Luqman, Lukman — Verse 21

Reminder of Blessings Here Allah reminds His creation of the blessings He bestows upon them in this world and the Hereafter. In the heavens He has subjugated for them the stars which give them light during the night and during the day, and He has created clouds, rain, snow and hail, and made the heavens a canopy which covers and protects them. On earth He has created for them stability and rivers, trees, crops and fruits; He has completed and perfected His graces upon them, apparent and hidden, by sending Messengers, revealing Books and removing doubts and excuses. Yet despite all this, not all the people believe, and indeed there are those who dispute concerning Allah, that is, His Tawhid, and His sending the Messengers. Their dispute is without knowledge and they have no sound evidence or valid inherited Book. Allah says: ومِنَ النَّاسِ مَن يُجَـدِلُ فِى اللَّهِ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ وَلاَ هُدًى وَلاَ كِتَـبٍ مُّنِيرٍ (And among men is he who disputes about Allah, without knowledge or guidance, or a Book giving light (from Allah).) (22:8) meaning clear and unambiguous. وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمْ (And when it is said to them) means, to these people who dispute about the Oneness of Allah. اتَّبِعُواْ مَآ أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ ("Follow that which Allah has sent down,") means, the pure Divine Laws that He has sent down to His Messengers, قَالُواْ بَلْ نَتَّبِعُ مَا وَجَدْنَا عَلَيْهِ ءَابَآءَنَا (they say: "Nay, we shall follow that which we found our fathers (following).") means, they have no other proof except the fact that they are following their forefathers. Allah says: أَوَلَوْ كَانَ ءَابَاؤُهُمْ لاَ يَعْقِلُونَ شَيْئًا وَلاَ يَهْتَدُونَ (Even though their fathers did not understand anything nor were they guided) (2:170) meaning, `what do you think, you who take the forefathers' deeds as proof, that they were misguided and you are following in their footsteps' Allah says: أَوَلَوْ كَانَ الشَّيْطَـنُ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى عَذَابِ السَّعِيرِ (Even if Shaytan invites them to the torment of the Fire)

And if it is said to them ‘Follow what God has revealed’ they say ‘We will rather follow what we found our fathers following’. He exalted be He says What! Would they follow such things even though Satan were calling them to the chastisement of the Blaze? that is to what will bring it about necessarily? No!

وإذا قيل لهؤلاء المجادلين في توحيد الله وإفراده بالعبادة: اتبعوا ما أنزل الله على نبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم قالوا: بل نتبع ما كان عليه آباؤنا من الشرك وعبادة الأصنام، أيفعلون ذلك، ولو كان الشيطان يدعوهم؛ بتزيينه لهم سوء أعمالهم، وكفرهم بالله إلى عذاب النار المستعرة؟

"وإذا قيل لهم" أي لهؤلاء المجادلين في توحيد الله "اتبعوا ما أنزل الله" أي على رسوله من الشرائع المطهرة "قالوا بل نتبع ما وجدنا عليه آباءنا" أي لم يكن لهم حجة إلا اتباع الآباء الأقدمين قال الله تعالى "أو لو كان آباؤهم لا يعقلون شيئا ولا يهتدون" أي فما ظنكم أيها المحتجون بصنيع آبائهم أنهم كانوا على ضلالة وأنتم خلف لهم فيما كانوا فيه ولهذا قال تعالى "أو لو كان الشيطان يدعوهم إلى عذاب السعير".

ثم بين - سبحانه - أن هؤلاء المجادلين بالباطل ، لم يكتفوا بذلك ، بل أضافوا إلى رذائلهم السابقة رذائل أخرى منها العناد والتقليد الأعمى ، فقال ( وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اتبعوا مَآ أَنزَلَ الله .. . ) . أى : وإذا قيل لهؤلاء المجادلين بالباطل اتبعوا ما أنزله الله - تعالى - على نبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم من قرآن كريم ، ومن وحى حكيم .( قَالُواْ ) على سبيل العناد والتقليد الأعمى ( بَلْ نَتَّبِعُ مَا وَجَدْنَا عَلَيْهِ آبَآءَنَا ) من عبادة الأصنام والأوثان ، والسير على طريقتهم التى كانوا يسيرون عليها .وقوله - سبحانه - : ( أَوَلَوْ كَانَ الشيطان يَدْعُوهُمْ إلى عَذَابِ السعير ) رد عليهم ، وبيان لبطلان الاعتماد فى العقيدة على مجرد تقليد الآباء .والهمزة للاستفهام الإِنكارى ، والواو للحال . أى : أيتبعون ما كان عليه آباؤهم ، والحال أن هذا الاتباع هو من وحى الشيطان الذى يقودهم إلى ما يؤدى إلى عذاب السعير .قال الالوسى : وفى الآية دليل على المنع من التقدلي لمن قدر على النظر . وأما اتباع الغير فى الدين بعد العلم بدليل ما أنه محق ، فاتباع فى الحقيقة لما أنزل الله - تعالى وليس من التقليد المذموم فى شئ ، وقد قال - سبحانه - : ( فاسألوا أَهْلَ الذكر إِن كُنْتُم لاَ تَعْلَمُونَ ).

القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اتَّبِعُوا مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ قَالُوا بَلْ نَتَّبِعُ مَا وَجَدْنَا عَلَيْهِ آبَاءَنَا أَوَلَوْ كَانَ الشَّيْطَانُ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى عَذَابِ السَّعِيرِ (21)يقول تعالى ذكره: وإذا قيل لهؤلاء الذين يجادلون في توحيد الله جهلا منهم بعظمة الله اتبعوا أيها القوم ما أنـزل الله على رسوله، وصدِّقوا به، فإنه يفرق بين المحقّ منا والمبطل، ويفصل بين الضّالّ والمهتدى، فقالوا: بل نتبع ما وجدنا عليه آباءنا من الأديان، فإنهم كانوا أهل حقّ، قال الله تعالى ذكره (أوَلَوْ كانَ الشَّيْطانُ يَدْعُوهُمْ) بتزيينه لهم سوء أعمالهم، واتباعهم إياه على ضلالتهم، وكفرهم بالله، وتركهم اتباع ما أنـزل الله من كتابه على نبيه (إلى عَذَابِ السَّعِيرِ) يعني: عذاب النار التي تتسعر وتلتهب.

( وإذا قيل لهم اتبعوا ما أنزل الله قالوا بل نتبع ما وجدنا عليه آباءنا ) قال الله - عز وجل - : ( أولو كان الشيطان يدعوهم إلى عذاب السعير ) وجواب " لو " محذوف ، ومجازه : يدعوهم فيتبعونه ، يعني : يتبعون الشيطان وإن كان الشيطان يدعوهم إلى عذاب السعير .

وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اتَّبِعُوا مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ قَالُوا بَلْ نَتَّبِعُ مَا وَجَدْنَا عَلَيْهِ آَبَاءَنَا أَوَلَوْ كَانَ الشَّيْطَانُ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى عَذَابِ السَّعِيرِ (21)وجملة { وإذا قيل لهم } الخ عطف على صلة { مَن ، } أي : مَن حالهم هذا وذاك ، وتقدم نظير هذه الجملة في سورة البقرة ( 170 ) .والضمير المنصوب في قوله { يدعوهم } عائد إلى الآباء ، أي أيتبعون آباءهم ولو كان الشيطان يَدعو الآباء إلى العذاب فهم يتبعونهم إلى العذاب ولا يهتدون . و { لو } وصلية ، والواو معها للحال .والاستفهام تعجيبي من فظاعة ضلالهم وعماهم بحيث يتبعون من يدعوهم إلى النار ، وهذا ذم لهم . وهو وزان قوله في آية البقرة ( 170 ) : { أو لو كان آباؤهم لا يعقلون شيئاً } والدعاء إلى عذاب السعير : الدعاء إلى أسبابه . والسعير تقدم في قوله تعالى : { كلما خَبَتْ زِدْنَاهم سعيراً } في سورة الإسراء ( 97 ) .

{ وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ اتَّبِعُوا مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ } على أيدي رسله، فإنه الحق، وبينت لهم أدلته الظاهرة { قَالُوا } معارضين ذلك: { بَلْ نَتَّبِعُ مَا وَجَدْنَا عَلَيْهِ آبَاءَنَا } فلا نترك ما وجدنا عليه آباءنا لقول أحد كائنا من كان.قال تعالى في الرد عليهم وعلى آبائهم: { أَوَلَوْ كَانَ الشَّيْطَانُ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى عَذَابِ السَّعِيرِ } فاستجاب له آباؤهم، ومشوا خلفه، وصاروا من تلاميذ الشيطان، واستولت عليهم الحيرة.فهل هذا موجب لاتباعهم لهم ومشيهم على طريقتهم، أم ذلك يرهبهم من سلوك سبيلهم، وينادي على ضلالهم، وضلال من اتبعهم.وليس دعوة الشيطان لآبائهم ولهم، محبة لهم ومودة، وإنما ذلك عداوة لهم ومكر بهم، وبالحقيقة أتباعه من أعدائه، الذين تمكن منهم وظفر بهم، وقرت عينه باستحقاقهم عذاب السعير، بقبول دعوته.

وإن الشياطين ليوحون إلى أوليائهم ليجادلوكم وإلا تقليد الأسلاف كما في الآية بعد . أولو كان الشيطان يدعوهم إلى عذاب السعير يتبعونه .

The present world has been made in such a way that it is entirely favourable to human existence. That is, the present world contains in abundance everything which a human being needs. In spite of this, man is not thankful to the Creator of the universe. Indulging in useless discussions, he wants to turn people’s attention away from God. Generally, the reason for a man’s going astray is that he does not use his mind. He does not think of getting out of the rut of common customs. If a man rises above those rigid customs, the mind given to him by God, will be enough to lead him in the right direction.

Commentary At the beginning of the Surah, the Kafirs and the Mushriks were admonished for still persisting with their Kufr and Shirk despite that they had seen the manifestations of the all-encompassing knowledge and the most perfect power of Allah Ta’ ala. And in contrast to their condition, obedient believers were praised and mention was made of their good end. In between, the description of the bequests (wasaya of Luqman, peace on him, was in a way a complement of the same subject. In the verses cited above, the text reverts to the subjects of Allah Ta’ ala's all-encompassing knowledge and power, His bounties and favors showered on the creations with an exhortation to believe in the principle of His Oneness. The expression: سَخَّرَ‌ لَكُم (sakhkhara lakum: translated as 'subjugated for you' ) in verse 20: سَخَّرَ‌ لَكُم مَّا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْ‌ضِ (Allah has subjugated for you what is in the heavens and what is on the earth) is well known and means to make something subservient to someone. This raises a question at this place. Is it not that, first of all, not even everything on the earth is subservient to human will and command? In fact, there are many things that act counter to human choice. As for things of the heavens particularly, there exists just about no probability of their being subservient to human beings. The answer is that 'subjugation' really means to force something into doing a particular job in a state of virtual compulsion. So, subjugating the entire creation of the heavens and the earth for human beings means that the whole range of such creations was yoked in their service to bring all sorts of benefits to them. Out of these things, many were put in their service by subjecting them to their command as well, in that they could use them as and when they wished. But, there are other things that have been, of course, commissioned to serve them - which they are doing all right - but, such was the dictate of Divine wisdom, that they were not made subject to the command of human beings, for example, the heavenly creations, planets, stars, lighting, rains and similar others. Had they been subjugated to follow human orders, these elements of creation would have been affected by human temperaments, tastes and varying conditions. One human being would have wanted the sun to rise early while the need of the other would have it rise later. Someone would have asked for rains while the other, being in travel through an open field, would have opted for no rains. So, these divergent demands would have triggered operational malfunction in the workings of the universal heavenly system. Therefore, Allah Ta` a1a did put all these things into the service of human beings but did not make them subject to their will and command. This too is, in a way, subjugation. Allah knows best. The word: اسباغ (isbagh) in the next sentence of verse 20: وَأَسْبَغَ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعَمَهُ ظَاهِرَ‌ةً وَبَاطِنَةً (and has perfected His blessings on you, both outward and inward) means to perfect, make complete, provide in great abundance to the last fill. The Arabic word: نِعَم (ni'am) means 'blessings' which human beings recognize through their senses, for instance, the beauty of shape and the symmetry of human limbs made into such proportion as would allow maximum functional movement causing no disfigurement of one's shape and looks. Similarly, provisions, property; wealth, avenues of economic opportunity, health and well being arh also outward and perceived blessings. In the same way, making the religion of Islam easy to follow, being enabled to obey Allah and His Rasul ﷺ ، the ascendancy of Islam over other faiths and the support given to Muslims encountering enemies also come under the same outward blessings. As for inward blessings, they relate to the human heart, such as, 'Iman (faith), knowing Allah (ma'rifah), intellect, reason, good morals, the good fortune of having one's sins left unexposed and of one's crimes not punished instantly and many others. The manifestations of Allah's knowledge, power and blessings are endless. These cannot by encompassed by anyone through speech, nor can any pen write them comprehensively.

(And if it be said unto them) i.e. to the disbelievers of Mecca: (Follow that which Allah hath revealed) to His Prophet of the Qur'an; i.e. recite and act upon what is in it, (they say: Nay, but we follow that wherein we found our fathers) of religion and wont. (What! Even though the devil were inviting them) were inviting their fathers (unto the doom of flame) to disbelief, idolatry and that which leads to the chastisement of the Flame, and still they follow them?