The Heights, The Elevated Places — Verse 80
7:80 · al-A`raf
Verse display
وَلُوطًا إِذۡ قَالَ لِقَوۡمِهِۦۤ أَتَأۡتُونَ ٱلۡفَـٰحِشَةَ مَا سَبَقَكُم بِهَا مِنۡ أَحَدࣲ مِّنَ ٱلۡعَـٰلَمِینَ ٨٠
walūṭan idh qāla liqawmihi atatūna l-fāḥishata mā sabaqakum bihā min aḥadin mina l-ʿālamīn
The Heights, The Elevated Places / al-A`raf (7:80)
Connections 1 multi-source 6 single-source 5 commentators
Multi-source connections cited by 2+ commentators
Single-source mentions (6) cited by only one commentator
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Q 11:79 (Hud)
cited by
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Q 15:71 (al-Hijr)
cited by
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Q 17:32 (al-Isra`)
cited by
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Q 29:26 (al-`Ankabut)
cited by
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Q 96:6 (al-`Alaq)
cited by
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Q 96:7 (al-`Alaq)
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By commentator who cites how many verses on this ayah
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Ma'arif-ul-Quran 4 verses
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Tafsir Ibn Kathir (abridged) 2 verses
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Al-Qushairi Tafsir 1 verse 2 mentions total
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Kashani Tafsir 1 verse 2 mentions total
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Kashf Al-Asrar Tafsir 1 verse
Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.
We sent Lot and he said to his people, ‘How can you practise this outrage? No one in the world has outdone you in this
walūṭan idh qāla liqawmihi atatūna l-fāḥishata mā sabaqakum bihā min aḥadin mina l-ʿālamīn
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Tafsir Commentary
The Story of Prophet Lut, upon Him be Peace, and His People
Allah said, We sent,
وَ
(And)
لُوطاًإِذْ قَالَ لِقَوْمِهِ
(Lut, when he said to his people..) Lut (Lot) is the son of Haran the son of Azar (Terah), and he was the nephew of Ibrahim, peace be upon them both. Lut had believed in Ibrahim and migrated with him to the Sham area. Allah then sent Lut to the people of Sadum (Sodom) and the surrounding villages, to call them to Allah, enjoin righteousness and forbid them from their evil practices, their sin, and wickedness. It this area, they did things that none of the children of Adam or any other creatures ever did before them. They used to have sexual intercourse with males instead of females. This evil practice was not known among the Children of Adam before, nor did it even cross their minds, so they were unfamiliar with it before the people of Sodom invented it, may Allah's curse be on them. `Amr bin Dinar conmented on;
مَا سَبَقَكُمْ بِهَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِّن الْعَـلَمِينَ
("...as none preceding you has committed in all of the nations.") "Never before the people of Lut did a male have sex with another male." This is why Lut said to them,
أَتَأْتُونَ الْفَـحِشَةَ مَا سَبَقَكُمْ بِهَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِّن الْعَـلَمِينَ
إِنَّكُمْ لَتَأْتُونَ الرّجَالَ شَهْوَةً مّن دُونِ النّسَآء
("Do you commit lewdness such as none preceding you has committed in all of the nations Verily, you practice your lusts on men instead of women.") meaning, you left women whom Allah created for you and instead had sex with men Indeed, this behavior is evil and ignorant because you have placed things in their improper places. Lut, peace be upon him, said to them:
هَـؤُلآءِ بَنَاتِى إِن كُنْتُمْ فَـعِلِينَ
("these (the girls of the nation) are my daughters (to marry lawfully), if you must act (so).") 15:71 So he reminded them of their women, and they replied that they do not desire women!,
قَالُواْ لَقَدْ عَلِمْتَ مَا لَنَا فِى بَنَاتِكَ مِنْ حَقٍّ وَإِنَّكَ لَتَعْلَمُ مَا نُرِيدُ
(They said: "Surely, you know that we have neither any desire nor need of your daughters, and indeed you know well what we want!" ) 11:79 meaning, you know that we have no desire for women and you know what we desire with your guests.
And mention Lot Lūtan is substituted by the following idh qāla when he said to his people ‘Do you commit abomination that is penetrating the rears of men such as no one in all the worlds ever committed before you humans or jinn?
And Lot, when he said to his people, “What, do you bring an indecency with which none in the worlds has preceded you?” Each person's indecency is appropriate to his days and states. Look at a man's station in traversing the road. Where is he located? His indecency follows the measure of his mortal nature right there. The world's creatures are no more than three groups: the common people, the elect, and the elect of the elect. The indecency of the common people is explained by the tongue of the Shariah, and its penalty is either the whip or stoning. The indecency of the elect is to look at the pleasures and appetites of this world with the eye of the head, to see their enjoyment and adornment, and to give them access to themselves, even if they are permitted and far from ambiguity. For, in the case of the elect, the blight of the permitted bliss of this world is more than the blight of the forbidden in the case of the common people. In the tongue of the Master of the Shariah the penalty of this indecency is what he said: “Lower your eyes and hold back your hands.” The indecency of the elect of the elect is that they should gaze at other than the Real with the heart's awareness despite the fact that this declaration has come from the Real: “Say 'God,' then leave them” [6:91]. He is saying, “My servant, do not gaze at yourself-see everything as My act. Do not lay favors on Me with your acts-look at My success-giving. Flee from your own marks- see only My love.” What does someone seized by His love have to do with others? Keep the heart turned toward Him and let the others go. The world's tumult is all this talk of you and me- give up “me” and the whole world will be your garden. God says, “I wonder how anyone with faith in Me can depend on other than Me. Were they to gaze on the subtleties of My kindness, they would not worship other than Me.”
And Lot, when he said to his people, “What, do you bring an indecency with which none in the worlds has preceded you?” Each person's indecency is appropriate to his days and states. Look at a man's station in traversing the road. Where is he located? His indecency follows the measure of his mortal nature right there. The world's creatures are no more than three groups: the common people, the elect, and the elect of the elect. The indecency of the common people is explained by the tongue of the Shariah, and its penalty is either the whip or stoning. The indecency of the elect is to look at the pleasures and appetites of this world with the eye of the head, to see their enjoyment and adornment, and to give them access to themselves, even if they are permitted and far from ambiguity. For, in the case of the elect, the blight of the permitted bliss of this world is more than the blight of the forbidden in the case of the common people. In the tongue of the Master of the Shariah the penalty of this indecency is what he said: “Lower your eyes and hold back your hands.” The indecency of the elect of the elect is that they should gaze at other than the Real with the heart's awareness despite the fact that this declaration has come from the Real: “Say 'God,' then leave them” [6:91]. He is saying, “My servant, do not gaze at yourself-see everything as My act. Do not lay favors on Me with your acts-look at My success-giving. Flee from your own marks- see only My love.” What does someone seized by His love have to do with others? Keep the heart turned toward Him and let the others go. The world's tumult is all this talk of you and me- give up “me” and the whole world will be your garden. God says, “I wonder how anyone with faith in Me can depend on other than Me. Were they to gaze on the subtleties of My kindness, they would not worship other than Me.”
And Lot, when he said to his people, “What, do you bring an indecency with which none in the worlds has preceded you?” Each person's indecency is appropriate to his days and states. Look at a man's station in traversing the road. Where is he located? His indecency follows the measure of his mortal nature right there. The world's creatures are no more than three groups: the common people, the elect, and the elect of the elect. The indecency of the common people is explained by the tongue of the Shariah, and its penalty is either the whip or stoning. The indecency of the elect is to look at the pleasures and appetites of this world with the eye of the head, to see their enjoyment and adornment, and to give them access to themselves, even if they are permitted and far from ambiguity. For, in the case of the elect, the blight of the permitted bliss of this world is more than the blight of the forbidden in the case of the common people. In the tongue of the Master of the Shariah the penalty of this indecency is what he said: “Lower your eyes and hold back your hands.” The indecency of the elect of the elect is that they should gaze at other than the Real with the heart's awareness despite the fact that this declaration has come from the Real: “Say 'God,' then leave them” [6:91]. He is saying, “My servant, do not gaze at yourself-see everything as My act. Do not lay favors on Me with your acts-look at My success-giving. Flee from your own marks- see only My love.” What does someone seized by His love have to do with others? Keep the heart turned toward Him and let the others go. The world's tumult is all this talk of you and me- give up “me” and the whole world will be your garden. God says, “I wonder how anyone with faith in Me can depend on other than Me. Were they to gaze on the subtleties of My kindness, they would not worship other than Me.”
And Lot, when he said to his people, “What, do you bring an indecency with which none in the worlds has preceded you?” Each person's indecency is appropriate to his days and states. Look at a man's station in traversing the road. Where is he located? His indecency follows the measure of his mortal nature right there. The world's creatures are no more than three groups: the common people, the elect, and the elect of the elect. The indecency of the common people is explained by the tongue of the Shariah, and its penalty is either the whip or stoning. The indecency of the elect is to look at the pleasures and appetites of this world with the eye of the head, to see their enjoyment and adornment, and to give them access to themselves, even if they are permitted and far from ambiguity. For, in the case of the elect, the blight of the permitted bliss of this world is more than the blight of the forbidden in the case of the common people. In the tongue of the Master of the Shariah the penalty of this indecency is what he said: “Lower your eyes and hold back your hands.” The indecency of the elect of the elect is that they should gaze at other than the Real with the heart's awareness despite the fact that this declaration has come from the Real: “Say 'God,' then leave them” [6:91]. He is saying, “My servant, do not gaze at yourself-see everything as My act. Do not lay favors on Me with your acts-look at My success-giving. Flee from your own marks- see only My love.” What does someone seized by His love have to do with others? Keep the heart turned toward Him and let the others go. The world's tumult is all this talk of you and me- give up “me” and the whole world will be your garden. God says, “I wonder how anyone with faith in Me can depend on other than Me. Were they to gaze on the subtleties of My kindness, they would not worship other than Me.”
And Lot, when he said to his people, �What, do you bring an indecency with which none in the worlds has preceded you?�Each person's indecency is appropriate to his days and states. Look at a man's station in traversing the road. Where is he located? His indecency follows the measure of his mortal nature right there.The world's creatures are no more than three groups: the common people, the elect, and the elect of the elect.The indecency of the common people is explained by the tongue of the Shariah, and its penalty is either the whip or stoning.The indecency of the elect is to look at the pleasures and appetites of this world with the eye of the head, to see their enjoyment and adornment, and to give them access to themselves, even if they are permitted and far from ambiguity. For, in the case of the elect, the blight of the permitted bliss of this world is more than the blight of the forbidden in the case of the common people. In the tongue of the Master of the Shariah the penalty of this indecency is what he said: �Lower your eyes and hold back your hands.�The indecency of the elect of the elect is that they should gaze at other than the Real with the heart's awareness despite the fact that this declaration has come from the Real: �Say 'God,' then leave them� [6:91]. He is saying, �My servant, do not gaze at yourself-see everything as My act. Do not lay favors on Me with your acts-look at My success-giving. Flee from your own marks- see only My love.� What does someone seized by His love have to do with others? Keep the heart turned toward Him and let the others go.The world's tumult is all this talk of you and me-give up �me� and the whole world will be your garden.God says, �I wonder how anyone with faith in Me can depend on other than Me. Were they to gaze on the subtleties of My kindness, they would not worship other than Me.�
واذكر -أيها الرسول- لوطًا عليه السلام حين قال لقومه: أتفعلون الفعلة المنكرة التي بلغت نهاية القبح؟ ما فعلها مِن أحد قبلكم من المخلوقين.
يقول تعالى "و" لقد أرسلنا "لوطا" أو تقديره "و" اذكر "لوطا إذ قال لقومه" ولوط هو ابن هارون بن آزر وهو ابن أخي ابراهيم الخليل عليهما السلام. وكان قد آمن مع إبراهيم عليه السلام وهاجر معه إلى أرض الشام فبعثه الله إلى أهل سدوم وما حولها من القرى يدعوهم إلى الله عز وجل ويأمرهم بالمعروف وينهاهم عما كانوا يرتكبونه من المآثم والمحارم والفواحش التي اخترعوها لم يسبقهم بها أحد من بني آدم ولا غيرهم وهو إتيان الذكور دون الإناث وهذا شيء لم يكن بنو آدم تعهده ولا تألفه ولا يخطر ببالهم حتى صنع ذلك أهل سدوم عليهم لعائن الله قال عمرو بن دينار في قوله "ما سبقكم بها من أحد من العالمين" قال ما نزا ذكر على ذكر حتى كان قوم لوط وقال الوليد بن عبدالملك الخليفة الأموي باني جامع دمشق لولا أن الله عز وجل قص علينا خبر قوم لوط ما ظننت أن ذكرا يعلو ذكرا ولهذا قال لهم لوط عليه السلام "أتأتون الفاحشة ما سبقكم بها من أحد من العالمين".
ثم حكت لنا السورة بعد ذلك جانبا مما دار بين لوط وقومه فقالت : ( وَلُوطاً إِذْ قَالَ . . . . ) .قال ابن كثير : لوط . هو ابن هاران بن آزر وهو ابن أخى إبراهيم ، وكان قد آمن مع إبراهيم وهاجر معه إلى أرض الشام ، فبعثه الله إلى أهل سدوم وما حولها من القرى يدعوهم إلى الله - تعالى - ويأمرهم بالمعروف وينهاهم عما كانوا يرتكبونه من المآثم والمحارم والفواحش التى اخترعوها لم يسبقهم بها أحد من بنى آدم ولا من غيرهم ، وهو إتيان الذكور دون الإناث ، وهذا شىء لم يكن بنو آدم تعهده ولا تألفه ولا يخطر ببالهم " حتى صنع ذلك أهل سدوم - وهى قرية بوادى الأردن - عليهم لعائن الله " .وقوله - تعالى - : ( وَلُوطاً ) منصوب بفعل مضمر معطوف على ما سبق أى : وأرسلنا لوطا و ( إِذْ قَالَ لِقَوْمِهِ ) ظرف لأرسلنا ، وجوز أن يكون ( لُوطاً ) منصوبا باذكر محذوفا فيكون من عطف القصة على القصة ، و ( إِذْ ) بدل من اشتمال بناء على أنها لا تلزم الظرفية .وقوله : ( أَتَأْتُونَ الفاحشة مَا سَبَقَكُمْ بِهَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِّن العالمين ) .أى : أتفعلون تلك الفعلة التى بلغت نهاية القبح والفحش ، والتى ما فعلها أحد قبلكم فى زمن من الأزمان فأنتم أول من ابتدعها فعليكم وزرها ووزر من عملها إلى يوم القيامة ، والاستفهام ، للانكار والتوبيخ قال عمر بن دينار : " ما نزا ذكر على ذكر حتى كان قوم لوط " .وقال الوليد بن عبد الملك : " لولا أن الله قص علينا خبر قوم لوط ما ظننت أن ذكراً يعلوا ذكرا " والباء فى ( بِهَا ) كما قال الزمخشرى - للتعدية ، من قولك سبقته بالكرة إذا ضربتها قبله ومن قوله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " سبقك بها عكاشة " و ( مِنْ ) فى قوله : ( مِنْ أَحَدٍ ) لتأكيد النفى وعمومه المستغرق لكل البشر .والجملة - كما قال أبو السعود - مستأنفة مسوقة لتأكيد النكير وتشديد التوبيخ والتقريع ، فإن مباشرة القبح قبيح واختراعه أقبح ، فأنكر عليهم أولا إتيان الفاحشة ، ثم وبخهم بأنهم أول من عملها " .
القول في تأويل قوله : وَلُوطًا إِذْ قَالَ لِقَوْمِهِ أَتَأْتُونَ الْفَاحِشَةَ مَا سَبَقَكُمْ بِهَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِنَ الْعَالَمِينَ (80)قال أبو جعفر : يقول تعالى ذكره: ولقد أرسلنا لوطًا.* * *ولو قيل: معناه: واذكر لوطًا ، يا محمد ، (إذ قال لقومه) = إذ لم يكن في الكلام صلة " الرسالة " كما كان في ذكر عاد وثمود = كان مذهبًا.* * *وقوله: ( إذ قال لقومه ) ، يقول: حين قال لقومه من سَدُوم، وإليهم كان أرسل لوط=( أتأتون الفاحشة ) ، وكانت فاحشتهم التي كانوا يأتونها ، التي عاقبهم الله عليها ، إتيان الذكور (13) =(ما سبقكم بها من أحد من العالمين ) ، يقول: ما سبقكم بفعل هذه الفاحشة أحد من العالمين ، وذلك كالذي:-14833-حدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا إسماعيل بن علية، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن عمرو بن دينار قوله: ( ما سبقكم بها من أحد من العالمين ) ، قال: ما رُئي ذكر على ذكر حتى كان قوم لوط.------------------الهوامش :(13) انظر تفسير"الفاحشة" فيما سلف: ص: 402 ، تعليق: 2 ، والمراجع هناك.
قوله تعالى : ( ولوطا ) أي : وأرسلنا لوطا . وقيل : معناه واذكر لوطا . وهو لوط بن هاران بن تارخ ، ابن أخي إبراهيم ، ( إذ قال لقومه ) وهم أهل سدوم وذلك أن لوطا شخص من أرض بابل سافر مع عمه إبراهيم عليه السلام مؤمنا به مهاجرا معه إلى الشام ، فنزل إبراهيم فلسطين وأنزل لوطا الأردن ، فأرسله الله - عز وجل - إلى أهل سدوم فقال لهم ، ( أتأتون الفاحشة ) يعني : إتيان الذكران ، ( ما سبقكم بها من أحد من العالمين ) قال عمرو بن دينار ما يرى ذكر على ذكر في الدنيا إلا كان من قوم لوط .
عُطف { ولوطاً } على { نوحاً } في قوله : { لقد أرسلنا نوحاً } [ الأعراف : 59 ] فالتّقدير : وأرسلنا لوطاً ، وتغيير الأسلوب في ابتداء قصّة لوط وقومه إذ ابتُدئت بذكر ( لوطاً ) كما ابتدئت قصّة بذكر نوح لأنه لم يكن لقوم لوط اسم يعرفون به كما لم يكن لقوم نوح اسم يعرفون به . و ( إذ ) ظرف متعلّق ب ( أرسلنا ) المقدر يعني أرسلناه وقت قال لقومه وجعل وقت القول ظرفاً للإرسال لإفادة مبادرته بدعوة قومه إلى ما أرسله الله به ، والمقارنة التي تقتضيها الظّرفية بين وقت الإرسال ووقت قوله ، مقارنةٌ عرفية بمعنى شدّة القرب بأقصى ما يستطاع من مبادرة التّبليغ .وقوم لوط كانوا خليطاً من الكنعانيين وممّن نزل حولهم . ولذلك لم يوصف بأنّه أخوهم إذ لم يكن من قبائلهم ، وإنّما نزل فيهم واستوطن ديارهم . ولوط عليه السّلام هو ابن أخِي إبراهيم عليه السّلام كما تقدّم في سورة الأنعام ، وكان لوط عليه السّلام قد نزل ببلاد ( سَدوم ) ولم يكن بينهم وبينه قرَابة .والقوم الذين أرسل إليهم لوط عليه السّلام هم أهل قرية ( سدوم ) و ( عمُّورة ) من أرض كنعان ، وربّما أطلق اسم سدوم وعمُّورة على سكّانهما . وهو أسلاف الفنيقيين وكانتا على شاطىء السديم ، وهو بحر الملح ، كما جاء في التّوراة وهو البحر الميّت المدعو ( بحيرة لوط ) بقرب أرشليم . وكانت قرب سدوم ومن معهم أحدثوا فاحشة استمتاع الرّجال بالرّجال ، فأمر الله لوطاً عليه السّلام لما نزل بقريتهم سدوم في رحلته مع عمّه إبراهيم عليه السّلام أن ينهاهم ويغلظ عليهم .فالاستفهام في { أتأتون } إنكاري توبيخي ، والإتيان المستفهم عنه مجاز في التّلبّس والعمل ، أي أتعملون الفاحشة ، وكني بالإتيان على العمل المخصوص وهي كناية مشهورة .والفاحشه : الفعل الدّنيء الذّميم ، وقد تقدّم الكلام عليها عند تفسير قوله تعالى : { وإذا فعلوا فاحشة } [ الأعراف : 28 ] : والمراد هنا فاحشة معروفة ، فالتّعريف للعهد .وجملة : { ما سبقكم بها من أحد من العالمين } مستأنفة استينافاً ابتدائياً ، فإنّه بعد أن أنكر عليهم إتيان الفاحشة ، وعبّر عنها بالفاحشة ، وبّخهم بأنّهم أحدثوها ، ولم تكن معروفة في البشر فقد سَنُّوا سنة سيّئة للفاحشين في ذلك .ويجوز أن تكون جملة : { ما سبقكم بها من أحد } صفة للفاحشة ، ويجوز أن تكون حالا من ضمير : { تأتون } أو من : { الفاحشة }.والسبق حقيقته : وصول الماشي إلى مكان مطلوب له ولغيره قبل وصول غيره ، ويستعمل مجازاً في التّقدّم في الزّمان ، أي الأوّلية والابتداءِ ، وهو المراد هنا ، والمقصود أنّهم سبقوا النّاس بهذه الفاحشة إذ لا يقصد بمثل هذا التّركيب أنّهم ابتدأوا مع غيرهم في وقت واحد .والباء لتعدية فعل ( سبق ) لاستعماله بمعنى ( ابتدا ) فالباء ترشيح للتّبعيّة . و ( مِنْ ) الدّاخلة على ( أحدٍ ) لتوكيد النّفي للدّلالة على معنى الاستغراق في النّفي . و ( مِن ) الداخلة على { العالمين } للتبعيض .
أي: { و ْ} اذكر عبدنا { لُوطًا ْ} عليه الصلاة والسلام، إذ أرسلناه إلى قومه يأمرهم بعبادة اللّه وحده، وينهاهم عن الفاحشة التي ما سبقهم بها أحد من العالمين، فقال: { أَتَأْتُونَ الْفَاحِشَةَ ْ} أي: الخصلة التي بلغت - في العظم والشناعة - إلى أن استغرقت أنواع الفحش، { مَا سَبَقَكُمْ بِهَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِنَ الْعَالَمِينَ ْ} فكونها فاحشة من أشنع الأشياء، وكونهم ابتدعوها وابتكروها، وسنوها لمن بعدهم، من أشنع ما يكون أيضا.
قوله تعالى ولوطا إذ قال لقومه أتأتون الفاحشة ما سبقكم بها من أحد من العالمينفيه أربع مسائل :الأولى : قوله تعالى ولوطا إذ قال لقومه قال الفراء : لوط مشتق من قولهم : هذا أليط بقلبي ، أي ألصق . وقال النحاس : قال الزجاج زعم بعض النحويين - يعني الفراء - أن لوطا يجوز أن يكون مشتقا من لطت الحوض إذا ملسته بالطين . قال : وهذا غلط ; لأن الأسماء الأعجمية لا تشتق كإسحاق ، فلا يقال : إنه من السحق وهو البعد . وإنما صرف لوط لخفته لأنه على ثلاثة أحرف وهو ساكن الوسط . قال النقاش : لوط من الأسماء الأعجمية وليس من العربية . فأما لطت الحوض ، وهذا أليط بقلبي من هذا ، فصحيح . ولكن الاسم أعجمي كإبراهيم وإسحاق . قال سيبويه : نوح ولوط أسماء أعجمية ، إلا أنها خفيفة فلذلك صرفت .بعثه الله تعالى إلى أمة تسمى سدوم ، وكان ابن أخي إبراهيم . ونصبه إما ب أرسلنا المتقدمة فيكون معطوفا . ويجوز أن يكون منصوبا بمعنى واذكر .[ ص: 219 ] الثانية قوله تعالى أتأتون الفاحشة يعني إتيان الذكور . ذكرها الله باسم الفاحشة ليبين أنها زنى ; كما قال الله تعالى : ولا تقربوا الزنى إنه كان فاحشة .واختلف العلماء فيما يجب على من فعل ذلك بعد إجماعهم على تحريمه ; فقال مالك : يرجم ; أحصن أو لم يحصن . وكذلك يرجم المفعول به إن كان محتلما . وروي عنه أيضا : يرجم إن كان محصنا ، ويحبس ويؤدب إن كان غير محصن . وهو مذهب عطاء والنخعي وابن المسيب وغيرهم . وقال أبو حنيفة : يعذر المحصن وغيره ; وروي عن مالك . وقال الشافعي : يحد حد الزنى قياسا عليه . احتج مالك بقوله تعالى : وأمطرنا عليهم حجارة من سجيل . فكان ذلك عقوبة لهم وجزاء على فعلهم . فإن قيل : لا حجة فيها لوجهين ; أحدهما : أن قوم لوط إنما عوقبوا على الكفر والتكذيب كسائر الأمم . الثاني : أن صغيرهم وكبيرهم دخل فيها ; فدل على خروجها من باب الحدود . قيل : أما الأول فغلط ; فإن الله سبحانه أخبر عنهم أنهم كانوا على معاص فأخذهم بها ; منها هذه . وأما الثاني فكان منهم فاعل وكان منهم راض ، فعوقب الجميع لسكوت الجماهير عليه . وهي حكمة الله وسنته في عباده . وبقي أمر العقوبة على الفاعلين مستمرا . والله أعلم . وقد روى أبو داود وابن ماجه والترمذي والنسائي والدارقطني أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال : من وجدتموه يعمل عمل قوم لوط فاقتلوا الفاعل والمفعول به . لفظ أبي داود وابن ماجه . وعند الترمذي أحصنا أو لم يحصنا . وروى أبو داود والدارقطني عن ابن عباس في البكر يوجد على اللوطية قال : يرجم . وقد روي عن أبي بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه أنه حرق رجلا يسمى الفجاءة حين [ ص: 220 ] عمل عمل قوم لوط بالنار . وهو رأي علي بن أبي طالب ; فإنه لما كتب خالد بن الوليد إلى أبي بكر في ذلك جمع أبو بكر أصحاب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم واستشارهم فيه ; فقال علي : إن هذا الذنب لم تعص به أمة من الأمم إلا أمة واحدة صنع الله بها ما علمتم ، أرى أن يحرق بالنار . فاجتمع رأي أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أن يحرق بالنار . فكتب أبو بكر إلى خالد بن الوليد أن يحرقه بالنار فأحرقه . ثم أحرقهم ابن الزبير في زمانه . ثم أحرقهم هشام بن الوليد . ثم أحرقهم خالد القسري بالعراق . وروي أن سبعة أخذوا في زمن ابن الزبير في لواط ; فسأل عنهم فوجد أربعة قد أحصنوا فأمر بهم فخرجوا بهم من الحرم فرجموا بالحجارة حتى ماتوا ، وحد الثلاثة ; وعنده ابن عباس وابن عمر فلم ينكرا عليه . وإلى هذا ذهب الشافعي . قال ابن العربي : والذي صار إليه مالك أحق ، فهو أصح سندا وأقوى معتمدا . وتعلق الحنفيون بأن قالوا : عقوبة الزنى معلومة ; فلما كانت هذه المعصية غيرها وجب ألا يشاركها في حدها . ويأثرون في هذا حديثا : من وضع حدا في غير حد فقد تعدى وظلم . وأيضا فإنه وطء في فرج لا يتعلق به إحلال ولا إحصان ، ولا وجوب مهر ولا ثبوت نسب ; فلم يتعلق به حد .الثالثة : فإن أتى بهيمة فقد قيل : لا يقتل هو ولا البهيمة . وقيل : يقتلان ; حكاه ابن المنذر عن أبي سلمة بن عبد الرحمن . وفي الباب حديث رواه أبو داود والدارقطني عن ابن عباس قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : من وقع على بهيمة فاقتلوه واقتلوا البهيمة معه . فقلنا لابن [ ص: 221 ] عباس : ما شأن البهيمة ؟ قال : ما أراه قال ذلك ، إلا أنه كره أن يؤكل لحمها وقد عمل بها ذلك العمل . قال ابن المنذر : إن يك الحديث ثابتا فالقول به يجب ، وإن لم يثبت فليستغفر الله من فعل ذلك كثيرا ، وإن عزره الحاكم كان حسنا . والله أعلم . وقد قيل : إن قتل البهيمة لئلا تلقي خلقا مشوها ; فيكون قتلها مصلحة لهذا المعنى مع ما جاء من السنة . والله أعلم . وقد روى أبو داود عن ابن عباس قال : ليس على الذي زنى بالبهيمة حد . قال أبو داود : وكذا قال عطاء . وقال الحكم : أرى أن يجلد ولا يبلغ به الحد . وقال الحسن : هو بمنزلة الزاني . وقال الزهري : يجلد مائة أحصن أو لم يحصن . وقال مالك والثوري وأحمد وأصحاب الرأي يعزر . وروي عن عطاء والنخعي والحكم . واختلفت الرواية عن الشافعي ، وهذا أشبه على مذهبه في هذا الباب . وقال جابر بن زيد : يقام عليه الحد ، إلا أن تكون البهيمة له .الرابعة قوله تعالى ما سبقكم بها من أحد من العالمين من لاستغراق الجنس ، أي لم يكن اللواط في أمة قبل قوم لوط . والملحدون يزعمون أن ذلك كان قبلهم . والصدق ما ورد به القرآن . وحكى النقاش أن إبليس كان أصل عملهم بأن دعاهم إلى نفسه لعنه الله ، فكان ينكح بعضهم بعضا . قال الحسن : كانوا يفعلون ذلك بالغرباء ، ولم يكن يفعله بعضهم ببعض . وروى ابن ماجه عن جابر بن عبد الله قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : إن أخوف ما أخاف على أمتي عمل قوم لوط . وقال محمد بن سيرين : ليس شيء من الدواب يعمل عمل قوم لوط إلا الخنزير والحمار .
Lot was Abraham’s nephew. The community to which he was sent as a prophet was settled on the banks of the river Jordan in southern Syria. The prosperity of the community led its members into an excessive love of luxury, and evil behaviour which went to extremes in sexual promiscuity and even homosexuality. The prophet warned them against this open shamelessness. The universe has a scheme of nature. This scheme is called the reformed state (islah) in Quranic terminology. Going against this means a disturbance in the balance of things (fasad) in this universe. It is only man who takes undue advantage of his freedom and goes against the way of nature. The community of Lot also committed such a disruption of the divine order. The natural form of sexual relationship is that of a husband and wife. This means following the way of islah. As opposed to this, if a sexual relation develops between man and man, and a woman and a woman, this amounts to transgressing the limits fixed by God. This is what is called fasad in the Quran. Only a few people close to Lot had any faith in him. The rest of the people were sunk in debauchery. They even said: ‘When these people consider us dirty and want to keep themselves pure, why should the clean live with the unclean? They had better leave our town.’ This statement of theirs smacked of their haughtiness. They had the courage to say this because they were in the majority and enjoyed material superiority; they thus considered themselves safe. When God’s retribution visited Lot’s community, the Prophet Lot’s wife was one of the victims. This shows the unbiased justice of God in the matter of reward and punishment. In the judicial balance of God there is no regard for relationships or friendships. God’s decision was so unbiased that it did not spare even Noah’s son, Abraham’s father, Lot’s wife and the Prophet Muhammad’s uncle. On the other hand, when Pharaoh’s wife performed righteous deeds, she was admitted to Paradise.
Commentary
Out of the continuing series of stories relating to prophets (علیہم السلام) and their communities, the fourth story is that of Sayyidna Lut (Lot) tX..JI ...lc.
Sayyidna Lut (علیہ السلام) is a nephew of Sayyidna Ibrahim Khalilullah (علیہ السلام) the patriarch of prophets. The original homeland of both was known as Babel near Basrah in western Iraq. Idol-worship was common. Even the family of Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) was involved in it. Allah Ta` ala sent Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) as a prophet for their guidance. His people opposed him which culminated in the well known Fire of Nimrud. Even his father threatened to turn him out of his home.
Out of his entire family, only his wife, Sayyidah Sarah and nephew, Sayyidna Lut (علیہ السلام) embraced Islam: فَآمَنَ لَهُ لُوطٌ (Then, Lut believed in him - 29:26). Finally, it was with these two that he immigrated to Syria leaving his home country behind. After reaching Jordon river, he settled in Can'-an near Bayt al-Maqdis under a Divine command.
Then, Allah Ta` ala made Sayyidna Lut (علیہ السلام) too a prophet and sent him to Sadum (Sodom) near Bayt al-Maqdis for the guidance of people there. This area comprised of five major cities. They were called Sadum, ` Amurah, Admah, Sububim and Bali` or Sawghar. The Qur'an has referred to their nucleus as ` Mu'tafikah' and ` Mu'tafikat' at several places. Sadum was considered as the center and capital of these cities. It was here that Sayyidna Lut (علیہ السلام) stayed. The land was fertile and verdant abounding in all kinds of grains and fruits. (These details appear in Al-Bahr Al-Muhit, Mazhari, Ibn Kathir, AI-Manar etc.)
Man's habit, as Allah Ta` ala says in the Qur'an, is: كَلَّا إِنَّ الْإِنسَانَ لَيَطْغَىٰ ﴿6﴾ أَن رَّآهُ اسْتَغْنَىٰ ﴿7﴾ that is, when he acquires freedom from need, he starts transgressing the limits - 96:6-7. On these people too, Allah Ta` ala had opened the doors of His blessings. Goaded by this common behaviour pattern, all soaked in wealth and possessions, they reached the farthest ends of luxury and lust when they stood deprived of the most essential human sense of honour, dignity and modesty, and lost in that process, the very ability to distinguish between the good and the bad. In consequence, they got themselves involved in acts of unnatural indecencies. These are abominal acts, apart from being Haram and sinful, acts which cause hatred and distaste in the heart and mind of everyone born with sound and decent taste, so much so, that even animals would not go near it.
Allah Ta` ala appointed Sayyidna Lit (علیہ السلام) for their guidance. He addressed his people and said: أَتَأْتُونَ الْفَاحِشَةَ مَا سَبَقَكُم بِهَا مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِّنَ الْعَالَمِينَ (Do you commit the shameful act in which nobody has ever preceded you from all the worlds?).
When referring to Zina (adultery), the Qur'an has said: إِنَّهُ كَانَ فَاحِشَةً (Surely, it is a shameful act - 17:32). Here, the word: فَاحِشَةً (fahishah: shameful act) has been mentioned without 'Alif Lam while in the present verse, by saying: اَلفَاحِشَةً (al-fahishah: the shameful act), it has been made definite by the addition of 'Alif Lam. Thus, the hint given is that this unnatural evil act is, as if, the combination of all indecencies, and far grave a crime as compared to Zina.
Then, it was said that this shameful act has never been committed by anyone in all the worlds before they did it. ` Amru ibn Dinar has said: The act was unknown in the world before these people. (Mazhari) Neither had the worst of human being had ever thought on those lines before the people of Sadum. The Umayyad Khalifah, ` Abd al-Malik said: Had this event relating to the people of Lut (علیہ السلام) not been mentioned in the Qur'an, I would have never suspected that a human being could do something like that. (Ibn Kathir)
Here, their immodesty has been censured on two grounds: (1)-It so happens that men would get involved in many sins because of their social conditions, or because of a blind following of their ancestors - though, that too, is not a valid legal excuse in the Shar'iah of Islam. But, as a matter of customary practice, such a person could be taken as excusable in some or the other degree. But, when it comes to a sin which has never been committed by anyone before, nor does it have any particular compulsions of its own, it becomes a curse of the highest degree. (2)-The other ground is that this act becomes a channel of making others equally accursed. Think of a person who invents some evil act or custom. As obvious, the sin and punishment of his evil act falls on that person anyway, but, along with him, affected are all who sink in sin led by the act of the originator right through the Last Day, for the curse and punishment of all those so affected also sits on the shoulders of the originator of the evil.
(And Lot!) and We sent Lot to his people. (When he said unto his folk: Will ye commit abomination) i.e. sodomy (such as no creature ever did) this act (before you?)