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فَأَخَذۡنَـٰهُ وَجُنُودَهُۥ فَنَبَذۡنَـٰهُمۡ فِی ٱلۡیَمِّ وَهُوَ مُلِیمࣱ ۝٤٠
fa-akhadhnāhu wajunūdahu fanabadhnāhum fī l-yami wahuwa mulīmu
The Winnowing Winds, The Scatterers / adh-Dhariyat (51:40)
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Abdel Haleem

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so We seized him and his forces and threw them into the sea: he was to blame
fa-akhadhnāhu wajunūdahu fanabadhnāhum fī l-yami wahuwa mulīmu

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Tafsir Commentary

So We seized him and his hosts and cast flung them into the waters the sea and so they drowned for he that is Pharaoh was blameworthy guilty of what is blameworthy such as denying the messengers and claiming divinity.
فأخذنا فرعون وجنوده، فطرحناهم في البحر، وهو آتٍ ما يلام عليه؛ بسبب كفره وجحوده وفجوره.
أي ألقيناهم "في اليم" وهو البحر "وهو مليم" أي وهو ملوم كافر جاحد فاجر معاند.
ثم بين - سبحانه - نتيجة إعراض فرعون عن الحق فقال : ( فَأَخَذْنَاهُ وَجُنُودَهُ فَنَبَذْنَاهُمْ فِي اليم وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ ) .والنبذ : الطرح للشىء بدون اكتراث أو اهتمام به ، و قوله ( مُلِيمٌ ) من ألام ، إذا أتى ما يلام عليه ، كأغرب إذا أتى أمرا غريبا ، وجملة ، وهو مليم ، حال من المفعول فى قوله ( فَأَخَذْنَاهُ ) .أى : فأخذنا فرعون هو وجنوده الذين ارتكن إليهم أخذ عزيز مقتدر ، فألقينا بهم جميعا فى البحر بدون اعتداد بهم ، بعد أن أتى فرعون بما يلام عليه من الكفر والطغيان .قال صاحب الكشاف : فإن قلت : كيف وصف نبى الله يونس - عليه السلام - بما وصف به فرعون فى قوله - تعالى - : ( فالتقمه الحوت وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ ) قلت : موجبات اللوم تختلف ، وعلى حسب اختلافها تختلف مقادير اللوم ، فراكب الكبيرة ملوم على مقدارها ، وكذلك مقترف الصغيرة . ألا ترى إلى قوله - تعالى - : ( وَعَصَوْاْ رُسُلَهُ ) وقوله ( وعصى ءَادَمُ رَبَّهُ فغوى ) لأن الكبيرة والصغيرة يجمعهما اسم العصيان ، كما يجمعهما اسم القبيح والسيئة .
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : فَأَخَذْنَاهُ وَجُنُودَهُ فَنَبَذْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّ وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ (40)يقول تعالى ذكره: فأخذنا فرعون وجنوده بالغضب منا والأسف ( فَنَبَذْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّ ) يقول فألقيناهم في البحر, فغرقناهم فيه ( وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ ) يقول: وفرعون مليم, والمليم: هو الذي قد أتى مَا يُلام عليه من الفعل.وكان قتادة يقول في ذلك ما حدثنا بشر, قال: ثنا يزيد, قال: ثنا سعيد, عن قتادة, قوله ( وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ ) : أي مليم في نعمة الله.حدثنا ابن عبد الأعلى, قال: ثنا ابن ثور, عن معمر, عن قتادة, في قوله ( وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ ) قال: مليم في عباد الله. وذُكر أن ذلك في قراءة عبد الله ( فأخَذْنَاهُ وَجُنُودَهُ فَنَبَذْنَاهُ ).
( فأخذناه وجنوده فنبذناهم في اليم ) أغرقناهم فيه ( وهو مليم ) أي : آت بما يلام عليه من دعوى الربوبية وتكذيب الرسول .
فَأَخَذْنَاهُ وَجُنُودَهُ فَنَبَذْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّ وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ (40(والمليم : الذي يجعل غيره لائماً عليه ، أي وهو مذنب ذنباً يلومه الله عليه ، أي يؤاخذه به . والمعنى : أنه مستوجب العقاب كما قال : { فلا تلوموني ولوموا أنفسكم } [ إبراهيم : 22 ] .والمعنى : أن في قصة موسى وفرعون آيةً للذين يخافون العذاب الأليم فيجتنبون مثل أسباب ما حل بفرعون وقومه من العذاب وهي الأسباب التي ظهرت في مكابرة فرعون عن تصديق الرسول الذي أرسل إليه ، وأن الذين لا يخافون العذاب لا يؤمنون بالبعث والجزاء لا يتعظون بذلك لأنهم لا يصدقون بالنواميس الإِلهية ولا يتدبرون في دعوة أهل الحق فهم لا يزالون مُعرضين ساخرين عن دعوة رسولهم متكبرين عليه ، مُكابرين في دلائل صدقه ، فيوشك أن يحل بهم من مثل ما حلّ بفرعون وقومه ، لأن ما جاز على المثل يجوز على المماثل ، وقد كان المسلمون يقولون : إن أبا جهل فِرعون هذه الأمة .
{ فَأَخَذْنَاهُ وَجُنُودَهُ فَنَبَذْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّ وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ } أي: مذنب طاغ، عات على الله، فأخذه عزيز مقتدر.
فَأَخَذْنَاهُ وَجُنُودَهُلكفرهم وتوليهم عن الإيمان .فَنَبَذْنَاهُمْ فِي الْيَمِّأي طرحناهم في البحر وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌيعني فرعون , لأنه أتى ما يلام عليه .
People displaying such arrogance in the face of the Truth never escape God’s scourge. Pharaoh was killed for this reason, and the communities of ‘Ad, Thamud, and Noah were also destroyed for this very reason. They were given some benefit in this world, it being the test period. Beyond this small benefit they were destined not to receive any other.
After the mention of the people of Lut (علیہ السلام) ، the people of Musa (علیہ السلام) ، Fir'aun and others are taken up briefly. When Musa (علیہ السلام) delivered the message of truth to Fir'aun, the latter reacted thus: فَتَوَلَّىٰ بِرُ‌كْنِهِ (So he turned away along with his chiefs,...51:39) The original word used for 'his chiefs' is rukn which means power. Here it is used to refer to his army and chiefs of his government. In the story of Lut (علیہ السلام) he has been mentioned saying, أَوْ آوِي إِلَىٰ رُ‌كْنٍ شَدِيدٍ (or that I had the backing of a strong group' The word rukn is used there in the same sense. (See Ma’ ariful Qur’ an, Vol. 4/p. 658, 661: '...or that I had the backing of some strong group...' ) After this, the stories of the people of ` Ad, Thamud and Nuh (علیہم السلام) are told. These stories were narrated many times before.
(So We seized him and his hosts and flung them) and drowned them (in the sea, for he was reprobate) blameworthy in the sight of Allah, and he will also blame himself.
Lessons from the Destruction of Fir`awn, `Ad, Thamud, and the People of Nuh Allah the Exalted said, وَفِى مُوسَى إِذْ أَرْسَلْنَـهُ إِلَى فِرْعَوْنَ بِسُلْطَـنٍ مُّبِينٍ (And in Musa, when We sent him to Fir`awn with a manifest authority.) meaning, with clear proof and plain evidence, فَتَوَلَّى بِرُكْنِهِ (But he turned away along with his hosts,) meaning, in rebellion and arrogance, Fir`awn turned away from the plain truth that Musa was sent with, ثَانِىَ عِطْفِهِ لِيُضِلَّ عَن سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ (Bending his neck in pride, and leading (others) too (far) astray from the path of Allah.)(22:9 ), meaning turning away from truth in arrogance, وَقَالَ سَـحِرٌ أَوْ مَجْنُونٌ (and said: "A sorcerer, or a madman.") meaning Fir`awn said to Musa, "With regards to the message that you brought me, you are either a magician or a madman." Allah the Exalted replied, فَأَخَذْنَـهُ وَجُنُودَهُ فَنَبَذْنَـهُمْ (So We took him and his armies, and dumped them), meaning `We threw them,' فِى الْيَمِّ (into the Yamm), into the sea, وَهُوَ مُلِيمٌ (for he was blameworthy.) meaning, Fir`awn was a denying sinner and a stubborn disbeliever worthy of blame. Allah the Exalted and Most Honored said, وَفِى عَادٍ إِذْ أَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمُ الرِّيحَ الْعَقِيمَ (And in `Ad when We sent against them the barren wind) that destroys everything and produces nothing. This was said by Ad-Dahhak, Qatadah and others. Allah's statement, مَا تَذَرُ مِن شَىْءٍ أَتَتْ عَلَيْهِ (It spared nothing that it reached,) meaning, everything that the wind could destroy, إِلاَّ جَعَلَتْهُ كَالرَّمِيمِ (but blew it into broken spreads of rotten ruins.) meaning, made it just like a rotten and destroyed. Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib and others commented on: إِذْ أَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمُ الرِّيحَ الْعَقِيمَ (when We sent against them the barren wind),"Southerly winds." However, there is a Hadith in the Sahih from Shu`bah bin Al-Hakam, from Mujahid, from Ibn `Abbas, who said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, «نُصِرْتُ بِالصَّبَا وَأُهْلِكَتْ عَادٌ بِالدَّبُور» (I have been made victorious with the Saba (easterly wind), and the people of `Ad were destroyed with the Dabur (westerly wind).) Allah saying, وَفِى ثَمُودَ إِذْ قِيلَ لَهُمْ تَمَتَّعُواْ حَتَّى حِينٍ (And in Thamud, when they were told: "Enjoy yourselves for a while!") is just as He said in another Ayah, وَأَمَّا ثَمُودُ فَهَدَيْنَـهُمْ فَاسْتَحَبُّواْ الْعَمَى عَلَى الْهُدَى فَأَخَذَتْهُمْ صَـعِقَةُ الْعَذَابِ الْهُونِ (And as for Thamud, We guided them to the path of truth, but they preferred blindness to guidance; so the Sa`iqah of disgracing torment seized them.) (41:17) Allah said here, وَفِى ثَمُودَ إِذْ قِيلَ لَهُمْ تَمَتَّعُواْ حَتَّى حِينٍ - فَعَتَوْاْ عَنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّهِمْ فَأَخَذَتْهُمُ الصَّاعِقَةُ وَهُمْ يَنظُرُونَ (And in Thamud, when they were told: "Enjoy yourselves for a while!" But they insolently defied the command of their Lord, so the Sa`iqah overtook them while they were looking.) Thamud were given a respite for three days, during which they await the torment. In the early morning of the fourth day, the torment overtook them, فَمَا اسْتَطَـعُواْ مِن قِيَامٍ (Then they were unable to rise up,) they were unable to escape and run away from it, وَمَا كَانُواْ مُنتَصِرِينَ (nor could they help themselves.) nor could they save themselves from the torment that befell them. Allah the Exalted and Most Honored said, وَقَوْمَ نُوحٍ مِّن قَبْلُ ((So were) the people of Nuh before them.) meaning, `We destroyed the people of Nuh before these people (Fir`awn, `Ad and Thamud).' إِنَّهُمْ كَانُواْ قَوْماً فَـسِقِينَ (Verily, they were a people who were revellious.) We mentioned these stories in details before in the Tafsir of several other Surahs.