثَ عَلَيْكُمْ عِقَابًا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ، ثُمَّ لتَدْعُنَّــهُ فَلَا يَسْتَجِيبَ لَكُم»
(By He in Whose Hand is my soul! You will enjoin righteousness and forbid evil, or Allah shall send down a punishment from Him to you. Then, you will supplicate to Him, but He will not accept your supplication.)
At-Tirmidhi also collected this Hadith and said, "Hasan". There are many other Hadiths and Ayat on this subject, which will be explained later.
The Prohibition of Division
Allah said,
وَلاَ تَكُونُواْ كَالَّذِينَ تَفَرَّقُواْ وَاخْتَلَفُواْ مِن بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَهُمُ الْبَيِّنَـتُ
(And be not as those who divided and differed among themselves after the clear proofs had come to them) 3:105.
In this Ayah, Allah forbids this Ummah from imitating the division and discord of the nations that came before them. These nations also abandoned enjoining righteousness and forbidding evil, although they had proof of its necessity.
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu `Amir `Abdullah bin Luhay said, "We performed Hajj with Mu`awiyah bin Abi Sufyan. When we arrived at Makkah, he stood up after praying Zuhr and said, `The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«إِنَّ أَهْلَ الْكِتَابَيْنِ افْتَرَقُوا فِي دِينِهِمْ عَلى ثِنْتَيْنِ وَسَبْعِينَ مِلَّةً، وَإِنَّ هذِهِ الْأُمَّةَ سَتَفْتَرِقُ عَلى ثَلَاثٍ وَسَبْعِينَ مِلَّةً يَعْنِي الْأَهْوَاءَ كُلُّهَا فِي النَّارِ إِلَّا وَاحِدَةً وَهِيَ الْجَمَاعَةُ وَإِنَّهُ سَيَخْرُجُ فِي أُمَّتِي أَقْوَامٌ تَجَارَى بِهِمْ تِلْكَ الْأَهْوَاءُ كَمَا يَتَجَارَى الْكَلَبُ بِصَاحِبِه، لَا يَبْقَى مِنْهُ عِرْقٌ وَلَا مَفْصِلٌ إِلَّا دَخَلَه»
(The People of the Two Scriptures divided into seventy-two sects. This Ummah will divide into seventy-three sects, all in the Fire except one, that is, the Jama`ah. Some of my Ummah will be guided by desire, like one who is infected by rabies; no vein or joint will be saved from these desires.)
Mu`awiyah said next: By Allah, O Arabs! If you do not adhere to what came to you from your Prophet then other people are even more prone not to adhere to it. " Similar was recorded by Abu Dawud from Ahmad bin Hanbal and Muhammad bin Yahya.
The Benefits of Brotherly Ties and Unity and the Consequence of Division on the Day of the Gatherin
Allah said next,
يَوْمَ تَبْيَضُّ وُجُوهٌ وَتَسْوَدُّ وُجُوهٌ
(On the Day when some faces will become white and some faces will become black;) 3:106 on the Day of Resurrection. This is when the faces of followers of the Sunnah and the Jama`ah will radiate with whiteness, and the faces of followers of Bid`ah (innovation) and division will be darkened, as has been reported from Ibn `Abbas. Allah said,
فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ اسْوَدَّتْ وُجُوهُهُمْ أَكْفَرْتُمْ بَعْدَ إِيمَـنِكُمْ
(As for those whose faces will become black (to them will be said): "Did you reject faith after accepting it")
Al-Hasan Al-Basri said, "They are the hypocrites."
فَذُوقُواْ الْعَذَابَ بِمَا كُنْتُمْ تَكْفُرُونَ
(Then taste the torment (in Hell) for rejecting faith,) and this description befits every disbeliever.
وَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ ابْيَضَّتْ وُجُوهُهُمْ فَفِى رَحْمَةِ اللَّهِ هُمْ فِيهَا خَـلِدُونَ
(And for those whose faces will become white, they will be in Allah's mercy (Paradise), therein they shall dwell forever.) in Paradise, where they will reside for eternity and shall never desire to be removed. Abu `Isa At-Tirmidhi recorded that Abu Ghalib said, "Abu Umamah saw heads (of the Khawarij sect) hanging on the streets of Damascus. He commented, `The Dogs of the Fire and the worst dead people under the cover of the sky. The best dead men are those whom these have killed.' He then recited,
يَوْمَ تَبْيَضُّ وُجُوهٌ وَتَسْوَدُّ وُجُوهٌ
(On the Day (i.e. the Day of Resurrection) when some faces will become white and some faces will become black;) until the end of the Ayah. I said to Abu Umamah, `Did you hear this from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ' He said, `If I only heard it from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ once, twice, thrice, four times, or seven times, I would not have narrated it to you.' " At-Tirmidhi said, "This Hadith is Hasan." Ibn Majah and Ahmad recorded similarly.
Allah said,
تِلْكَ آيَـتُ اللَّهِ نَتْلُوهَا عَلَيْكَ
(These are the Ayat of Allah. We recite them to you) meaning, `These are the verses of Allah, His proofs and signs that We reveal to you, O Muhammad,'
بِالْحَقِّ
(in truth) making known the true reality of this world and the Hereafter.
وَمَا اللَّهُ يُرِيدُ ظُلْماً لِّلْعَـلَمِينَ
(and Allah wills no injustice to the `Alamin. ) for He never treats them with injustice. Rather, He is the Just Ruler Who is able to do everything and has knowledge of everything. Therefore, He does not need to treat any of His creatures with injustice, and this is why He said next,
وَللَّهِ مَا فِى السَّمَـوَتِ وَمَا فِى الاٌّرْضِ
(and to Allah belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is in the Earth.),
they are all His servants and His property,
وَإِلَى اللَّهِ تُرْجَعُ الأُمُورُ
(And all matters go back to Allah,) for His is the decision concerning the affairs of this life and the Hereafter, and His is the Supreme Authority in this life and the Hereafter.
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good. This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake. This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire. Be the elect servant of the king-with his brand you're safe from police by day and patrols by night. They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say, You have a Heart-taker better than life. Don't grieve-let go of life. “When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.”
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good. This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake. This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire. Be the elect servant of the king-with his brand you're safe from police by day and patrols by night. They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say, You have a Heart-taker better than life. Don't grieve-let go of life. “When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.”
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good. This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake. This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire. Be the elect servant of the king-with his brand you're safe from police by day and patrols by night. They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say, You have a Heart-taker better than life. Don't grieve-let go of life. “When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.”
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good. This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake. This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire. Be the elect servant of the king-with his brand you're safe from police by day and patrols by night. They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say, You have a Heart-taker better than life. Don't grieve-let go of life. “When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.”
Let there be a community of you inviting to the good.This is an allusion to peoples who stand up for God in God. They are not taken aback by the blame of any blamer nor cut off from God by relying on any causes. They have seen the shortcomings of their own souls and immersed their lives in gaining God's approval. They act for God, give counsel for God's religion, and call God's creatures to God. Their trade has profited them and they do not regret their handshake.This is the description of a people who stand through the Real's making them stand and who have been freed from their own power and strength and disengaged from their own desires and aims. They are outside the circle of deeds and states, free of the captivity of choice and self- determination. They know God, they call upon God, and they strive in God's religion. They do not think about people or their blame. In their hearts they have friendship for the Patron and in their eyes the collyrium of Self-disclosure. They see everything just as it is. Others look from the artisanry to the Artisan, but they look from the Artisan to the artisanry. They are the elect of the Presence, branded by the Empire.Be the elect servant of the king-with his brandyou're safe from police by day and patrols by night.They are the ones burnt by union and killed by love. Their blood has been spilled and their prop- erty destroyed, but their hearts are in His grasp, their spirits in His embrace. This is why they say,You have a Heart-taker better than life.Don't grieve-let go of life.�When someone is destroyed in God, God takes his place.�
This command pertains, on the one hand, to the common man and on the other to the intellectuals and the educated class. The educated should be strenuous in their efforts to enjoin goodness and forbid wrong in the community. Their keen awareness of the need for reform should ensure their continuing concern with the state of the people: they must encourage everyone to follow the path of goodness and shun the path of evil. However, for such an effort to succeed, the public must be submissive; they must be willing to listen to their elders. They must show respect for them, follow them as they are bid and stop where they are told to stop, thus surrendering themselves to their religious reformers. A Muslim community’s success thus depends respectively upon the attitudes of the religious elders and of the public. It is in an atmosphere of listening and obeying that society can be reformed, ensuring success both in this world as well as in the next. In short, elders motivated by the true religious spirit, should never shirk their responsibility towards their community of enjoining goodness upon them and forbidding evil.
Commentary
In the previous verses (102 - 103), Muslims were given two principles which guarantee their collective wellbeing. If everyone practiced Taqwa and made Islam his linkage with Allah,-the result will be that individual life will be corrected and the collective strength of Muslims will come in its wake.
In the present verses': وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ (104 - 105), yet another dimension of the proposed system has been added. It has been said here that Muslims are not to rest at the correction of what they think and do individually; but they should, along with that, be affectionately concerned with the good of other brothers and sisters in faith. By doing so, the whole community shall have the benefit of keeping its stance correct at all times, and at the same time, this will guarantee closer mutual cooperation and unity.
Collective well-being of Muslims depends on two things:
These are:
L Self-correction through Taqwa and a firm hold on the 'cord of Allah' through the Qur'an and the Faith.
2. The correction of others through call دعوۃ (da'wah) and positive propagation.
The second article of guidance appears in the opening verse which says: and there has to be a group of people from among you ...' So, the gist of the previous and the present verses is that one must correct his or her deeds and morals in the light of what Allah Almighty has sent as the Law, and with it, one must be concerned that other Muslim brothers and sisters do the same. The subject appears in Surah al-` Asr:
إِنَّ الْإِنسَانَ لَفِي خُسْرٍ ﴿2﴾ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالْحَقِّ وَتَوَاصَوْا بِالصَّبْرِ ﴿3﴾
Except those who believe and do good deeds and invite each
other to truth and invite each other to patience. (103:2, 3)
In order that Muslims have a firm bond of unity, they must relate to Allah, and in order that this bond stays firm through the ages, it is necessary that Muslims consider it their obligation to enjoin what is good in accordance with the dictates of the Qur'an and the Sunnah on their brothers and sisters in faith, and to stop them from what is not good. The purpose is that 'the cord of Allah' should not slip out of one's hands. This was succinctly illustrated by my well-known teacher, Shaykh al-Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad ` Uthmani (رح) who said:
"There is no way this 'cord of Allah' can break. That one loses his hand-hold on it is, of course, possible."
It is to offset this danger that the Holy Qur'an asks Muslims to go on educating other brothers and sisters in faith exhorting them to good deeds and holding them back from the bad ones. This will become a collective effort to stay with Allah and His commands and collective will be their gains in this mortal world and in the Hereafter. There are other proofs in the Holy Qur'an which show that the responsibility of mutual self-correction has been placed on the shoulders of each Muslim.
Cited above, you have seen the statement made in Su-rah al-'Mr. Elsewhere, in this very Surah ` Al-` Imran, it is said:
كُنتُمْ خَيْرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخْرِجَتْ لِلنَّاسِ تَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَتَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ
You are the best Ummah raised for mankind. You bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair. (3:110)
As is clear, here too, the obligation - to bid the Fair and forbid the_ Unfair' - has been assigned to the whole community. That they discharge this responsibility is the reason that they are placed higher over other communities. Similarly, there are a large number of sayings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ in this connection. As narrated in Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah, the Holy Prophet ﷺ has said:
والذی نفسی بیدہ لتامرون و لتنھون عن المنکراو لیوشکن اللہ ان یبعث علیکم عقابا من عندہ ثم لتدعنہ فلا یستجیب لکم
By Him in whose hands is my life, you must bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair lest Allah inflicts upon you a severe punish-ment; you shall then pray to Him (for mercy) but your prayer shall not be answered.
In another hadith, the Holy Prophet ﷺ said:
من رای منکم منکراً فیغیرہ بیدہ ، فان لم یستطع فبلسانہ، وان لم یستطع فبقلبہ ، وذلک اضعف الایمان
Whoever from among you sees that an evil is being committed then, he should change it with his hands. And if he is unable to do that, then, with his spoken word. And if he is unable to do even that, then, with his heart (i.e., abhor it taking it to be evil) and this is the weakest degree of faith.
All these citations leave no doubt about the fact that the duty of bidding the Fair and forbidding the Unfair falls on every individual of the community. The liability will, however, be proportionate to everyone's ability, which is true in the case of all other Islamic injunctions. You may have noticed in the hadith just quoted above that the obligation varies with ability.
Now, each function requires a different ability. First of all, the ability to bid the Fair depends on a correct knowledge of the Fair and the Unfair as such. One who cannot distinguish between the two or does not have a full knowledge of his undertaking would not be the right person to go out to others to bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair. Obviously, this would create disorder instead of discipline. It is quite possible that such a person may, because of his lack of knowledge, forbid something Fair or bid something Unfair. So, one who does not know the Fair and the Unfair is obligated to find it out, get to learn the معروف Ma` ruf and منکر Munkar as determined by the Shari` ah of Islam and then he can go ahead and make these known to others as part of his community service. Let this be clear that until such time that one has acquired the prerequisites of this mission, it is not permissible for him to stand up for this service. These days there are places where many ignorant enthusiasts would stand and deliver a sermon without knowing the Qur'an or the Hadith, or worse still, sections of common people would use hearsay to pick up arguments with others as to how something should or should not be done. This method is not proper to correct the Muslim society. Indeed it will result in more disputes and bring destruction to it.
Similarly, it is also included in 'to bid the Fair' that there be no formidable danger or unbearable harm likely to affect the person involved. Therefore, it was said in the hadith quoted above that one should stop sin with his hands, that is, by this strength. If he is unable .to do so, let him do it with his tongue. If he is unable to do so with his tongue, he should at the least consider it bad in his heart. It is obvious that 'not being able to stop it with his tongue' does not just mean that this person's tongue cannot move. It simply means that he strongly apprehends that, should he open his mouth and speak the truth, his life will be taken or he will be subjected to some other serious injury or loss. In such a case, this person will not be taken as 'able' and he will not be called a sinner for the abandonment of bidding the Fair and forbidding the Unfair. It would be an entirely different matter, if he elects to stake his life and property in the way of Allah, bear all losses and still goes ahead and bids the Fair and forbids the Unfair, which is something many blessed Companions and their Successors have been reported to have done. This is determination at its highest, and a feat of great merit which raised their status in this world and in the Here-after. But, what they did was not obligatory on them.
The nature of this obligation requires that one bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair in what is necessary; this would be obligatory. If done in what is commendable; the act too would remain commendable. For instance, the five salats are obligatory, therefore, giving good counsel to the non-performer of salah will become necessary on everyone. The nawafil (optional prayers) are classed as commendable or desirable, therefore, giving good counsel on these will be commendable. Here, etiquette would require that while advising someone to do a commendable act, soft language and attitude must be adopted in all cases. Similarly, while inviting to an obligatory act, one should start with softness. However, he may resort to firmness in attitude if one rejects the soft call outright. It is common sight these days that people tend to object in case of what is commendable or indifferent rather strongly, but remain silent when people abandon what is obligatory.
In addition to this, this obligation will become operative for everybody when one actually sees something forbidden being done before his eyes. For instance, there is a person who is seeing that a Muslim is drinking wine, or stealing or raping, he will then be obligated with the duty to stop it to the best of his ability. If all this is not happening before his eyes, he is not liable to discharge this duty. Rather, this is the duty of the Islamic government to inquire into the crime, investigate and punish the criminal.
The words of the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، من رای منکم منکراً (Whoever from among you sees that an evil is being committed) point out to this principle.
Then comes another level of this function - that there be a dedicated group among Muslims devoted exclusively to the mission of calling people to the Faith and giving them right guidance towards it. Its single mandate and activity should be that it keeps calling people to the Qur'an and the Sunnah through word and deed. When it sees people less inclined towards what is good, or sees them indulging in evils, it should not fall short of pointing out what is good and preventing people from taking to the evil, of course, according to its ability. It should be realized that this great mission can be carried out fully and effectively only when the performers have a complete knowledge of questions involved, as well as, when they are conversant with methods that go to make the call effective in the light of Sunnah. It is for this reason that a particular group of Muslims has been charged with this responsibility as they are likely to take care of all ramifications of this effort.
So, in the present verse:
وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ
it has been said: And there has to be a group of people from among you who call towards the good and bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair.
The first part of the verse' وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ أُمَّةٌ translated as (And there has to be a group of people from among you) gives a hint that the presence of this group is necessary. In case, a government does not shoulder this responsibility, it will become obligatory on Muslims that they should establish and operate such a group, because the vital role of the Ummah depends on the existence of such a group. What are the major features of this group? The Qur'anic answer is يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْر (who call towards the good). It means that this call of theirs shall be their primary objective. What does خیر 'khayr' or 'good' mean? The Holy Prophet ﷺ has himself explained it by saying: الخیر ھو اتباع القرآن و سُنَّتی that is, 'khayr' means following the Qur'an and my Sunnah. (Ibn Kathir)
Seen in a restricted sense, 'to bid the Fair and to forbid the Unfair' could have been taken to mean that doing so shall be needed only on special occasions when the evil or 'the Unfair' منکرات (munkarat) are seen being committed. But, the expression يَدْعُونَ إِلَى الْخَيْر who call towards the good) in the beginning makes it clear that the function of this group wi11 be to call towards the good, even when evil practices are not seen, or time may not have come to perform something obligatory.
For example, it is known that in the period between sunrise and Zawal (noon) no salah is prescribed by the Sharl'ah. But this group shall continue even in this period, to exhort people to perform salah when it is due. Or, take fasting which may not be due at a particular time, the month of Ramadan being far away, but that group will not shelve its duty and become complacent. Instead, it will keep reminding people about the month of Ramadan in advance, stressing on them that fasting will be obligatory at that time. In short, calling people to good will be the intrinsic duty of this group for all times to come.
Then, this 'call towards good' has two sub-levels:
1. Calling non-Muslims towards 'khayr', that is, Islam. This involves all Muslims. It means that every Muslim, in general, and this group, in particular, is responsible for giving the call of Islam, both by words and acts, to all peoples of the world. Therefore in a verse which enjoins jihad on Muslims, the true Muslims have been defined and praised in the following words:
الَّذِينَ إِن مَّكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ
that is, 'true Muslims are those who when We endow them with authority in a land the first thing they do is to establish a system of obedience to Allah on His earth, of which salah is an outward expression, and raise their financial system on principles governed by zakah, and they make the bidding of the Fair and the forbidding of the Unfair their very purpose of life.' (22:41)
Only if, the Muslim community of today were to take to extending their call towards good to other peoples as their objective, all ills that have crept into our social frame through the blind following of non Muslim nations shall cease to exist. When a community resolves to unite for this great objective and becomes sure that it has to forge ahead among the nations of the world and that the responsibility of teaching and training them falls on its shoulders, will find that all its disunities have disappeared and there remains nothing but that wonderful goal in sight. The secret of the successes achieved by the Holy Prophet ﷺ and his noble Companions ؓ lies hidden behind this effort. It appears in a hadith that the Holy Prophet ﷺ
recited this verse وَلْتَكُن مِّنكُمْ (And there has to be a group of people from among you) and then said: This special group is the group of the noble Companions (Ibn Jarir). This is because each individual from among these blessed souls considered himself personally charged with the responsibility of calling people to good..
2. The second sub-level of this noble function is to call Muslims themselves towards the good. This means that تبلیغ tabligh or the act of conveying the message of Allah should be done by all Muslims generally, and by the special group particularly, among Muslims, fulfilling the duty of دعوۃ da'wah imposed by the Qur'an.
Again this call takes two forms as given below:
a). The first form will be that of a general and open call to good through which all Muslims will be educated into necessary injunctions and morals which have to be followed in Islam.
b). The second call would be particular and selective through which the objective will be to produce experts in the Muslim community, experts in the sciences of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Another verse of the Holy Qur'an leads in this direction:
فَلَوْلَا نَفَرَ مِن كُلِّ فِرْقَةٍ مِّنْهُمْ طَائِفَةٌ لِّيَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي الدِّينِ وَلِيُنذِرُوا قَوْمَهُمْ إِذَا رَجَعُوا إِلَيْهِمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَحْذَرُونَ
So, why should it not be that a group from every section of them goes forth, so that they may acquire perfect under-standing of the Faith, and so that they may warn their people . when they return to them, that they may be cautious. (9:122)
Further on, this responsibility-bearing group has been identified as carrying the additional distinction وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ that is, 'they bid the Fair and forbid the Unfair'.
The word, معروف 'ma` ruf literally means 'recognized' but as a Qur'anic term it includes all good enjoined by Islam, and promoted by all prophets (علیہم السلام) during their respective ages. Since what is good is known and recognized, it has been referred to as معروف 'ma` ruf .
Similarly, the word, منکر 'munkar' literally means 'non-recognized" or alien", but as a Qur'anic term it includes all evils and disorders about which it is well-known and recognized that the Holy Prophet declared them to be impermissible.
Keeping this in view, another point is worth-consideration. The Holy Qur'an could have used the word 'wajib' (what is obligating) instead of معروف 'ma` ruf, and the word معاصی 'ma` asi (sins) instead of 'munkar'., but it did not do so. The selection of the words معروف 'ma’ ruf and منکر 'munkar' maybe indicative of the principle that the subject of bidding the Fair and forbidding the Unfair1 must be an act which is recognized by the entire Muslim Ummah as 'fair' or 'unfair' without any difference of interpretation. As for the rules deduced through اجتہاد ijtihad, which have always been open for the different interpretations offered by the capable Muslim jurists, they should not be made an issue during the process of الامر بالمعروف والنھیٰ عن المنکر : 'bidding the fair and forbidding the unfair" It is a pity that such a wise Qur'anic principle is being generally neglected in the Muslim community, and the Muslims are made to fight each other on the secondary issues which can admit different interpretations. People tend to consider such efforts as some feat of piety while the evils which are held by the entire ummah unanimously as sins and are being committed in the community receive much less attention and often go unchecked.
1. It means that if a recognized school of Islamic jurisprudence, such as Hanafi school adopting a particular interpretation of Islamic law, has held an act as 'fair', the holders of an opposite view like Sh'afi'ites should not blame or reproach the former for their action, and vice versa. (editor)
Towards the conclusion of the verse, the commendable end of the group described therein has been enshrined in the following words:
وَأُولَـٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ
And it is these who are successful.
It simply means that, in reality, success is achieved by such people alone.
Primarily, this description applies to the great group of the Companions of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . They were the ones who rose with the great objective of calling towards the good and of curbing what was bad and in a very brief period of time conquered the entire world of their time. There were power centers of Byzantine and Persia which could not stop them and they went ahead teaching lessons in morality and purity and ushering around the light of righteousness and Godliness wherever they went.