Slumber Overcame the Believers; the Fear that the Hypocrites Suffered
Allah reminds His servants of His favor when He sent down on them tranquillity and slumber that overcame them while they were carrying their weapons and feeling distress and grief. In this case, slumber is a favor and carries meanings of calmness and safety. For instance, Allah said in Surat Al-Anfal about the battle of Badr,
إِذْ يُغَشِّيكُمُ النُّعَاسَ أَمَنَةً مِّنْهُ
((Remember) when He covered you with a slumber as a security from Him) 8:11.
Al-Bukhari recorded that Anas said that, Abu Talhah said, "I was among those who were overcome by slumber during the battle of Uhud. My sword fell from my hand several times and I would pick it up, then it would fall and I would pick it up again." Al-Bukhari collected this Hadith in the stories of the battles without a chain of narration, and in the book of Tafsir with a chain of narrators. At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasa'i and Al-Hakim recorded from Anas that Abu Talhah said, "On the day of Uhud, I raised my head and looked around and found that everyone's head was nodding from slumber." This is the wording of At-Tirmidhi, who said, "Hasan Sahih". An-Nasa'i also recorded this Hadith from Anas who said that Abu Talhah said, "I was among those who were overcome by slumber."
The second group mentioned in the Ayah were the hypocrites who only thought about themselves, for they are the most cowardly people and those least likely to support the truth,
يَظُنُّونَ بِاللَّهِ غَيْرَ الْحَقِّ ظَنَّ الْجَـهِلِيَّةِ
(and thought wrongly of Allah - the thought of ignorance) 3:154, for they are liars and people who have doubts and evil thoughts about Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored. Allah said,
ثُمَّ أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ مِّن بَعْدِ الْغَمِّ أَمَنَةً نُّعَاساً يَغْشَى طَآئِفَةً مِّنْكُمْ
(Then after the distress, He sent down security for you. Slumber overtook a party of you), the people of faith, certainty, firmness and reliance (on Allah) who are certain that Allah shall give victory to His Messenger and fulfill his objective.
وَطَآئِفَةٌ قَدْ أَهَمَّتْهُمْ أَنْفُسُهُمْ
(While another party was thinking about themselves), and they were not overcome by slumber because of their worry, fright and fear,
يَظُنُّونَ بِاللَّهِ غَيْرَ الْحَقِّ ظَنَّ الْجَـهِلِيَّةِ
(and thought wrongly of Allah --- the thought of ignorance).
Similarly, Allah said in another statement,
بَلْ ظَنَنْتُمْ أَن لَّن يَنقَلِبَ الرَّسُولُ وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِلَى أَهْلِيهِمْ أَبَداً
(Nay, but you thought that the Messenger and the believers would never return to their families) 48:12.
This group thought that the idolators achieved ultimate victory, when their forces took the upper hand in battle, and that Islam and its people would perish. This is typical of people of doubt and hesitation, in the event of a hardship, they fall into such evil thoughts. Allah then described them that,
يَقُولُونَ
(they said) in this situation,
هَل لَّنَا مِنَ الاٌّمْرِ مِن شَىْءٍ
("Have we any part in the affair") Allah replied,
قُلْ إِنَّ الاٌّمْرَ كُلَّهُ للَّهِ يُخْفُونَ فِى أَنْفُسِهِم مَّا لاَ يُبْدُونَ لَكَ
(Say: "Indeed the affair belongs wholly to Allah." They hide within themselves what they dare not reveal to you.) wAllah exposed their secrets, that is,
يَقُولُونَ لَوْ كَانَ لَنَا مِنَ الاٌّمْرِ شَىْءٌ مَّا قُتِلْنَا هَـهُنَا
(saying: "If we had anything to do with the affair, none of us would have been killed here.") although they tried to conceal this thought from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.
Ibn Ishaq recorded that `Abdullah bin Az-Zubayr said that Az-Zubayr said, "I was with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ when fear intensified and Allah sent sleep to us (during the battle of Uhud). At that time, every man among us (except the hypocrites) was nodding off. By Allah! As if in a dream, I heard the words of Mu`attib bin Qushayr, `If we had anything to do with the affair, none of us would have been killed here.' I memorized these words of his, which Allah mentioned later on,
يَقُولُونَ لَوْ كَانَ لَنَا مِنَ الاٌّمْرِ شَىْءٌ مَّا قُتِلْنَا هَـهُنَا
(saying: "If we had anything to do with the affair, none of us would have been killed here.)"
Ibn Abi Hatim collected this Hadith.
Allah the Exalted said,
قُل لَّوْ كُنتُمْ فِى بُيُوتِكُمْ لَبَرَزَ الَّذِينَ كُتِبَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقَتْلُ إِلَى مَضَاجِعِهِمْ
(Say: "Even if you had remained in your homes, those for whom death was decreed would certainly have gone forth to the place of their death,") meaning, this is Allah's appointed destiny and a decision that will certainly come to pass, and there is no escaping it. Allah's statement,
وَلِيَبْتَلِىَ اللَّهُ مَا فِى صُدُورِكُمْ وَلِيُمَحِّصَ مَا فِى قُلُوبِكُمْ
(that Allah might test what is in your breasts; and to purify that which was in your hearts,) means, so that He tests you with whatever befell you, to distinguish good from evil and the deeds and statements of the believers from those of the hypocrites,
وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ
(and Allah is All-Knower of what is in the breasts), and what the hearts conceal.
Some of the Believers Give Flight on the Day of Uhud
Allah then said,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْاْ مِنكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَـنُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُواْ
(Those of you who turned back on the day the two hosts met, Shaytan only caused them to err because of some of what they had earned) 3:155,
because of some of their previous errors. Indeed, some of the Salaf said, "The reward of the good deed includes being directed to another good deed that follows it, while the retribution of sin includes committing another sin that follows it." Allah then said,
وَلَقَدْ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ
(but Allah, indeed, has forgiven them), their giving flight,
أَنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ
(surely, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Forbearing)
He forgives sins, pardons and exonerates His creatures. Imam Ahmad recorded that Shaqiq said, " `Abdur-Rahman bin `Awf met Al-Walid bin `Uqbah, who said to him, `Why did you desert `Uthman, the Leader of the Faithful' `Abdur-Rahman said, `Tell him that I did not run away during Uhud, remain behind during Badr, nor abandon the Sunnah of `Umar.' Al-Walid told `Uthman what `Abdur-Rahman said. `Uthman replied, `As for his statement, `I did not run away during Uhud,' how can he blame me for an error that Allah has already forgiven. Allah said,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْاْ مِنكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَـنُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُواْ وَلَقَدْ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ
(Those of you who turned back on the day the two hosts met, Shaytan only caused them to err because of some of what they had earned. But Allah, indeed, has forgiven them).
As for his statement that I remained behind from participating in Badr, I was nursing Ruqayyah, the daughter of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, until she passed away. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ gave me a share in the booty of Badr, and whoever gets a share in the booty from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ will have participated in battle. As for his statement that I abandoned the Sunnah of `Umar, neither I nor he are able to endure it. Go and convey this answer to him."'
Truly those of you who turned away from the battle the day the two hosts the Muslim host and that of the disbelievers encountered each other at Uhud the Muslims with the exception of twelve men — truly Satan made them slip with his evil insinuations through some of what they had earned of sins namely when they disobeyed the Prophet’s command; but God pardoned them; God is Forgiving to believers Forbearing hastening not against the disobedient with punishment.
[Satan] made them slip, that is, he asked them to slip and called them to do so, the slip being the turning away [from the battle], through some of what they had earned, in the way of sins. For Satan is only able to whisper to people and to fulfil his task when there is an opportunity through the smallest darkness in the heart resulting from a sin or a motion of the soul, as they say: the sin that follows a sin is the punishment of the former [sin]; but God pardoned them, by their apology and their remorse;
[Satan] made them slip, that is, he asked them to slip and called them to do so, the slip being the turning away [from the battle], through some of what they had earned, in the way of sins. For Satan is only able to whisper to people and to fulfil his task when there is an opportunity through the smallest darkness in the heart resulting from a sin or a motion of the soul, as they say: the sin that follows a sin is the punishment of the former [sin]; but God pardoned them, by their apology and their remorse;
Truly those of you who turned away the day the two hosts encountered each other-truly Satan made them slip through some of what they had earned; but God pardoned them; God is Forgiving Forbearing. This verse alludes to the states of those whose spiritual desire irāda has become meager and their intentions niyyāt weak. Their whims hawā control them and listlessness fatra rules them. Face to face with the coun- sel of others the call of desires and the whispers of satans they put their trust in false speech. They have preferred their whims over piety and stayed back. But they do not find happiness in what they have chosen.
Truly those of you who turned away the day the two hosts encountered each other-truly Satan made them slip through some of what they had earned; but God pardoned them; God is Forgiving Forbearing. This verse alludes to the states of those whose spiritual desire irāda has become meager and their intentions niyyāt weak. Their whims hawā control them and listlessness fatra rules them. Face to face with the coun- sel of others the call of desires and the whispers of satans they put their trust in false speech. They have preferred their whims over piety and stayed back. But they do not find happiness in what they have chosen.
إن الذين فرُّوا منكم -يا أصحاب- محمد عن القتال يوم التقى المؤمنون والمشركون في غزوة "أُحد"، إنما أوقعهم الشيطان في هذا الذنب ببعض ما عملوا من الذنوب، ولقد تجاوز الله عنهم فلم يعاقبهم. إن الله غفور للمذنبين التائبين، حليم لا يعاجل من عصاه بالعقوبة.
قال تعالى "إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان إنما استزلهم الشيطان ببعض ما كسبوا" أي ببعض ذنوبهم السالفة كما قال بعض السلف إن من ثواب الحسنة الحسنة بعدها وإن من جزاء السيئة السيئة بعدها ثم قال تعالى "ولقد عفا الله عنهم" أي عما كان منهم من الفرار "إن الله غفور حليم" أي يغفر الذنب ويحلم عن خلقه ويتجاوز عنهم وقد تقدم حديث ابن عمر في شأن عثمان وتوليه يوم أحد وأن الله عفا عنه مع من عفا عنهم عند قوله "ولقد عفا عنكم" ومناسب ذكره ههنا قال الإمام أحمد حدثنا معاوية بن عمرو حدثنا زائدة عن عاصم عن شقيق قال لقي عبدالرحمن بن عوف الوليد بن عقبة فقال له الوليد مالي أراك جفوت أمير المؤمنين عثمان فقال له عبدالرحمن أبلغه أني لم أفر يوم حنين قال عاصم يقول يوم أحد ولم أتخلف عن بدر ولم أترك سنة عمر قال فانطلق فأخبر بذلك عثمان قال: فقال عثمان أما قوله إني لم أفر يوم حنين فكيف يعيرنى بذلك ولقد عفا الله عنه فقال تعالى "إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان إنما استزلهم الشيطان ببعض ما كسبوا ولقد عفا الله عنهم" وأما قوله إني تخلفت يوم بدر فإني كنت أمرض رقية بنت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم حتى ماتت وقد ضرب لي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بسهم ومن ضرب له رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بسهم فقد شهد وأما قوله إني تركت سنة عمر فإني لا أطيقها ولا هو فأته فحدثه بذلك.
{ إِنَّ الذين تَوَلَّوْاْ مِنكُمْ يَوْمَ التقى الجمعان إِنَّمَا استزلهم الشيطان بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُواْ وَلَقَدْ عَفَا الله عَنْهُمْ إِنَّ الله غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ } .وقوله { تَوَلَّوْاْ } من التولى ويستعمل هذا اللفظ بمعنى الإقبال وبمعنى الإدبار فإن كان متعديا بنفسه كان بمعنى الإقبال كما فى قوله - تعالى - { وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ الله وَرَسُولَهُ والذين آمَنُواْ } وإذا كان متعديا بعن أو غير متعد أصلا كان بمعنى الإعراض كما فى الآية التى معنا .والتولى الذى وقع فيه من ذكرهم الله - تعالى - فى الآية التى معنا يتناول الرماة الذين تركوا أماكنهم التى أمرهم الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم بالبقاء فيها لحماية ظهور المسلمين كما يتناول الذين لم يثبتوا بجانب النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم بل فروا إلى الجبل أو إلى غيره عندما اضطربت الصفوف .ولقد حكى لنا التاريخ أن هناك جماعة من المسلمين ثبتت إلى جانب النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم بدون وهن أو ضعف وقد أصيب ممن كان حوله أكثر من ثلاثين ، وكلهم يفتدى النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم بنفسه ويقول : وجهى لوجهم الفداء ونفسى لنفسك الفداء . وعليك السلام غير مودع .ومعنى { استزلهم الشيطان } طلب لهم الزلل والخطيئة ، أو حملهم عليها بوسوسته لهم : أن يخالفوا أمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم لهم بالثبات فى مواقفهم التى عينها لهم ، فكانت مخالفتهم لرسولهم وقائدهم طاعة للشيطان . فحرمهم الله تأييده وتقوية قلوبهم .قال الراغب : استزله إذا تحرى زلته ، وقوله - تعالى - { إِنَّمَا استزلهم الشيطان بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُواْ } أى استجرهم الشيطان حتى زلوا ، فإن الخطيئة الصغيرة إذا ترخص الإنسان فيها تصير مسهلة لسبيل الشيطان على نفسه ، والزلة فى الأصل : استرسال الرجل من غير قصد " .والمراد بالزلة هنا ما حدث منهم من مخالفة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم وقد ترتب عليها هزيمتهم .والمعنى : إن الذين تولوا منكم - يا معشر المؤمنين - عن القتال أو تركوا أماكنهم فلم يثبتوا فيها طلبا للغنيمة يوم التقيتم بالمشركين فى معركة أحد؛ { إِنَّمَا استزلهم الشيطان } أى طلب منهم الزلل والمعصية ، ودعاهم إليها بمكر منه وكان ذلك { بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُواْ } أى بسبب بعض ما اكتسبوه من ذنوب ، لأن نفوسهم لم تتجه بكليتها إلى الله فترتب على ذلك أن منعوا النصر والتأييد وقوة القلب والثبات .قال ابن القيم : " كانت أعمالهم جنداً عليهم ازداد بها عدوهم قوة . فإن الأعمال جند للعبد وجند عليه ولا بد للعبد فى كل وقت من سرية ن نفسه تهزمه أو تنصره . فهو يمد عدوه بأعماله من حيث يظن أنه يقاتل بها ، ويبعث إليه سرية تغزوه مع عدوه من حيث يظن أنه يغزو عدوه .فأعمال العبد تسوقه قسراً إلى مقتضاها من الخير والشر والعبد لا يشعر أو يشعر ويتعامى .ففرار الإنسان من عدوه وهو يطيقه إنما هو بجند من عمله بعثه له الشيطان واستزله به " .ثم أخبر - سبحانه - أنه قد عفا عن هؤلاء الزالين ، حتى تكون أمامهم الفرصة لتطهير نفوسهم . وبعثها على التوبة الصادقة والإخلاص لله رب العالمين ، فقال - تعالى - { وَلَقَدْ عَفَا الله عَنْهُمْ إِنَّ الله غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ } .أى : ولقد عفا - سبحانه - عنهم لصدق توبتهم وندمهم على ما فرط منهم ، لأن فرارهم لم يكن عن نفاق ، بل كان عارضا عرض لهم عندما اضطربت الصفوف واختلطت الأصوات ثم عادوا إلى صفوف الثابتين من المؤمنين ليكونوا معهم فى قتال أعدائهم .ولقد أكد الله - تعالى - هذا العلو بلام التأكيد وبقد المفيدة للتحقيق ، وبرصفه - سبحانه - لذته بالمغفرة فإن هذا الوصف يؤكد أن العفو شأن من شئونه ، وبوصفه - سبحانه - لذاته بالحلم ، فإن هذا الوصف يفيد أنه لا يعاجل عابده بالعقاب ، بل إن ما أصابهم من مصائب فهو بسبب ما اقترفوه من ذنوب ويعفو - سبحانه - عن كثير .وصدق الله إذ يقول : { وَلَوْ يُؤَاخِذُ الله الناس بِمَا كَسَبُواْ مَا تَرَكَ على ظَهْرِهَا مِن دَآبَّةٍ } وقد أكد - سبحانه - شان هذا العفو لتذهب عن نفوس هؤلاء الذين استزلهم الشيطان حيرتها ولتتخلع عن الماضى ، ولتستقبل الحاضر والمستقبل بقلوب عامرة بالإيمان ، وبنفوس متغلبة على أهوائها مطيعة لتعاليم دينها .وبذلك نرى الآية الكريمة قد بينت للمؤمنين بعض الأسباب الظاهرة والخفية لما أصابهم فى أحد ، وفتحت لهم باب التوبة لتطهير أنفسهم ، وأخبرتهم بعفو الله عنهم ، وفى ذلك ما فيه من عظات وعبر لمن كان له قلب أو ألقى السمع وهو شهيد .وبعد هذا الحديث الحكيم عن أحداث معركة أحد ، وعما تم للمسلمين فى أولها من نصر ، ثم عما جرى لهم بعد ذلك من اضطراب وتفرق بسبب مخالفة بعضهم لوصايا نبيهم صلى الله عليه وسلم .بعد كل ذلك وجه القرآن نداء إلى المؤمنين نهاهم عن التشبه بالكافرين وعن الاستماع إلى أباطيلهم وحضهم فيه على مواصلة الجهاد فى سبيل الله ، حتى تكون كلمة الله هى العليا وأخبرهم بأن الآجال بيد الله ، وأن موتهم من أجل الدفاع عن الحق أشرف لهم من الحياة الذليلة .
القول في تأويل قوله : إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْا مِنْكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُوا وَلَقَدْ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ (155)قال أبو جعفر: يعني بذلك جل ثناؤه: إنّ الذين ولَّوا عن المشركين، من أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يوم أحد وانهزموا عنهم.* * *وقوله: " تولَّوا "،" تفعَّلوا "، من قولهم: " ولَّى فلان ظهره ". (23)* * *وقوله: " يوم التقى الجمعان "، يعني: يوم التقى جمعُ المشركين والمسلمين بأحد =" إنما استزلهم الشيطان "، أي: إنما دعاهم إلى الزّلة الشيطانُ.* * *وقوله " استزل "" استفعل " من " الزلة ". و " الزلة "، هي الخطيئة. (24)* * *=" ببعض ما كسبوا "، يعني ببعض ما عملوا من الذنوب (25) . =" ولقد عفا الله عنهم "، يقول: ولقد تجاوز الله عن عقوبة ذنوبهم فصفح لهم عنه (26) =" إن الله غفور "، يعني به: مغطّ على ذنوب من آمن به واتبع رسوله، بعفوه عن عقوبته إياهم عليها =" حليم "، يعني أنه ذو أناة لا يعجل على من عصاه وخالف أمره بالنقمة. (27)* * *ثم اختلف أهل التأويل في أعيان القوم الذين عُنوا بهذه الآية.فقال بعضهم: عني بها كلُّ من ولَّى الدُّبُرَ عن المشركين بأحد.*ذكر من قال ذلك:8098- حدثنا أبو هشام الرفاعي قال، حدثنا أبو بكر بن عياش قال، حدثنا عاصم بن كليب، عن أبيه قال: خطب عمر يوم الجمعة فقرأ "آل عمران "، وكان يعجبه إذا خطب أن يقرأها، فلما انتهى إلى قوله: " إنّ الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان "، قال: لما كان يوم أحد هزمناهم، ففررتُ حتى صعدت الجبل، فلقد رأيتني أنـزو كأنني أرْوَى، (28) والناس يقولون: " قُتل محمد "! فقلت: لا أجد أحدًا يقول: " قتل محمد "، إلا قتلته!. حتى اجتمعنا على الجبل، فنـزلت: " إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان "، الآية كلها. (29)8099- حدثنا بشر قال، حدثنا يزيد قال، حدثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله: " إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان "، الآية، وذلك يوم أحد، ناس من أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم تولوا عن القتال وعن نبيّ الله يومئذ، وكان ذلك من أمر الشيطان وتخويفه، فأنـزل الله عز وجل ما تسمعون: أنه قد تجاوز لهم عن ذلك وعفا عنهم.8100- حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا إسحاق قال، حدثني عبد الله بن أبي جعفر، عن أبيه، عن الربيع في قوله: " إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان "، الآية، فذكر نحو قول قتادة.* * *وقال آخرون: بل عني بذلك خاصٌّ ممن ولَّى الدبر يومئذ، قالوا: وإنما عنى به الذين لحقوا بالمدينة منهم دون غيرهم.*ذكر من قال ذلك:8101- حدثنا محمد بن الحسين قال، حدثنا أحمد قال، حدثنا أسباط، عن السدي قال: لما انهزموا يومئذ، تفرّق عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم &; 7-329 &; أصحابه، فدخل بعضهم المدينة، وانطلق بعضهم فوق الجبل إلى الصخرة فقاموا عليها، فذكر الله عز وجل الذين انهزموا فدخلوا المدينة فقال: " إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان "، الآية.* * *وقال آخرون: بل نـزل ذلك في رجال بأعيانهم معروفين.*ذكر من قال ذلك:8102- حدثنا القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج قال، قال عكرمة قوله: " إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان "، قال: نـزلت في رافع بن المعلَّى وغيره من الأنصار، وأبي حُذيفة بن عتبة ورجل آخر = قال ابن جريج: وقوله: " إنما استزلهم الشيطان ببعض ما كسبوا ولقد عفا الله عنهم "، إذ لم يعاقبهم.8103- حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا سلمة، عن ابن إسحاق قال: فرّ عثمان بن عفان، وعقبة بن عثمان، وسعد بن عثمان -رجلان من الأنصار- حتى بلغوا الجلْعَب = (30) جبل بناحية المدينة مما يلي الأعوص - فأقاموا به ثلاثًا، ثم رجعوا إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال لهم: لقد ذهبتم فيها عريضةً!! (31)8104- حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا سلمة، عن ابن إسحاق، قوله: " إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان إنما استزلهم الشيطان ببعض ما كسبوا " الآية، &; 7-330 &; والذين استزلهم الشيطان: عثمان بن عفان، وسعد بن عثمان، وعقبة بن عثمان، الأنصاريان، ثم الزّرَقَّيان (32) .* * *وأما قوله: " ولقد عفا الله عنهم "، فإن معناه: ولقد تجاوز الله عن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان، أن يعاقبهم بتوليهم عن عدوّهم. كما:-8105- حدثنا القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج قال، قال ابن جريج قوله: " ولقد عفا الله عنهم "، يقول: " ولقد عفا الله عنهم "، إذ لم يعاقبهم.8106- حدثني يونس قال، أخبرنا ابن وهب قال، قال ابن زيد في قوله في تولِّيهم يوم أحد: " ولقد عفا الله عنهم "، فلا أدري أذلك العفو عن تلك العصابة، أم عفوٌ عن المسلمين كلهم؟.* * *وقد بينا تأويل قوله: " إن الله غفور حليم "، فيما مضى. (33)-------------------الهوامش :(23) انظر تفسير"تولى" فيما سلف 2: 162 ، 299 / 3 : 115 ، 131 / 4 : 237 / 6 : 283 ، 291 ، 477 ، 483.(24) انظر تفسير: "زل" فيما سلف 1: 524 ، 525 / 4: 259 ، 260.(25) انظر تفسير"كسب" فيما سلف 2: 273 ، 274 / 3: 101 ، 128 / 4: 449 / 6 : 131 ، 295.(26) انظر تفسير"عفا" فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة.(27) انظر تفسير"غفور حليم" فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة.(28) "أنزو": أثبت ، والنزو الوثب. والأروى: أنثى الوعول ، وهي قوية على التصعيد في الجبال.(29) الأثر: 8098-"أبو هشام الرفاعي" هو"محمد بن يزيد بن محمد بن كثير" ، مضى في رقم: 3286 ، 4557 ، 4888 ، وغيرها. و"أبو بكر بن عياش بن سالم الأسدي الكوفي الحناط" ، قيل اسمه"محمد" ، وقيل: "عبد الله" وقيل وقيل ، ولكن الحافظ قال: "والصحيح أن اسمه كنيته ، كان حافظًا متقنًا ، ولكنه لما كبر ساء حفظه ، فكان يهم إذا روى ، والخطأ والوهم شيئان لا ينفك عنهما البشر ، كما قال ابن حبان". مترجم في التهذيب.و"عاصم بن كليب بن شهاب المجنون الجرمي" ، روى عن أبيه ، وأبي بردة بن أبي موسى ، ومحمد بن كب القرظي ، وغيرهم. روى عنه ابن عون وشعبة وشريك والسفيانان وغيرهم. قال أحمد: "لا بأس بحديثه" ، وقال النسائي وابن معين: "ثقة". وكان من العباد ، ولم يكن كثير الحديث. مترجم في التهذيب.وأبوه: "كليب بن شهاب بن المجنون الجرمي" ، روى عن أبيه ، وعن خاله الفلتان بن عاصم ، وعمر ، وعلي ، وسعد ، وأبي ذر ، وأبي موسى ، وأبي هريرة وغيرهم. قال ابن سعد: "كان ثقة ، ورأيتهم يستحسنون حديثه ويحتجون به". مترجم في التهذيب.(30) "الجلعب" ضبطه البكري بفتح الجيم وسكون اللام وفتح العين ، وضبطه ياقوت بفتح الجيم واللام وسكون العين ، وقال: وقد تناء بعضهم في الشعر كعادتهم في أمثاله فقال (من أبيات صححتها ، ففي مطبوعة معجم البلدان خطأ كثير):فَمَـا فَتِئَـتْ ضُبْـعُ الجَـلَعْبَيْنِ تَعْتَرىمَصَـارِعَ قَتْـلَى فِـي الـتُّرَابِ سِبَالُهَا(31) قوله: "لقد ذهبتم فيها عريضة" ، أي واسعة. والضمير في قوله: "فيها" إلى"الأرض" ، يقول: لقد اتسعت منادح الأرض في وجوهكم حين فررتم ، فأبعدتم المذهب ، يتعجب من فعلهم. هذا ، ولم أجد الأثر في سيرة ابن هشام.(32) الأثر: 8104- لم أجد هذا الأثر أيضًا في سيرة ابن هشام.(33) انظر ما سلف 5: 117 ، 521.
( إن الذين تولوا منكم ) أي انهزموا ، ( منكم ) يا معشر المسلمين ، ( يوم التقى الجمعان ) جمع المسلمين وجمع المشركين يوم أحد وكان قد انهزم أكثر المسلمين ولم يبق مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلا ثلاثة عشر رجلا ستة من المهاجرين : وهم أبو بكر وعمر وعلي وطلحة وعبد الرحمن بن عوف وسعد بن أبي وقاص رضي الله عنهم .قوله تعالى : ( إنما استزلهم الشيطان ) أي : طلب زلتهم كما يقال : استعجلت فلانا إذا طلبت عجلته وقيل : حملهم على الزلة وهي الخطيئة وقيل : أزل واستزل بمعنى واحد ، ( ببعض ما كسبوا ) أي : بشؤم ذنوبهم ، قال بعضهم : بتركهم المركز ، وقال الحسن : ما كسبوا هو قبولهم من الشيطان ما وسوس إليهم من الهزيمة ، ( ولقد عفا الله عنهم إن الله غفور حليم ) .
استئناف لبيان سبب الهزيمة الخفيّ ، وهي استزلال الشيطان إيّاهم ، وأراد ب { يوم التقى الجمعان } يومَ أُحُد ، و ( استزلّهم ) بمعنى أزلّهم أي جعلهم زالّين ، والزلل مستعار لفعل الخطيئة ، والسين والتاء فيه للتأكيد ، مثل استفاد واستبشر واستنشق وقول النَّابغة: ... وهم قتلوا الطائي بالجوّ عنوةأبا جابر فاسْتَنْكحوا أم جابر ... أي نكحوا . ومنه قوله تعالى : { واستغنى اللَّه } [ التغابن : 6 ] وقوله : { أبى واستكبر } [ البقرة : 34 ] . ولا يحسن حمل السين والتاء على معنى الطلب لأنّ المقصود لومهم على وقوعهم في معصية الرسول ، فهو زلل واقع .والمراد بالزّلل الانهزام ، وإطلاق الزلل عليه معلوم مشهور كإطلاق ثبات القدم على ضدّه وهو النَّصر قال تعالى : { وثبت أقدامنا } [ آل عمران : 147 ] .والباء في { ببعض ما كسبوا } للسببية وأريد { ببعض ما كسبوا } مفارقة موقفهم ، وعصيان أمر الرّسول ، والتنازع ، والتعجيل إلى الغنيمة ، والمعنى أن ما أصابهم كان من آثار الشيطان ، رماهم فيه ببعض ما كسبوا من صنيعهم ، والمقصد من هذا إلقاء تبعة ذلك الانهزام على عواتقهم ، وإبطال ما عرّض به المنافقون من رمى تبعته على أمر الرسول عليه الصلاة والسّلام بالخروج ، وتحريض الله المؤمنين على الجهاد . وذلك شأن ضعاف العقول أن يشتبه عليهم مقارن الفعل بسببه ، ولأجل تخليص الأفكار من هذا الغلط الخفيّ وضع أهل المنطق باب القضيّة اللزوميّة والقضيّة الاتفاقية .ومناسبةُ ذكر هذه الآية عقب الَّتي قبلها أنَّه تعالى بعد أن بيَّن لهم مرتبة حقّ اليقين بقوله : { قل لو كنتم في بيوتكم } انتقل بهم إلى مرتبة الأسباب الظاهرة ، فبيّن لهم أنَّه إن كان للأسباب تأثير فسبب مصيبتهم هي أفعالهم الَّتي أملاها الشيطان عليهم وأضلّهم ، فلم يتفطّنوا إلى السبب ، والتبس عليهم بالمقارن ، ومن شأن هذا الضلال أن يحول بين المخطىء وبين تدارك خطئه ولا يخفى ما في الجمع بين هذه الأغراض من العلم الصّحيح ، وتزكية النفوس ، وتحبيب الله ورسوله للمؤمنين ، وتعظيمه عندهم ، وتنفيرهم من الشيطان ، والأفعاللِ الذميمة ، ومعصية الرسول ، وتسفيه أحلام المشركين والمنافقين . وعلى هذا فالمراد من الذين تولّوا نفس المخاطبين بقوله : { ثم صرفكم عنهم . . . } [ آل عمران : 152 ] الآيات . وضمير { منكم } راجع إلى عامّة جيش أُحُد فشمل الذين ثبتوا ولم يفرّوا . وعن السديّ أنّ الذين تولّوا جماعة هربوا إلى المدينة .وللمفسّرين في قوله : { استزلهم الشيطان ببعض ما كسبوا } احتمالات ذكرها صاحب «الكشاف» والفخر ، وهي بمعزل عن القصد .وقوله : { ولقد عفا الله عنهم } أعيد الإخبار بالعفْو تأنيساً لهم كقوله : { ولقد عفا عنكم } .
يخبر تعالى عن حال الذين انهزموا يوم "أحد"" وما الذي أوجب لهم الفرار، وأنه من تسويل الشيطان، وأنه تسلط عليهم ببعض ذنوبهم. فهم الذين أدخلوه على أنفسهم، ومكنوه بما فعلوا من المعاصي، لأنها مركبه ومدخله، فلو اعتصموا بطاعة ربهم لما كان له عليهم من سلطان. قال تعالى: { إن عبادي ليس لك عليهم سلطان } ثم أخبر أنه عفا عنهم بعدما فعلوا ما يوجب المؤاخذة، وإلا فلو واخذهم لاستأصلهم. { إن الله غفور } للمذنبين الخطائين بما يوفقهم له من التوبة والاستغفار، والمصائب المكفرة، { حليم } لا يعاجل من عصاه، بل يستأني به، ويدعوه إلى الإنابة إليه، والإقبال عليه. ثم إن تاب وأناب قبل منه، وصيره كأنه لم يجر منه ذنب، ولم يصدر منه عيب، فلله الحمد على إحسانه."
قوله تعالى : إن الذين تولوا منكم يوم التقى الجمعان إنما استزلهم الشيطان ببعض ما كسبوا ولقد عفا الله عنهم إن الله غفور حليمقوله تعالى : إنما استزلهم الشيطان ببعض ما كسبوا هذه الجملة هي خبر إن الذين تولوا والمراد من تولى عن المشركين يوم أحد ; عن عمر - رضي الله عنه - وغيره . السدي : يعني من هرب إلى المدينة في وقت الهزيمة دون من صعد الجبل . وقيل : هي في قوم بأعيانهم تخلفوا عن النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - في وقت هزيمتهم ثلاثة أيام ثم انصرفوا . ومعنى استزلهم الشيطان استدعى زللهم بأن ذكرهم خطايا سلفت منهم ، فكرهوا الثبوت لئلا يقتلوا . وهو معنى ببعض ما كسبوا وقيل : استزلهم حملهم على الزلل ، وهو استفعل من الزلة وهي الخطيئة . وقيل : زل وأزل بمعنى واحد . ثم قيل : كرهوا القتال قبل إخلاص التوبة ، فإنما تولوا لهذا ، وهذا على القول الأول . وعلى الثاني بمعصيتهم النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - في تركهم المركز وميلهم إلى الغنيمة . وقال الحسن : ما كسبوا قبولهم من إبليس ما وسوس إليهم . وقال الكلبي : زين لهم الشيطان أعمالهم . وقيل : لم يكن الانهزام معصية ; لأنهم أرادوا التحصن بالمدينة ، فيقطع العدو طمعه فيهم لما سمعوا أن النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - قتل . ويجوز أن يقال : لم يسمعوا دعاء النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - للهول الذي كانوا فيه . ويجوز أن يقال : زاد عدد العدو على الضعف ; لأنهم كانوا سبعمائة والعدو ثلاثة آلاف . وعند هذا يجوز الانهزام ولكن الانهزام عن النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - خطأ لا يجوز ، ولعلهم توهموا أن النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - انحاز إلى الجبل أيضا . وأحسنها الأول . وعلى الجملة فإن حمل الأمر على ذنب محقق فقد عفا الله عنه ، وإن حمل على انهزام مسوغ فالآية فيمن أبعد في الهزيمة وزاد على القدر المسوغ . وذكر أبو الليث السمرقندي نصر بن محمد بن إبراهيم قال : حدثنا الخليل بن أحمد قال حدثنا السراج قال حدثنا قتيبة قال حدثنا أبو بكر بن غيلان عن جرير : أن عثمان كان بينه وبين عبد الرحمن بن عوف كلام ، فقال له عبد الرحمن بن عوف : أتسبني وقد شهدت بدرا ولم تشهد ، وقد بايعت تحت الشجرة ولم تبايع ، وقد كنت تولى مع من تولى يوم الجمع ، يعني يوم أحد . فرد عليه عثمان فقال : أما قولك : أنا شهدت بدرا ولم تشهد ، فإني لم أغب عن شيء شهده رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - إلا أن بنت رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - كانت مريضة وكنت معها أمرضها ، فضرب لي رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - سهما في سهام المسلمين ، وأما بيعة الشجرة فإن رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - بعثني ربيئة على المشركين بمكة - الربيئة هو الناظر - فضرب رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - يمينه على شماله فقال : ( هذه لعثمان ) فيمين رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - [ ص: 231 ] وشماله خير لي من يميني وشمالي . وأما يوم الجمع فقال الله عنهم ولقد عفا الله عنهم فكنت فيمن عفا الله عنهم . فحج عثمان عبد الرحمن .قلت : وهذا المعنى صحيح أيضا عن ابن عمر ، كما في صحيح البخاري قال : حدثنا عبدان أخبرنا أبو حمزة عن عثمان بن موهب قال : جاء رجل حج البيت فرأى قوما جلوسا فقال : من هؤلاء القعود ؟ قالوا : هؤلاء قريش . قال : من الشيخ ؟ قالوا : ابن عمر ; فأتاه فقال : إني سائلك عن شيء أتحدثني ؟ قال : أنشدك بحرمة هذا البيت ، أتعلم أن عثمان بن عفان فر يوم أحد ؟ قال : نعم . قال : فتعلمه تغيب عن بدر فلم يشهدها ؟ قال : نعم . قال : فتعلم أنه تخلف عن بيعة الرضوان فلم يشهدها ؟ قال نعم . قال : فكبر . قال ابن عمر : تعال لأخبرك ولأبين لك عما سألتني عنه ; أما فراره يوم أحد فأشهد أن الله عفا عنه . وأما تغيبه عن بدر فإنه كان تحته بنت رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - وكانت مريضة ، فقال له النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - ( إن لك أجر رجل ممن شهد بدرا وسهمه ) . وأما تغيبه عن بيعة الرضوان فإنه لو كان أحد أعز ببطن مكة من عثمان بن عفان لبعثه مكانه ، فبعث عثمان وكانت بيعة الرضوان بعدما ذهب عثمان إلى مكة ; فقال النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - بيده اليمنى : ( هذه يد عثمان ) فضرب بها على يده فقال : ( هذه لعثمان ) . اذهب بهذا الآن معك .قلت : ونظير هذه الآية توبة الله على آدم عليه السلام . وقوله عليه السلام : ( فحج آدم موسى ) أي غلبه بالحجة ; وذلك أن موسى عليه السلام أراد توبيخ آدم ولومه في إخراج نفسه وذريته من الجنة بسبب أكله من الشجرة ; فقال له آدم : ( أفتلومني على أمر قدره الله تعالى علي قبل أن أخلق بأربعين سنة تاب علي منه ومن تاب عليه فلا ذنب له ومن لا ذنب له لا يتوجه عليه لوم ) . وكذلك من عفا الله عنه . وإنما كان هذا لإخباره تعالى بذلك ، وخبره صدق . وغيرهما من المذنبين التائبين يرجون رحمته ويخافون عذابه ، فهم على وجل وخوف ألا تقبل توبتهم ، وإن قبلت فالخوف أغلب عليهم إذ لا علم لهم بذلك . فاعلم .[ ص: 232 ]
On the occasion of Uhud, ‘Abdullah ibn Ubayy counselled that the defence of Madinah should be undertaken within the walls, instead of the Muslims boldly coming out to meet the enemy. The Prophet, however, at the instance of some other sincere Muslims, went out of the city to meet the enemy, posting his men strategically on Mount Uhud. The battle began well for the Muslims, but turned to near defeat because of the disobedience of a band of fifty archers who had been given the task of guarding a certain pass. Seeing the imminent Muslim victory, they abandoned their posts, attracted by the prospects of booty. When this victory turned into defeat, the hypocrites who had deserted the Muslims even before the battle started, on the pretext that their counsel had not been accepted by the Prophet, began to say that, had their words been heeded, this calamity could have been averted. But death is decreed by God and comes regardless of circumstances. No precautionary measure can save one from death. Such happenings, whatever their apparent reason, are wrought by God, in order that His true believers may turn to Him in repentance and become worthy of further blessings from Him. Such happenings also serve to reveal the truth about those who are not the true servants of God. When the fifty archers posted at the Mount Uhud pass saw that the Muslims had won the battle, a large number of them insisted on going in pursuit of booty. Although ‘Abdullah ibn Jubayr and a few other companions pointed out that it was against the orders of the Prophet, they deserted their posts, leaving behind eleven men. Satan thus made inroads by using the dissension already evident among them. However, when they admitted their error, they were forgiven by God, and after the initial setback, God’s succour came to them too. The Almighty struck terror into the hearts of their enemies, which resulted in their retreat, although they were just a few miles from Madinah. Had God’s succour not come, there was nothing to stop them from forcing their entry into Madinah and uprooting the nascent tree of Islam.
The Hardships at Uhud: A Test, not Punishment :
The noble Companions as evident from: وَلِيَبْتَلِيَ اللَّـهُ مَا فِي صُدُورِكُمْ (154), were actually tested through their sufferings at the battle of Uhud. This was no punishment. The objective was to make true and sincere Muslims distinct from the hypocrites. The mode was a 'test of inner qualities'.
The eloquent Qur'anic expression أَثَابَكُمْ (He awarded you sorrow), which is suggestive of punishment, can be resolved by saying that the outward form was, no doubt, that of punishment but the real purpose was a sort of affectionate correction, something similar to a well-meaning reprimand from a father to his son or a teacher to his student. In common usage, this can be called a punishment of some sort, but this is, in all reality, a form of training and correction. This is very different from a pure legal punishment.
Why did Muslims suffer at Uhud ?
The last part of verse 154 beginning with لِيَبْتَلِيَكُمْ (so that Allah may test) seems to indicate that the cause of hardships faced by Muslims was this wise divine arrangement. But, the statement: إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُوا in the verse (155) following immediately seems to suggest that some past mistake of theirs is the cause of this Satanic effect.
The answer is that the particular past mistake was the obvious reason which gave Satan the incentive to make them slip once again, an effort in which the شیطان Satan incidentally succeeded. But there was much more to it; there were wise arrangements made by the Creator behind this slip and its outcome. These have been covered under the expression لِيَبْتَلِيَكُمْ :'so that Allah may test'. In Ruh al-Ma'ani, a report from Zajjaj says that the Satan made them recall some of their sins in the presence of which they hesitated to appear before their Lord. So they moved away from Jihad hoping to fight later on following personal correction and thus meet Allah as martyrs in Jihad.
One sin becomes the Cause of another:
From the last verse we discover that one sin drags in yet another sin, very much like one good deed which pulls in- another good deed. In other words, all deeds - good and bad - have a sort of magnetic pull of their own. When a person accomplishes a good deed, experience shows that other good deeds become easy on him. His very heart starts desiring to do what is good and righteous. Similarly, a person who commits a sin finds that it has cleared the way for other sins. His very heart starts desiring to do what is sinful. Therefore, some elders say: ان من جزاء الحسنۃ الحسنۃ بعدھا ، وان من جزاء السیٔۃ السیٔۃ بعدھا the ready reward of a good deed is another good deed which a person is enabled to accomplish and the ready punishment of an evil deed is another evil deed the way to which has been cleared by the first.'
In Masa'ilus-Suluk, Maulana Ashraf ` Ali Thanavi (رح) has said: As explained in hadith, sin makes the heart dark and when the heart goes dark, Satan شیطان prevails.'
The position of the Noble Companions ؓ in the sight of Allah Almighty :
As briefly stated earlier, the mistakes made by some. noble Companions ؓ at the battle of Uhud were intrinsically serious. The majority from among the fifty Companions who were commanded by the Holy Prophet ﷺ to guard a hill-top strategic point, with clear instruction not to leave their duty-post, no matter what happens at the battle front underneath, moved away from their assigned place. Granted that the reason for their abandonment of the post of duty was an erroneous independent judgment, as they thought their side had won the battle. The order to guard their post, according to their view, had been carried out, therefore, they thought, they could go down and join in with the rest of Muslims. But, in reality, their action was in clear contravention of definite instructions given by the Holy Prophet ﷺ .
This mistake of theirs motivated them to leave the battlefield, no matter how this is explained, as reported earlier from Zajjaj. Moreover, this retreat from the battlefield took place while the Messenger of Allah was with them unmoved from the front line and calling them back from behind them. If this situation is viewed without reference to personalities and circumstances that action would certainly be classed as a very serious breach of conduct in a military encounter. In fact, of the many blames imputed to various Companions under the unfortunate genre of Mushajarat (the mutual quarrels and armed confrontations between the noble Companions which took place after the Holy Prophet ﷺ) this would be rated as the most serious.
But, something more worthy of consideration is what Allah Almighty has done in their case inspite of all their mistakes. Stated right here in the present verses, is how their grief was physically changed into tranquility through drowsiness. Then, they were told that their suffering was no punishment; it was a matter of test. Then came the clearly worded proclamation of forgiveness for them. It will be recalled that these have appeared earlier, yet they have been reaffirmed here. There is an element of wisdom behind this repetition. The first time it was said, the purpose was to comfort the noble Companions themselves. Incidentally, here is a refutation of what the hypo-crites said to Muslims. They chided them for not acting on their advice, as a result of which they (the Muslims) suffered all those hardships.
In short, all these related verses make it very clear that the Companions of the Messenger of Allah hold a unique position of affection in His sight inspite of such serious mistakes made by them. Not only that they have been pardoned and forgiven but actually they have been blessed with much more. They have been made special recipients of Allah's grace and mercy. This is what comes from Allah Almighty Himself through the authentic words of the Holy Qur'an. A similar case, as reported in hadith, relating to Sayyidna Hatib ibn Abi Bilta'ah ؓ was brought before the Holy Prophet ﷺ . He had written a letter to the mushrikin (disbelievers) of Makkah in which he had passed on information about Muslims living in Madinah. When the Holy Prophet ﷺ was told about it through a revelation, the letter was intercepted. The noble Companions ؓ were very angry with Sayyidna Hatib ibn Abi Bilta'ah ؓ for what he had done. Sayyidna ` Umar, may Allah be pleased with both of them, asked for permission to behead that 'hypocrite'. But, the Holy Prophet ﷺ knew that Hatib was no hypocrite; he was a true, sincere Muslim but he had made a mistake inadvertently. So, he forgave him his mistake and declared that he was one of the people (veterans) of Badr and, perhaps, Allah Almighty has enforced general pardon for all participants of Badr, (This narration appears in all authentic books of ahadith).
The Noble Companions ؓ : Lesson for Muslims
It is based on this affirmation that the followers of Sunnah and Jama` ah (ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah: Muslims who adhere to the practice of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and that of his blessed Companions ؓ find the confirmation of their belief and practice. That is, even though the noble Companions are not above sin, for sins can be and have been committed by them, but despite this, it is not permissible for the Muslim community to ascribe any evil or defect to them in a derogatory manner. When Almighty and His Messenger ﷺ forgave such serious slips and errors coming from them and dealt with them generously and mercifully and gave them the great station of ؓ و رضوا عنہ 'may Allah be pleased with them and may they be pleased with Allah,' how can anyone claim to have the right to talk about anyone of them in a derogatory manner?
This is why Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn ` Umar ؓ on hearing somebody satirize Sayyidna ` Uthman al-Ghani ؓ and some noble Companions ؓ by saying that they had run away from the battlefield, the reference being to this incidence at Uhud, said, 'Nobody has the right to criticize that which Allah has expressly proclaimed to have been forgiven (Sahih al-Bukhari).
Therefore, all doctrinal source-books of the ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama` ah unanimously agree that it is wajib or necessary to honour the position of the noble Companions and to abstain from criticizing, mocking or speaking ill of them. It appears in al-` Aqa` id an-Nasfiyah:
و یکف عن ذکر الصحابہ الا بخیر ~
It is necessary that one should not talk about the Companions except in a good manner.
In Sharh al-Musamarah, Ibn Humam has said:
اعتقاد اھل السنۃ تزکیۃ جمیع السحابۃ والثناء علیھم
The belief of the followers of the Sunnah is that all Companions were purified and that they be remembered with praise.
This is what appears in Sharh Muwaqif:
یجب تعظیم الصحابۃ کلھم و الکف عن القدح فیھم
It is obligatory to honour the Companions, all of them; and avoiding satire or criticism against them is equally mandatory.
Abridged below is what Hafiz Ibn Taymiyyah (رح) has said in al-'Aqidatul Wasitiyah:
"It is a cardinal belief of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah that Muslims must refrain from accusing or criticizing any Companion of the Holy Prophet ﷺ in the matter of disagreements or armed conflicts which may have come up among them. There is a reason for this. Most of the narrations imputing drawbacks in them which have crept into history are a pack of lies planted by enemies. They simply have no truth in them. Then, there are others in which the reality has been reversed by additions and alterations. Even if, there was some truth about something, that has to be taken as the independent judgment of the Companions in which they have no choice. Going a step further, we can assume a situation where they may not be helpless but be capable of using their choice, then, what works there is the Divine Law إِنَّ الْحَسَنَاتِ يُذْهِبْنَ السَّيِّئَاتِ that is, good deeds make up for the bad ones. And it is more than obvious that nobody can claim equality with them in the matter of good deeds. The good they did cannot be matched by the good done by anybody else. Similarly, nobody else can be more deserving of the mercy and forgiveness of Allah Almighty as compared to them. Therefore, nobody has the right to sit on judgment against them and call their deeds to account and in that process, criticise or speak ill of them."
Allah then mentioned those who fled on the Day of Uhud, saying (Lo! those of you who turned back) defeated, meaning: 'Uthman Ibn 'Affan and his fellow believers (on the day when the two hosts) the hosts of Muhammad and Abu Sufyan (met, Satan alone it was who caused them to backslide) Satan enticed them to believe that Muhammad was killed and thus fled to a place about six parasangs (farasikh) from the scene. They were six people in all, (because of some of that which they have earned) because of leaving their positions. (Now Allah hath forgiven them) since He did not exterminate them. (Lo! Allah is Forgiving) of those who repented among them. (Clement) for He did not hasten their punishment.
Truly, those of you who turned back the day the two hosts met, truly, it was Satan who caused them to slip, because of some of what they had earned�[Sahl] was asked about the meaning of that earning (kasb). He said:It was the complacency that they felt because of their great numbers on the day of Ḥunayn and the glory they had gained on the Day of Badr. This was due to Satan coming to associatewith them, after [he saw] the acquiescence (musākana) of their hearts, and their regard for themselves, because of the complacency (iʿjāb) that their own lower selves had seduced them into. So God lifted His protection (ʿiṣma) from them as a punishment. Indeed, when the Prophet heard his Companions say on the Day of Ḥunayn, �We shall not be overcome by so few�, he warned them, �Do not wish to encounter the enemy, rather ask for safety (ʿāfiya) from God, Exalted is He�, from dependency on your own devising (tadbīr) in any situation, and from [being unaware of your] neediness (dūn al-iftiqār) for God, Mighty and Majestic is He.See how when David asked his Lord to join him with the ranks of Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, He replied, �You are not on that level, O David.� He asked, �Why is that O Lord?�, to which God replied, �Because I tested them and they showed patience. Furthermore, they did not know the world and the world did not know them. But you have known the world and it has known you, and you adopted it as your kin.� David said, �Show me one from among your servants who, if You tested him, would show patience.� Then God, Mighty and Majestic is He, said, �I�m going to test you.� Thus he [David] became the first to request affliction (balāʾ), ⸢and the one who exposed himself to⸣ testing (imtiḥān) from God, Exalted is He. That is to say, this was [of course] in accordance with God�s prior knowledge in the veiled unseen, which is solely known to Him. Then Iblīs came to him in the form of a pigeon and the story took place involving Uriah b. Ḥanān. God did not protect [David] from desire, intent or action. However, He protectedJoseph from action, though He did not protect him from desire and intent. His words:
Slumber Overcame the Believers; the Fear that the Hypocrites Suffered
Allah reminds His servants of His favor when He sent down on them tranquillity and slumber that overcame them while they were carrying their weapons and feeling distress and grief. In this case, slumber is a favor and carries meanings of calmness and safety. For instance, Allah said in Surat Al-Anfal about the battle of Badr,
إِذْ يُغَشِّيكُمُ النُّعَاسَ أَمَنَةً مِّنْهُ
((Remember) when He covered you with a slumber as a security from Him) 8:11.
Al-Bukhari recorded that Anas said that, Abu Talhah said, "I was among those who were overcome by slumber during the battle of Uhud. My sword fell from my hand several times and I would pick it up, then it would fall and I would pick it up again." Al-Bukhari collected this Hadith in the stories of the battles without a chain of narration, and in the book of Tafsir with a chain of narrators. At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasa'i and Al-Hakim recorded from Anas that Abu Talhah said, "On the day of Uhud, I raised my head and looked around and found that everyone's head was nodding from slumber." This is the wording of At-Tirmidhi, who said, "Hasan Sahih". An-Nasa'i also recorded this Hadith from Anas who said that Abu Talhah said, "I was among those who were overcome by slumber."
The second group mentioned in the Ayah were the hypocrites who only thought about themselves, for they are the most cowardly people and those least likely to support the truth,
يَظُنُّونَ بِاللَّهِ غَيْرَ الْحَقِّ ظَنَّ الْجَـهِلِيَّةِ
(and thought wrongly of Allah - the thought of ignorance) 3:154, for they are liars and people who have doubts and evil thoughts about Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored. Allah said,
ثُمَّ أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ مِّن بَعْدِ الْغَمِّ أَمَنَةً نُّعَاساً يَغْشَى طَآئِفَةً مِّنْكُمْ
(Then after the distress, He sent down security for you. Slumber overtook a party of you), the people of faith, certainty, firmness and reliance (on Allah) who are certain that Allah shall give victory to His Messenger and fulfill his objective.
وَطَآئِفَةٌ قَدْ أَهَمَّتْهُمْ أَنْفُسُهُمْ
(While another party was thinking about themselves), and they were not overcome by slumber because of their worry, fright and fear,
يَظُنُّونَ بِاللَّهِ غَيْرَ الْحَقِّ ظَنَّ الْجَـهِلِيَّةِ
(and thought wrongly of Allah --- the thought of ignorance).
Similarly, Allah said in another statement,
بَلْ ظَنَنْتُمْ أَن لَّن يَنقَلِبَ الرَّسُولُ وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِلَى أَهْلِيهِمْ أَبَداً
(Nay, but you thought that the Messenger and the believers would never return to their families) 48:12.
This group thought that the idolators achieved ultimate victory, when their forces took the upper hand in battle, and that Islam and its people would perish. This is typical of people of doubt and hesitation, in the event of a hardship, they fall into such evil thoughts. Allah then described them that,
يَقُولُونَ
(they said) in this situation,
هَل لَّنَا مِنَ الاٌّمْرِ مِن شَىْءٍ
("Have we any part in the affair") Allah replied,
قُلْ إِنَّ الاٌّمْرَ كُلَّهُ للَّهِ يُخْفُونَ فِى أَنْفُسِهِم مَّا لاَ يُبْدُونَ لَكَ
(Say: "Indeed the affair belongs wholly to Allah." They hide within themselves what they dare not reveal to you.) wAllah exposed their secrets, that is,
يَقُولُونَ لَوْ كَانَ لَنَا مِنَ الاٌّمْرِ شَىْءٌ مَّا قُتِلْنَا هَـهُنَا
(saying: "If we had anything to do with the affair, none of us would have been killed here.") although they tried to conceal this thought from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.
Ibn Ishaq recorded that `Abdullah bin Az-Zubayr said that Az-Zubayr said, "I was with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ when fear intensified and Allah sent sleep to us (during the battle of Uhud). At that time, every man among us (except the hypocrites) was nodding off. By Allah! As if in a dream, I heard the words of Mu`attib bin Qushayr, `If we had anything to do with the affair, none of us would have been killed here.' I memorized these words of his, which Allah mentioned later on,
يَقُولُونَ لَوْ كَانَ لَنَا مِنَ الاٌّمْرِ شَىْءٌ مَّا قُتِلْنَا هَـهُنَا
(saying: "If we had anything to do with the affair, none of us would have been killed here.)"
Ibn Abi Hatim collected this Hadith.
Allah the Exalted said,
قُل لَّوْ كُنتُمْ فِى بُيُوتِكُمْ لَبَرَزَ الَّذِينَ كُتِبَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقَتْلُ إِلَى مَضَاجِعِهِمْ
(Say: "Even if you had remained in your homes, those for whom death was decreed would certainly have gone forth to the place of their death,") meaning, this is Allah's appointed destiny and a decision that will certainly come to pass, and there is no escaping it. Allah's statement,
وَلِيَبْتَلِىَ اللَّهُ مَا فِى صُدُورِكُمْ وَلِيُمَحِّصَ مَا فِى قُلُوبِكُمْ
(that Allah might test what is in your breasts; and to purify that which was in your hearts,) means, so that He tests you with whatever befell you, to distinguish good from evil and the deeds and statements of the believers from those of the hypocrites,
وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ
(and Allah is All-Knower of what is in the breasts), and what the hearts conceal.
Some of the Believers Give Flight on the Day of Uhud
Allah then said,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْاْ مِنكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَـنُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُواْ
(Those of you who turned back on the day the two hosts met, Shaytan only caused them to err because of some of what they had earned) 3:155,
because of some of their previous errors. Indeed, some of the Salaf said, "The reward of the good deed includes being directed to another good deed that follows it, while the retribution of sin includes committing another sin that follows it." Allah then said,
وَلَقَدْ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ
(but Allah, indeed, has forgiven them), their giving flight,
أَنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ
(surely, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Forbearing)
He forgives sins, pardons and exonerates His creatures. Imam Ahmad recorded that Shaqiq said, " `Abdur-Rahman bin `Awf met Al-Walid bin `Uqbah, who said to him, `Why did you desert `Uthman, the Leader of the Faithful' `Abdur-Rahman said, `Tell him that I did not run away during Uhud, remain behind during Badr, nor abandon the Sunnah of `Umar.' Al-Walid told `Uthman what `Abdur-Rahman said. `Uthman replied, `As for his statement, `I did not run away during Uhud,' how can he blame me for an error that Allah has already forgiven. Allah said,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْاْ مِنكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَـنُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُواْ وَلَقَدْ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ
(Those of you who turned back on the day the two hosts met, Shaytan only caused them to err because of some of what they had earned. But Allah, indeed, has forgiven them).
As for his statement that I remained behind from participating in Badr, I was nursing Ruqayyah, the daughter of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, until she passed away. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ gave me a share in the booty of Badr, and whoever gets a share in the booty from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ will have participated in battle. As for his statement that I abandoned the Sunnah of `Umar, neither I nor he are able to endure it. Go and convey this answer to him."'
[Satan] made them slip, that is, he asked them to slip and called them to do so, the slip being the turning away [from the battle], through some of what they had earned, in the way of sins. For Satan is only able to whisper to people and to fulfil his task when there is an opportunity through the smallest darkness in the heart resulting from a sin or a motion of the soul, as they say: the sin that follows a sin is the punishment of the former [sin]; but God pardoned them, by their apology and their remorse;
[Satan] made them slip, that is, he asked them to slip and called them to do so, the slip being the turning away [from the battle], through some of what they had earned, in the way of sins. For Satan is only able to whisper to people and to fulfil his task when there is an opportunity through the smallest darkness in the heart resulting from a sin or a motion of the soul, as they say: the sin that follows a sin is the punishment of the former [sin]; but God pardoned them, by their apology and their remorse;
On the occasion of Uhud, ‘Abdullah ibn Ubayy counselled that the defence of Madinah should be undertaken within the walls, instead of the Muslims boldly coming out to meet the enemy. The Prophet, however, at the instance of some other sincere Muslims, went out of the city to meet the enemy, posting his men strategically on Mount Uhud. The battle began well for the Muslims, but turned to near defeat because of the disobedience of a band of fifty archers who had been given the task of guarding a certain pass. Seeing the imminent Muslim victory, they abandoned their posts, attracted by the prospects of booty. When this victory turned into defeat, the hypocrites who had deserted the Muslims even before the battle started, on the pretext that their counsel had not been accepted by the Prophet, began to say that, had their words been heeded, this calamity could have been averted. But death is decreed by God and comes regardless of circumstances. No precautionary measure can save one from death. Such happenings, whatever their apparent reason, are wrought by God, in order that His true believers may turn to Him in repentance and become worthy of further blessings from Him. Such happenings also serve to reveal the truth about those who are not the true servants of God. When the fifty archers posted at the Mount Uhud pass saw that the Muslims had won the battle, a large number of them insisted on going in pursuit of booty. Although ‘Abdullah ibn Jubayr and a few other companions pointed out that it was against the orders of the Prophet, they deserted their posts, leaving behind eleven men. Satan thus made inroads by using the dissension already evident among them. However, when they admitted their error, they were forgiven by God, and after the initial setback, God’s succour came to them too. The Almighty struck terror into the hearts of their enemies, which resulted in their retreat, although they were just a few miles from Madinah. Had God’s succour not come, there was nothing to stop them from forcing their entry into Madinah and uprooting the nascent tree of Islam.
The Hardships at Uhud: A Test, not Punishment :
The noble Companions as evident from: وَلِيَبْتَلِيَ اللَّـهُ مَا فِي صُدُورِكُمْ (154), were actually tested through their sufferings at the battle of Uhud. This was no punishment. The objective was to make true and sincere Muslims distinct from the hypocrites. The mode was a 'test of inner qualities'.
The eloquent Qur'anic expression أَثَابَكُمْ (He awarded you sorrow), which is suggestive of punishment, can be resolved by saying that the outward form was, no doubt, that of punishment but the real purpose was a sort of affectionate correction, something similar to a well-meaning reprimand from a father to his son or a teacher to his student. In common usage, this can be called a punishment of some sort, but this is, in all reality, a form of training and correction. This is very different from a pure legal punishment.
Why did Muslims suffer at Uhud ?
The last part of verse 154 beginning with لِيَبْتَلِيَكُمْ (so that Allah may test) seems to indicate that the cause of hardships faced by Muslims was this wise divine arrangement. But, the statement: إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُوا in the verse (155) following immediately seems to suggest that some past mistake of theirs is the cause of this Satanic effect.
The answer is that the particular past mistake was the obvious reason which gave Satan the incentive to make them slip once again, an effort in which the شیطان Satan incidentally succeeded. But there was much more to it; there were wise arrangements made by the Creator behind this slip and its outcome. These have been covered under the expression لِيَبْتَلِيَكُمْ :'so that Allah may test'. In Ruh al-Ma'ani, a report from Zajjaj says that the Satan made them recall some of their sins in the presence of which they hesitated to appear before their Lord. So they moved away from Jihad hoping to fight later on following personal correction and thus meet Allah as martyrs in Jihad.
One sin becomes the Cause of another:
From the last verse we discover that one sin drags in yet another sin, very much like one good deed which pulls in- another good deed. In other words, all deeds - good and bad - have a sort of magnetic pull of their own. When a person accomplishes a good deed, experience shows that other good deeds become easy on him. His very heart starts desiring to do what is good and righteous. Similarly, a person who commits a sin finds that it has cleared the way for other sins. His very heart starts desiring to do what is sinful. Therefore, some elders say: ان من جزاء الحسنۃ الحسنۃ بعدھا ، وان من جزاء السیٔۃ السیٔۃ بعدھا the ready reward of a good deed is another good deed which a person is enabled to accomplish and the ready punishment of an evil deed is another evil deed the way to which has been cleared by the first.'
In Masa'ilus-Suluk, Maulana Ashraf ` Ali Thanavi (رح) has said: As explained in hadith, sin makes the heart dark and when the heart goes dark, Satan شیطان prevails.'
The position of the Noble Companions ؓ in the sight of Allah Almighty :
As briefly stated earlier, the mistakes made by some. noble Companions ؓ at the battle of Uhud were intrinsically serious. The majority from among the fifty Companions who were commanded by the Holy Prophet ﷺ to guard a hill-top strategic point, with clear instruction not to leave their duty-post, no matter what happens at the battle front underneath, moved away from their assigned place. Granted that the reason for their abandonment of the post of duty was an erroneous independent judgment, as they thought their side had won the battle. The order to guard their post, according to their view, had been carried out, therefore, they thought, they could go down and join in with the rest of Muslims. But, in reality, their action was in clear contravention of definite instructions given by the Holy Prophet ﷺ .
This mistake of theirs motivated them to leave the battlefield, no matter how this is explained, as reported earlier from Zajjaj. Moreover, this retreat from the battlefield took place while the Messenger of Allah was with them unmoved from the front line and calling them back from behind them. If this situation is viewed without reference to personalities and circumstances that action would certainly be classed as a very serious breach of conduct in a military encounter. In fact, of the many blames imputed to various Companions under the unfortunate genre of Mushajarat (the mutual quarrels and armed confrontations between the noble Companions which took place after the Holy Prophet ﷺ) this would be rated as the most serious.
But, something more worthy of consideration is what Allah Almighty has done in their case inspite of all their mistakes. Stated right here in the present verses, is how their grief was physically changed into tranquility through drowsiness. Then, they were told that their suffering was no punishment; it was a matter of test. Then came the clearly worded proclamation of forgiveness for them. It will be recalled that these have appeared earlier, yet they have been reaffirmed here. There is an element of wisdom behind this repetition. The first time it was said, the purpose was to comfort the noble Companions themselves. Incidentally, here is a refutation of what the hypo-crites said to Muslims. They chided them for not acting on their advice, as a result of which they (the Muslims) suffered all those hardships.
In short, all these related verses make it very clear that the Companions of the Messenger of Allah hold a unique position of affection in His sight inspite of such serious mistakes made by them. Not only that they have been pardoned and forgiven but actually they have been blessed with much more. They have been made special recipients of Allah's grace and mercy. This is what comes from Allah Almighty Himself through the authentic words of the Holy Qur'an. A similar case, as reported in hadith, relating to Sayyidna Hatib ibn Abi Bilta'ah ؓ was brought before the Holy Prophet ﷺ . He had written a letter to the mushrikin (disbelievers) of Makkah in which he had passed on information about Muslims living in Madinah. When the Holy Prophet ﷺ was told about it through a revelation, the letter was intercepted. The noble Companions ؓ were very angry with Sayyidna Hatib ibn Abi Bilta'ah ؓ for what he had done. Sayyidna ` Umar, may Allah be pleased with both of them, asked for permission to behead that 'hypocrite'. But, the Holy Prophet ﷺ knew that Hatib was no hypocrite; he was a true, sincere Muslim but he had made a mistake inadvertently. So, he forgave him his mistake and declared that he was one of the people (veterans) of Badr and, perhaps, Allah Almighty has enforced general pardon for all participants of Badr, (This narration appears in all authentic books of ahadith).
The Noble Companions ؓ : Lesson for Muslims
It is based on this affirmation that the followers of Sunnah and Jama` ah (ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah: Muslims who adhere to the practice of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and that of his blessed Companions ؓ find the confirmation of their belief and practice. That is, even though the noble Companions are not above sin, for sins can be and have been committed by them, but despite this, it is not permissible for the Muslim community to ascribe any evil or defect to them in a derogatory manner. When Almighty and His Messenger ﷺ forgave such serious slips and errors coming from them and dealt with them generously and mercifully and gave them the great station of ؓ و رضوا عنہ 'may Allah be pleased with them and may they be pleased with Allah,' how can anyone claim to have the right to talk about anyone of them in a derogatory manner?
This is why Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn ` Umar ؓ on hearing somebody satirize Sayyidna ` Uthman al-Ghani ؓ and some noble Companions ؓ by saying that they had run away from the battlefield, the reference being to this incidence at Uhud, said, 'Nobody has the right to criticize that which Allah has expressly proclaimed to have been forgiven (Sahih al-Bukhari).
Therefore, all doctrinal source-books of the ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama` ah unanimously agree that it is wajib or necessary to honour the position of the noble Companions and to abstain from criticizing, mocking or speaking ill of them. It appears in al-` Aqa` id an-Nasfiyah:
و یکف عن ذکر الصحابہ الا بخیر ~
It is necessary that one should not talk about the Companions except in a good manner.
In Sharh al-Musamarah, Ibn Humam has said:
اعتقاد اھل السنۃ تزکیۃ جمیع السحابۃ والثناء علیھم
The belief of the followers of the Sunnah is that all Companions were purified and that they be remembered with praise.
This is what appears in Sharh Muwaqif:
یجب تعظیم الصحابۃ کلھم و الکف عن القدح فیھم
It is obligatory to honour the Companions, all of them; and avoiding satire or criticism against them is equally mandatory.
Abridged below is what Hafiz Ibn Taymiyyah (رح) has said in al-'Aqidatul Wasitiyah:
"It is a cardinal belief of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah that Muslims must refrain from accusing or criticizing any Companion of the Holy Prophet ﷺ in the matter of disagreements or armed conflicts which may have come up among them. There is a reason for this. Most of the narrations imputing drawbacks in them which have crept into history are a pack of lies planted by enemies. They simply have no truth in them. Then, there are others in which the reality has been reversed by additions and alterations. Even if, there was some truth about something, that has to be taken as the independent judgment of the Companions in which they have no choice. Going a step further, we can assume a situation where they may not be helpless but be capable of using their choice, then, what works there is the Divine Law إِنَّ الْحَسَنَاتِ يُذْهِبْنَ السَّيِّئَاتِ that is, good deeds make up for the bad ones. And it is more than obvious that nobody can claim equality with them in the matter of good deeds. The good they did cannot be matched by the good done by anybody else. Similarly, nobody else can be more deserving of the mercy and forgiveness of Allah Almighty as compared to them. Therefore, nobody has the right to sit on judgment against them and call their deeds to account and in that process, criticise or speak ill of them."
Truly, those of you who turned back the day the two hosts met, truly, it was Satan who caused them to slip, because of some of what they had earned�[Sahl] was asked about the meaning of that earning (kasb). He said:It was the complacency that they felt because of their great numbers on the day of Ḥunayn and the glory they had gained on the Day of Badr. This was due to Satan coming to associatewith them, after [he saw] the acquiescence (musākana) of their hearts, and their regard for themselves, because of the complacency (iʿjāb) that their own lower selves had seduced them into. So God lifted His protection (ʿiṣma) from them as a punishment. Indeed, when the Prophet heard his Companions say on the Day of Ḥunayn, �We shall not be overcome by so few�, he warned them, �Do not wish to encounter the enemy, rather ask for safety (ʿāfiya) from God, Exalted is He�, from dependency on your own devising (tadbīr) in any situation, and from [being unaware of your] neediness (dūn al-iftiqār) for God, Mighty and Majestic is He.See how when David asked his Lord to join him with the ranks of Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, He replied, �You are not on that level, O David.� He asked, �Why is that O Lord?�, to which God replied, �Because I tested them and they showed patience. Furthermore, they did not know the world and the world did not know them. But you have known the world and it has known you, and you adopted it as your kin.� David said, �Show me one from among your servants who, if You tested him, would show patience.� Then God, Mighty and Majestic is He, said, �I�m going to test you.� Thus he [David] became the first to request affliction (balāʾ), ⸢and the one who exposed himself to⸣ testing (imtiḥān) from God, Exalted is He. That is to say, this was [of course] in accordance with God�s prior knowledge in the veiled unseen, which is solely known to Him. Then Iblīs came to him in the form of a pigeon and the story took place involving Uriah b. Ḥanān. God did not protect [David] from desire, intent or action. However, He protectedJoseph from action, though He did not protect him from desire and intent. His words: