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عَلِمَتْ نَفْسٌ مَّا قَدَّمَتْ وَأَخَّرَتْ
AAalimat nafsun ma qaddamat waakhkharat
The Cleaving, The Cleaving Asunder, Bursting Apart / al-Infitar (82:5)
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Abdel Haleem

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each soul will know what it has done and what it has left undone
AAalimat nafsun ma qaddamat waakhkharat

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Tafsir Commentary

a soul every soul will know at the time of the occurrence of the things mentioned which is the Day of Resurrection what it has sent ahead in the way of deeds and what it has left behind of these and did not do.
إذا السماء انشقت، واختلَّ نظامها، وإذا الكواكب تساقطت، وإذا البحار فجَّر الله بعضها في بعض، فذهب ماؤها، وإذا القبور قُلِبت ببعث مَن كان فيها، حينئذ تعلم كلُّ نفس جميع أعمالها، ما تقدَّم منها، وما تأخر، وجوزيت بها.
أي إذا كان هذا حصل هذا.
وقوله : ( عَلِمَتْ نَفْسٌ مَّا قَدَّمَتْ وَأَخَّرَتْ ) جواب ( إذا ) فى الآيات الأربع .أى : إذا تم ذلك ، علمت كل نفس ما قدمت من خير أو شر ، وما أخرت من سنة حسنة ، أو سنة سيئة يعمل بها بعدها .قال الجمل ما ملخصه : واعلم أن المراد من هذه الآيات أنه إذا وقعت هذه الأشياء التى هى أشراط الساعة ، فهناك يحصل الحشر والنشر ، وهى هنا أربعة : اثنان منها يتعلقان بالعلويات ، واثنان يتعلقان ، بالسفليات ، والمراد بهذه الآيات : بيان تخريب العالم ، وفناء الدنيا ، وانقطاع التكاليف . . وإنما كررت إذا لتهويل ما فى حيزها من الدواهى .وجواب ( إذا ) وما عطف عليها قوله ( عَلِمَتْ نَفْسٌ ) أى : علمت كل نفس وقت هذه المذكورات الأربعة ( مَّا قَدَّمَتْ ) من الأعمال وما أخرت منها فلم تعمله .ومعنى علم النفس بما قدمت وأخرت : العلم التفصيلى . وذلك عند نشر الصحف - كما تقدم فى سورة التكوير - أما العلم الإِجمالى فيحصل فى أول زمن الحشر ، لأن المطيع يرى آثار السعادة ، والعاصى يرى آثار الشقاوة فى أول الأمر ، وأما العلم التفصيلى فإنما يحصل عند قراءة الكتب والمحاسبة . .
وقوله: ( وَإِذَا الْقُبُورُ بُعْثِرَتْ ) يقول: وإذا القبور أُثيرت فاستخرج من فيها من الموتى أحياء، يقال: بعثر فلان حوض فلان: إذا جعل أسفله أعلاه، يقال: بعثرة وبحثرة: لغتان.وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك قال أهل التأويل.* ذكر من قال ذلك:حدثني عليّ، قال: ثنا أبو صالح، قال: ثني معاوية، عن عليّ، عن ابن عباس، في قوله: ( وَإِذَا الْقُبُورُ بُعْثِرَتْ ) يقول: بُحثت.
( علمت نفس ما قدمت وأخرت ) قيل : " ما قدمت " من عمل صالح أو سيئ و " أخرت " من سنة حسنة أو سيئة . وقيل : " ما قدمت " من الصدقات و " أخرت " من التركات على ما ذكرنا في قوله : " ينبأ الإنسان يومئذ بما قدم وأخر " ( القيامة - 13 ) .
عَلِمَتْ نَفْسٌ مَا قَدَّمَتْ وَأَخَّرَتْ (5)وجملة : { علمت نفس ما قدمت وأخرت } جوابٌ لما في { إذا } من معنى الشرط ، ويتنازع التعلق به جميع ما ذكر من كلمات { إذا } الأربع . وهذا العلم كناية عن الحساب على ما قدمت النفوس وأخرت .وعِلم النفوس بما قدمت وأخرت يحصل بعد حصول ما تضمنته جمل الشرط ب { إذا } إذ لا يلزم في ربط المشروط بشرطه أن يكون حصوله مقارناً لحصول شرطه لأنّ الشروط اللغوية أسباب وأمارات وليست عِللاً ، وقد تقدم بيان ذلك في سورة التكوير .صيغة الماضي في قوله : { انفطرت } وما عطف عليه مستعملة في المستقبل تشبيهاً لتحقيق وقوع المستقبل بحصول الشيء في الماضي .وإثبات العلم للناس بما قدموا وأخروا عند حصول تلك الشروط لعدم الاعتداد بعلمهم بذلك الذي كان في الحياة الدنيا ، فنزل منزلة عدم العلم كما تقدم بيانه في قوله : { علمت نفس ما أحضرت } في سورة التكوير ( 14 ) .ونفس } مراد به العموم على نحو ما تقدم في : { علمت نفس ما أحضرت } في سورة التكوير ( 14 ) .وما قدمت وأخرت } : هو العمل الذي قدمتْه النفس ، أي عملته مقدماً وهو ما عملته في أول العمر ، والعملُ الذي أخرته ، أي عملته مؤخراً أي في آخر مدة الحياة ، أو المراد بالتقديم المبادرة بالعمل ، والمراد بالتأخير مقابله وهو ترك العمل .والمقصود من هذين تعميم التوقيف على جميع ما عملته ومثله قوله تعالى : { ينبأ الإنسان يومئذ بما قدم وأخر } في سورة لا أقسم بيوم القيامة ( 13 ) .والعلم يتحقق بإدراك ما لم يكن معلوماً من قبل وبتذكر ما نُسي لطول المدة عليه كما تقدم في نظيره في سورة التكوير . وهذا وعيد بالحساب على جميع أعمال المشركين ، وهم المقصود بالسورة كما يشير إليه قوله بعد هذا : { بل تكذبون بالدين } [ الانفطار : 9 ] ، ووعد للمتقين ، ومختلط لمن عملوا عملاً صالحاً وآخر سيئاً .
وحشروا للموقف بين يدي الله للجزاء على الأعمال. فحينئذ ينكشف الغطاء، ويزول ما كان خفيا، وتعلم كل نفس ما معها من الأرباح والخسران، هنالك يعض الظالم على يديه إذا رأى أعماله باطلة، وميزانه قد خف، والمظالم قد تداعت إليه، والسيئات قد حضرت لديه، وأيقن بالشقاء الأبدي والعذاب السرمدي .و [هنالك] يفوز المتقون المقدمون لصالح الأعمال بالفوز العظيم، والنعيم المقيم والسلامة من عذاب الجحيم.
إذا بدت هذه الأمور من أشراط الساعة ختمت الأعمال فعلمت كل نفس ما كسبت ; فإنها لا ينفعها عمل بعد ذلك .وقيل : أي إذا كانت هذه الأشياء قامت القيامة , فحوسبت كل نفس بما عملت , وأوتيت كتابها بيمينها أو بشمالها , فتذكرت عند قراءته جميع أعمالها .وقيل : هو خبر , وليس بقسم , وهو الصحيح إن شاء الله تعالى .
The Quran informs us that the Day of Judgement will finally come: all of humanity will be assembled on that Day and will be rewarded or punished according to their deeds. These tidings are absolutely consistent with the present condition of the world. Indeed, the meaningful creation of man has its justification in this announcement. Moreover, a system exists in the present world for the recording of the words and deeds of man. That becomes understandable in the light of what the Quran tells us. (For details regarding the recording of words and deeds, see the commentator’s book titled: God Arises).
Commentary عَلِمَتْ نَفْسٌ مَّا قَدَّمَتْ وَأَخَّرَ‌تْ (...then one will know what he sent ahead and what he left behind....82:5) In the preceding verses [ 1-4] of the Surah, Allah depicts the scene of the Day of Judgment that when the sky splits, the stars fall, the seas are poured forth [ i.e. the fresh and salt water bodies will merge to form one mass of water ] and the graves are overturned [ i.e. corpses will emerge from their graves ], every soul shall come to know what it had sent ahead and what it had left behind. The phrase 'what he sent ahead' means the good or evil act which he has done in his life; and the phrase 'what he left behind' means what he failed to do or refrained from doing. It is also possible that 'what he sent ahead' refers to the acts he has done himself, and 'what he left behind' refers to the acts one has not done himself, but he has laid down a custom in the society. The Holy Prophet ﷺ is reported to have said: "If anyone establishes a good tradition in Islam, he will have a reward for it and the equivalent of the rewards of those who act upon it after him, without theirs being diminished in any respect; but he who establishes a bad custom in Islam will bear the responsibility of it and the responsibility of those who act upon it after him, without theirs being diminished in any respect." This subject was dealt with earlier under the following verse: يُنَبَّأُ الْإِنسَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِمَا قَدَّمَ وَأَخَّرَ 'Man will be informed of what he sent ahead and what he left behind. [ 75:13] '
(A soul) every soul at that point (will know what it hath sent before (it)) of good or evil (and what left behind) of good or evil wont; it is also said this means: it will know the acts of obedience it offered and those it missed.
[then] a soul will know what it has sent ahead and [what it has] left behind.That is, what it has sent forward, the good or bad, and what it left behind in the form of an evil practice that it initiated (sayyiʾa sannathā) and whatever [part of that practice] was emulated [by others afterwards]. His words, Exalted is He:
Which was revealed in Makkah The Virtues of Surat Al-Infitar An-Nasa'i recorded from Jabir that Mu`adh stood and lead the people in the Night prayer, and he made the recitation of his prayer long. So the Prophet said, «أَفَتَّانٌ أَنْتَ يَا مُعَاذُ؟ أَيْنَ كُنْتَ عَنْ سَبِّحِ اسْمَ رَبِّكَ الاّعْلَى وَالضُّحَى وَ إِذَا السَّمَآءُ انفَطَرَتْ » (Are you putting the people to trial O Mu`adh Why don't you recite (Glorify the Name of your Lord the Most High) (87), (By the forenoon) (93), and (When the heaven is cleft asunder) (82))" The basis of this Hadith is found in the Two Sahihs, however the mentioning of إِذَا السَّمَآءُ انفَطَرَتْ (When the heaven is cleft asunder.) has only been mentioned by An-Nasa'i. It has been previously mentioned in a narration from `Abdullah bin `Umar that the Prophet said, «مَنْ سَرَّهُ أَنْ يَنْظُرَ إِلَى الْقِيَامَةِ رَأْيَ عَيْنٍ فَلْيَقْرَأْ: إِذَا الشَّمْسُ كُوِّرَتْ و إِذَا السَّمَآءُ انفَطَرَتْ و إِذَا السَّمَآءُ انشَقَّتْ » (Whoever would be pleased to look at the Day of Resurrection with his own eyes, then let him recite, (When the sun is Kuwwirat.) (81) and; (When the heaven is cleft asunder) (82) and; (When the heaven is split asunder) (84).) بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ (In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. إِذَا السَّمَآءُ انفَطَرَتْ (When the heaven is cleft asunder (Infatarat).) meaning, it splits. This is as Allah says, السَّمَآءُ مُنفَطِرٌ بِهِ (Whereon the heaven will be cleft asunder (Munfatir)) (73:18) Then Allah says, وَإِذَا الْكَوَاكِبُ انتَثَرَتْ (And when the stars Intatharat.) meaning, fallen. وَإِذَا الْبِحَارُ فُجِّرَتْ (And when the seas Fujjirat.) `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported from Ibn `Abbas that he said, "Allah will cause some of it to burst forth over other parts of it." Al-Hasan said, "Allah will cause some parts of it to burst forth over other parts of it, and its water will go away." Qatadah said, "Its fresh water will mix with its salt water." وَإِذَا الْقُبُورُ بُعْثِرَتْ (And when the graves Bu`thirat.) Ibn `Abbas said, "searched." As-Suddi said, "Tub`athiru means that they will be moved and those who are in them will come out." عَلِمَتْ نَفْسٌ مَّا قَدَّمَتْ وَأَخَّرَتْ (A person will know what he has sent forward and left behind.) meaning, when this happens then this will occur. Mankind should not forget about Allah Allah says, يأَيُّهَا الإِنسَـنُ مَا غَرَّكَ بِرَبِّكَ الْكَرِيمِ (O man! What has made you careless about your Lord, the Most Generous) This is a threat. It is not an attempt to get a reply as some people mistakenly think. They consider it as if the Most Generous is asking them so that they will say, "His honor deceived him (or made him careless of his Lord)." rather the meaning of this Ayah is, "O Son of Adam! What has deceived you from your Lord, the Most Generous -- meaning the Most Great -- so that you went forth disobeying Him, and you met Him with that which was unbefitting." This is similar to what has been reported in the Hadith, «يَقُولُ اللهُ تَعَالَى يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ: يَا ابْنَ آدَمَ مَا غَرَّكَ بِي؟ يَا ابْنَ آدَمَ مَاذَا أَجَبْتَ الْمُرْسَلِينَ؟» (Allah will say on the Day of Judgement: "O Son of Adam! What has deceived you concerning Me O Son of Adam What was your response to the Messengers") Al-Baghawi mentioned that Al-Kalbi and Muqatil said, "This Ayah was revealed about Al-Aswad bin Shariq who struck the Prophet and he was not punished in retaliation. So Allah revealed, مَا غَرَّكَ بِرَبِّكَ الْكَرِيمِ (What has made you careless about your Lord, the Most Generous)" Then Allah said, الَّذِى خَلَقَكَ فَسَوَّاكَ فَعَدَلَكَ (Who created you, fashioned you perfectly, and gave you due proportion.) meaning, `what has deceived you concerning the Most Generous Lord' الَّذِى خَلَقَكَ فَسَوَّاكَ فَعَدَلَكَ (Who created you, fashioned you perfectly, and gave you due proportion.) meaning, `He made you complete, straight, and perfectly balanced and proportioned in stature. He fashioned you in the best of forms and shapes.' Imam Ahmad recorded from Busr bin Jahhash Al-Qurashi that one day the Messenger of Allah ﷺ spat in his palm and placed his finger on it. Then he said, «قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: يَا ابْنَ آدَمَ أَنْى تُعْجِزُنِي وَقَدْ خَلَقْتُكَ مِنْ مِثْلِ هذِهِ؟ حَتْى إِذَا سَوَّيْتُكَ وَعَدَلْتُكَ مَشَيْتَ بَيْنَ بُرْدَيْنِ، وَلِلْأَرْضِ مِنْكَ وَئِيدٌ، فَجَمَعْتَ وَمَنَعْتَ حَتْى إِذَا بَلَغَتِ التَّرَاقِيَ قُلْتَ: أَتَصَدَّقُ وَأَنَّى أَوَانُ الصَّدَقَةِ؟» (Allah the Mighty and Sublime says: "O Son of Adam! How can you escape Me when I created you from something similar to this (spit) Then I fashioned you and made your creation balanced so that you walked between the two outer garments. And the earth has a burial place for you. So you gathered (wealth) and withheld it until your soul reached your collarbone (i.e., death comes). Then, at that time you say, `I will give charity now.' But how will there be time for charity") This Hadith has also been recorded by Ibn Majah . Concerning Allah's statement, فِى أَىِّ صُورَةٍ مَّا شَآءَ رَكَّبَكَ (In whatever form He willed, He put you together.) Mujahid said, "In which resemblance: the father, the mother, the paternal uncle, or the maternal uncle." In the Two Sahihs it is recorded from Abu Hurayrah that a man said, "O Messenger of Allah! Verily, my wife has given birth to a black boy." The Prophet said, «هَلْ لَكَ مِنْ إِبِلٍ؟» (Do you have any camels) The man said, "Yes." The Prophet then said, «فَمَا أَلْوَانُهَا» (What color are they) The man said, "Red." The Prophet said, «فَهَلْ فِيهَا مِنْ أَوْرَق» (Do any of them have patches of gray) The man said, "Yes." The Prophet asked him, «فَأَنْى أَتَاهَا ذلِك» (How did this happen to them) The man replied, "It is probably an inherited genetical strain." The Prophet then said, «وَهَذَا عَسَى أَنْ يَكُونَ نَزَعَهُ عِرْق» (Likewise, this (with your son) is probably an inherited genetical strain.) The Cause of Deception and alerting to the Fact that Angels record the Deeds of the Children of Adam Concerning Allah's statement, كَلاَّ بَلْ تُكَذِّبُونَ بِالدِّينِ (Nay! But you deny (the Day of) Ad-Din.) meaning, `you are only compelled to oppose the Most Generous and meet Him with disobedience, by your rejection in your hearts of the Hereafter, the recompense and the reckoning.' Concerning Allah's statement, وَإِنَّ عَلَيْكُمْ لَحَـفِظِينَ - كِرَاماً كَـتِبِينَ - يَعْلَمُونَ مَا تَفْعَلُونَ (But verily, over you to watch you (are) Kiraman Katibin, they know all that you do.) (82:10-12) meaning, `indeed there are noble guardian angels over you, so do not meet them with evil deeds, because they write down all that you do.'