Hud — Verse 9

Allah created the Heavens and the Earth in Six Days Allah, the Exalted, informs of His power over all things, and that He created the heavens and the earth in six days. He mentions that His Throne was over the water before that, just as Imam Ahmad recorded that `Imran bin Husayn said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, «اقْبَلُوا الْبُشْرَى يَا بَنِي تَمِيم» (Accept the glad tidings, O tribe of Tamim!) They said, `Verily you have brought us glad tidings and you have given us.' Then he said, «اقْبَلُوا الْبُشْرَى يَا أَهْلَ الْيَمَن» (Accept the glad tidings, O people of Yemen!) They said, `We accept. Therefore, inform us about the beginning of this matter and how it was.' He said, «كَانَ اللهُ قَبْلَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ، وَكَانَ عَرْشُهُ عَلَى الْمَاءِ، وَكَتَبَ فِي اللَّوْحِ الْمَحْفُوظِ ذِكْرَ كُلِّ شَيْء» (Allah was before everything and His Throne was over the water. He then wrote in the Preserved Tablet mentioning everything.) Then a man came to me and said, "O `Imran, your she camel has escaped from her fetter." I then went out after her and I do not know what was said after I left." This Hadith has been recorded in the Two Sahihs of Al-Bukhari and Muslim with a variety of wordings. In Sahih Muslim, it is recorded that `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-`As said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, «إِنَّ اللهَ قَدَّرَ مَقَادِيرَ الْخَلَائِقِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَ السَّموَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ بِخَمْسِينَ أَلْفَ سَنَةٍ وَكَانَ عَرْشُهُ عَلَى الْمَاء» (Verily Allah measured the amount of sustenance of the creatures fifty thousand years before He created the heavens and the earth, and His Throne was over the water.) Under the explanation of this verse, Al-Bukhari recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, «قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: أَنْفِقْ أُنْفِقْ عَلَيْك» (Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, said, `Spend and I will spend on you.') And he said, «يَدُ اللهِ مَلْأَى لَا يَغِيضُهَا نَفَقَةٌ، سَحَّاءُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَار» (Allah's Hand is full, and it is not diminished by spending throughout the night and the day.) He also said, «أَفَرَأَيْتُمْ مَا أَنْفَقَ مُنْذُ خَلَقَ السَّموَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ فَإِنَّهُ لَمْ يَغِضْ مَا فِي يَمِينِهِ، وَكَانَ عَرْشُهُ عَلَى الْمَاءِ، وَبِيَدِهِ الْمِيزَانُ يَخْفِضُ وَيَرْفَع» (Have you seen what has been spent since the creation of the heavens and the earth Verily it does not diminish what is in His Right Hand (in the slightest) and His Throne was over the water. In His Hand is the Scale and he lowers and raises it.) Concerning Allah's statement, لِيَبْلُوَكُمْ أَيُّكُمْ أَحْسَنُ عَمَلاً (that He might try you, which of you is the best in deeds.) This means that He created the heavens and the earth for the benefit of His servants, whom He created so that they may worship Him and not associate anything with Him as a partner. Allah did not create this creation (of the heavens and the earth) out of mere frivolity. This is similar to His statement, وَمَا خَلَقْنَا السَّمَآءَ وَالاٌّرْضَ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا بَـطِلاً ذَلِكَ ظَنُّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فَوَيْلٌ لِّلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ مِنَ النَّارِ (And We created not the heaven and the earth and all that is between them without purpose! That is the consideration of those who disbelieve! Then woe to those who disbelieve from the Fire!) 38: 27 Allah the Exalted, said, أَفَحَسِبْتُمْ أَنَّمَا خَلَقْنَـكُمْ عَبَثاً وَأَنَّكُمْ إِلَيْنَا لاَ تُرْجَعُونَ - فَتَعَـلَى اللَّهُ الْمَلِكُ الْحَقُّ لاَ إِلَـهَ إِلاَّ هُوَ رَبُّ الْعَرْشِ الْكَرِيمِ (Did you think that We created you in play (without any purpose), and that you would not be brought back to Us So Exalted is Allah, the True King: there is no God but He, the Lord of the Supreme Throne!) 23:115-116 Allah, the Exalted, said, وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالإِنسَ إِلاَّ لِيَعْبُدُونِ (And I (Allah) created not the Jinn and mankind except that they should worship Me (Alone).) 51:56 Concerning the statement of Allah, لِيَبْلُوَكُمْ (that He might try you,) It means so that He (Allah) may test you. Concerning the statement, أَيُّكُمْ أَحْسَنُ عَمَلاً (which of you is the best in deeds.) It is important to note here that Allah did not say, "Which of you has done the most deeds." Rather, He said, "Best in deeds." A deed cannot be considered a good deed until it is done sincerely for Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, and it must be in accordance with the legislation of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Whenever a deed lacks one of these conditions, then it is null and void. The Polytheists hasten their Torment by arguing against Resurrection after Death Concerning Allah's statement, وَلَئِن قُلْتَ إِنَّكُمْ مَّبْعُوثُونَ مِن بَعْدِ الْمَوْتِ (But if you were to say to them: "You shall indeed be raised up after death.") Allah, the Exalted, is saying, "O Muhammad, if you were to inform these polytheists that Allah is going to resurrect them after their death, just as He created them originally (they would still reject)." Even though they know that Allah, the Exalted, is the One Who created the heavens and the earth, just as He said, وَلَئِن سَأَلْتَهُم مَّنْ خَلَقَهُمْ لَيَقُولُنَّ اللَّهُ (And if you ask them who created them, they will surely say: "Allah.")43:87 Allah says, وَلَئِن سَأَلْتَهُمْ مَّنْ خَلَقَ السَّمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرْضَ وَسَخَّرَ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ لَيَقُولُنَّ اللَّهُ (And if you were to ask them: "Who has created the heavens and the earth and subjected the sun and the moon" They will surely reply: "Allah.") 29:61 Even after their awareness of this (Allah's creating), they still reject the resurrection and the promised return on the Day of Judgement. Yet, in reference to ability, the resurrection is easier (for Allah to perform) than the original creation. As Allah said, وَهُوَ الَّذِى يَبْدَأُ الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ وَهُوَ أَهْوَنُ عَلَيْهِ (And He it is Who originates the creation, then He will repeat it (after it has perished); and this is easier for Him.) 30:27 Allah also said, مَّا خَلْقُكُمْ وَلاَ بَعْثُكُمْ إِلاَّ كَنَفْسٍ وَحِدَةٍ (The creation of you all and the resurrection of you all are only as (the creation and resurrection of) a single person.) 31:28 Concerning the statement, إِنْ هَـذَا إِلاَّ سِحْرٌ مُّبِينٌ (This is nothing but obvious magic.) The polytheists say this due to their disbelief and obstinacy. They say, "We do not believe your claim that resurrection will occur." They also say, "He (Muhammad) only says this (resurrection of the dead) because he is bewitched, and he wants you to follow him in what his bewitchment tells him. Concerning Allah's statement, وَلَئِنْ أَخَّرْنَا عَنْهُمُ الْعَذَابَ إِلَى أُمَّةٍ مَّعْدُودَةٍ (And if We delay the torment for them till a determined term,) Allah, the Exalted, is saying "If We delay the torment and the destruction of these polytheists until an appointed time and a period determined, and We promise them a specific time period (of life), they would still say, in rejection and haste; مَا يَحْبِسُهُ (What keeps it back) They mean by this, "What delays this torment from overtaking us" Both rejection and doubt are their very nature. Therefore, they have no escape or refuge from the torment. The Meanings of the Word Ummah The word Ummah is used in the Qur'an and Sunnah with a number of different meanings. Sometimes when it is used it means a specified period of time. An example is the statement of Allah, the Exalted, in this verse, إِلَى أُمَّةٍ مَّعْدُودَةٍ (till a determined Ummah (term),) This is also the meaning in the statement of Allah in Surah Yusuf, وَقَالَ الَّذِى نَجَا مِنْهُمَا وَادَّكَرَ بَعْدَ أُمَّةٍ (Then the man who was released, now after Ummah (some time) remembered.) 12:45 The word Ummah is also used to refer to the Imam (leader) who is followed. An example of this is in the statement of Allah, إِنَّ إِبْرَهِيمَ كَانَ أُمَّةً قَـنِتًا لِلَّهِ حَنِيفًا وَلَمْ يَكُ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ (Verily, Ibrahim was an Ummah, obedient to Allah, Hanif, and he was not of those who were polytheists.) 16:120 The word Ummah is also used to mean religion and religious creed. This is as Allah mentions concerning the polytheists, that they said, إِنَّا وَجَدْنَآ ءَابَآءَنَا عَلَى أُمَّةٍ وَإِنَّا عَلَى ءَاثَـرِهِم مُّقْتَدُونَ (Verily, we found our fathers following a certain way and religion, and we will indeed follow their footsteps. ) 43:23 The word Ummah is also used to mean a group (of people). This is as Allah says, وَلَمَّا وَرَدَ مَآءَ مَدْيَنَ وَجَدَ عَلَيْهِ أُمَّةً مِّنَ النَّاسِ يَسْقُونَ (And when he arrived at the water (well) of Madyan, he found there a group of men watering (their flocks).) 28:23 Allah also said, وَلَقَدْ بَعَثْنَا فِى كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولاً أَنِ اعْبُدُواْ اللَّهَ وَاجْتَنِبُواْ الْطَّـغُوتَ (And verily, We have sent among every Ummah a Messenger (proclaiming): "Worship Allah (Alone), and avoid Taghut.") 16:36 Allah also said, وَلِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ رَّسُولٌ فَإِذَا جَآءَ رَسُولُهُمْ قُضِىَ بَيْنَهُمْ بِالْقِسْطِ وَهُمْ لاَ يُظْلَمُونَ (And for every Ummah there is a Messenger; when their Messenger comes, the matter will be judged between them with justice, and they will not be wronged.) 10:47 The meaning of Ummah here is those people who have had a Messenger sent among them. The meaning of Ummah in this context includes the believers and the disbelievers among them. This is like what has been recorded in Sahih Muslim, «وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَا يَسْمَعُ بِي أَحَدٌ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ يَهُودِيٌّ وَلَا نَصْرَانِيٌّ ثُمَّ لَا يُؤْمِنُ بِي إِلَّا دَخَلَ النَّار» (By He in Whose Hand is my soul! there is no one of this Ummah, whether he be a Jew or Christian, who hears of me and does not believe in me, except that he will enter the Hell- fire.) In reference to the Ummah of followers, then they are those who believe in the Messengers, as Allah said, كُنتُمْ خَيْرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخْرِجَتْ لِلنَّاسِ (You (the followers of Prophet Muhammad) are the best Ummah ever raised up for mankind.) 3:110 In the Sahih the Prophet said, «فَأَقُولُ: أُمَّتِي أُمَّتِي» (Then I will say, "My Ummah (followers), my Ummah!") The word Ummah is also used to mean a sect or party. An example of this usage is in the statement of Allah, وَمِن قَوْمِ مُوسَى أُمَّةٌ يَهْدُونَ بِالْحَقِّ وَبِهِ يَعْدِلُونَ (And of the people of Musa there is an Ummah who lead (the men) with truth and established justice therewith.) 7:159 Likewise is His statement, مِّنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَـبِ أُمَّةٌ قَآئِمَةٌ (A party of the People of the Scripture stand for the right.) 3:113

And if We cause the disbelieving man to taste some mercy from Us such as wealth and good health and then wrest it from him lo! he is despairing having lost hope of God’s mercy ungrateful intensely ungrateful to Him.

And if We cause man to taste some mercy from Us, to the end of this [verse]: man ought to have confidence in God, trusting in Him, in poverty, wealth, hardship, comfort, sickness and health and [should] not veil himself from Him by the existence of a grace or in his striving or conduct with regard to acquiring [his livelihood], or [veil himself] by his strength or power to pursue his needs or in any one of the ways or means whatsoever, lest there should be despair upon the loss of those means or [alternatively] ungratefulness, the wantonness of comfort or insolence when they are forthcoming such that he then becomes remote from God, exalted be He, and forgets Him so that God forget him. Rather, he should see the giving and the withholding as being from Him and no one else. And so if He should bring upon him a mercy in the way of health or a grace, he should thank Him first by seeing that as being from Him and witnessing the Gracious in the form of [His] grace, which is [done] with the heart then with the limbs by using them in that which satisfies Him and in acts of obedience to Him and by fulfilling His dues with regards to that [mercy]; then [he should thank Him] with his tongue by [words of] praise and laudation, fully certain that He has the power to strip [him] of it, and preserving it by giving thanks for it, seeking more of it on the basis of His saying, exalted be He: If you are thankful, then assuredly I shall give you more [Q. 14:7]. The Commander of the Believers [ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib], peace be upon him, said: 'If the edges of grace reach you, then do not repel the fullness of it by the sparsity of [your] thanks'. Then if He should wrest it from him, let him be patient and not grieve for it, in the full knowledge that it is He who has wrested it from him and no one else because of some welfare that will [ultimately] finds its way to him. For the Lord, exalted be He, is like a father who is compassionate in the nurturing of him, nay, He is more gentle and more merciful, since a father is veiled from what God knows seeing only the immediate and outward welfare, while He is the Knower of the unseen and the visible, knowing what is in his immediate and future best interest.

And if We cause man to taste some mercy from Us, to the end of this [verse]: man ought to have confidence in God, trusting in Him, in poverty, wealth, hardship, comfort, sickness and health and [should] not veil himself from Him by the existence of a grace or in his striving or conduct with regard to acquiring [his livelihood], or [veil himself] by his strength or power to pursue his needs or in any one of the ways or means whatsoever, lest there should be despair upon the loss of those means or [alternatively] ungratefulness, the wantonness of comfort or insolence when they are forthcoming such that he then becomes remote from God, exalted be He, and forgets Him so that God forget him. Rather, he should see the giving and the withholding as being from Him and no one else. And so if He should bring upon him a mercy in the way of health or a grace, he should thank Him first by seeing that as being from Him and witnessing the Gracious in the form of [His] grace, which is [done] with the heart then with the limbs by using them in that which satisfies Him and in acts of obedience to Him and by fulfilling His dues with regards to that [mercy]; then [he should thank Him] with his tongue by [words of] praise and laudation, fully certain that He has the power to strip [him] of it, and preserving it by giving thanks for it, seeking more of it on the basis of His saying, exalted be He: If you are thankful, then assuredly I shall give you more [Q. 14:7]. The Commander of the Believers [ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib], peace be upon him, said: 'If the edges of grace reach you, then do not repel the fullness of it by the sparsity of [your] thanks'. Then if He should wrest it from him, let him be patient and not grieve for it, in the full knowledge that it is He who has wrested it from him and no one else because of some welfare that will [ultimately] finds its way to him. For the Lord, exalted be He, is like a father who is compassionate in the nurturing of him, nay, He is more gentle and more merciful, since a father is veiled from what God knows seeing only the immediate and outward welfare, while He is the Knower of the unseen and the visible, knowing what is in his immediate and future best interest.

ولئن أعطينا الإنسان مِنَّا نعمة من صحة وأمن وغيرهما، ثم سلبناها منه، إنه لَشديد اليأس من رحمة الله، جَحود بالنعم التي أنعم الله بها عليه.

يخبر تعالى عن الإنسان وما فيه من الصفات الذميمة إلا من رحم الله من عباده المؤمنين أنه إذا أصابته شدة بعد نعمة حصل له يأس وقنوط من الخير بالنسبة إلى المستقبل وكفر وجحود لماضي الحال كأنه لم ير خيرا ولم يرج بعد ذلك فرجا.

ثم بين - سبحانه - جانبا من طبيعة بنى آدم إلا من عصم الله فقال - تعالى - ( وَلَئِنْ أَذَقْنَا الإنسان مِنَّا رَحْمَةً ثُمَّ نَزَعْنَاهَا مِنْهُ إِنَّهُ لَيَئُوسٌ كَفُورٌ . . . )والمراد بالإِنسان هنا الجنس على أرجح الأقوال ، فيشمل المسلم وغيره ، بدليل الاستثناء الآتى بعد ذلك فى قوله ( إِلاَّ الذين صَبَرُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ الصالحات )قال الفخر الرازى ما ملخصه : المراد بالإِنسان هنا مطلق الإِنسان يدل عليه وجوه :الأول : أنه - تعالى - استثنى منه قوله ( إِلاَّ الذين صَبَرُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ الصالحات ) والاسثتناء يخرج من الكلام ما لولاه لدخل ، فثبت أن الإِنسان المذكور فى هذه الآية داخل فيه المؤمن والكافر .الثانى : أن هذه الآية موافقة على هذا التقرير لقوله - سبحانه - : ( والعصر . إِنَّ الإنسان لَفِى خُسْرٍ . إِلاَّ الذين آمَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ الصالحات . . . ) الثالث : أن مزاج الإِنسان مجبول على الضعف والعجز . قال ابن جريج فى تفسير هذه الآية : " يا بن آدم إذا نزلت بك نعمة من الله فأنت كفور ، فإذا نزعت منك فيؤوس قنوط " .وقيل المراد بالإنسان هنا جنس الكفار فقط ، لأن هذه الأوصاف تناسبهم وحدهم .والمراد بالرحمة هنا : رحمة الدنيا ، وأطلقت على أثرها وهو النعمة كالصحة والغنى والأمان وما يشبه ذلك من ألوان النعم .واليؤوس والكفور : صيغتا مبالغة للشخص الكثير اليأس ، والكفر ، والقنوط : الشديد الجحود لنعم الله - تعالى - يقال : يئس من الشئ ييأس ، إذا قنط منه .والمعنى : ولئن منحنا الإِنسان - بفضلنا وكرمنا - بعض نعمنا ، كالصحة والغنى والسلطان والأمان ( ثُمَّ نَزَعْنَاهَا مِنْهُ ) أى : ثم سلبناها منه ، لأن حكمتنا تقتضى ذلك .( إنه ) فى هذه الحالة ( لَيَئُوسٌ كَفُورٌ ) أى : لشديد اليأس والقنومن من أن يرجع إليه ما سلب منه أو مثله ، ولكثير الكفران والجحود لما سبق أن تقلب فيه من نعم ومنن .قال الشوكانى : وفى التعبير بالذوق ما يدل على أنه يكون منه ذلك عند سلب أدنى نعمة ينعم الله بها عليه : " لأن الإِذاعة والذوق أقل ما يوجد به الطعم " .وفى قوله : " ثم نزعناها منه " إشارة إلى شدة تعلقه بهذه النعم ، وحرصه على بقائها معه .وجملة ( إِنَّهُ لَيَئُوسٌ كَفُورٌ ) جواب القسم ، وأكدت بإن وباللام ، لقصد تحقيق مضمونها ، وأنه حقيقة ثابتة .وهى تصوير بليغ صادق لما يعترى نفس هذا الإِنسان عندما تسلب منه النعمة بعد أن ذاقها - فهو - لقلة إيمانه وضعف ثقته بربه - قد فقد كل أمل فى عودة هذه النعمة إليه ، ولكأن هذه النعمة التى سلبت منه لم يرها قبل ذلك .

القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَلَئِنْ أَذَقْنَا الإِنْسَانَ مِنَّا رَحْمَةً ثُمَّ نـزعْنَاهَا مِنْهُ إِنَّهُ لَيَئُوسٌ كَفُورٌ (9)قال أبو جعفر: يقول تعالى ذكره: ولئن أذَقنا الإنسان منّا رخاء وسعةً في الرزق والعيش، فبسطنا عليه من الدنيا (33) ، وهي " الرحمة " التي ذكرها تعالى ذكره في هذا الموضع ، (ثم نـزعناها منه) ، يقول: ثم سلبناه ذلك، فأصابته مصائب أجاحته فذهبت به (34) ، (إنه ليئوس كفور) ، يقول: يظل قَنِطًا من رحمة الله ، آيسًا من الخير.* * *وقوله: " يئوس " ، " فعول "، من قول القائل: " يئس فلان من كذا ، فهو يئوس " ، إذا كان ذلك صفة له. (35) .وقوله: " كفور "، يقول: هو كفُور لمن أنعم عليه، قليل الشكر لربّه المتفضل عليه ، بما كان وَهَب له من نعمته. (36)* * *وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك قال أهل التأويل.*ذكر من قال ذلك:18004- حدثنا القاسم قال ، حدثنا الحسين قال ، حدثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج: (ولئن أذقنا الإنسان منا رحمة ثم نـزعناها منه إنه ليئوس كفور) ، قال: يا ابن آدم ، إذا كانت بك نعمة من الله من السعة والأمن والعافية ، فكفور لما بك منها، وإذا نـزعت منك نبتغي قَدْعك وعقلك (37) فيئوس من روح الله، قنوطٌ من رحمته، كذلك المرء المنافق والكافر.-------------------------الهوامش :(33) انظر تفسير " الذوق " فيما سلف ص : 146 ، تعليق : 6 ، والمراجع هناك .(34) انظر تفسير " النزع " فيما سلف 12 : 437 / 13 : 17 .(35) انظر تفسير " اليأس " فيما سلف 9 : 516 .(36) انظر تفسير " الكفر " فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة ( كفر ) .(37) في المطبوعة : " يبتغي لك فراغك ، فيؤوس . . . " ، غير ما في المخطوطة ، وكان فيها هكذا : " يسعى فرعك وعقلك فيؤوس " ، وصواب قراءتها ما أثبت . و " القدع " : الكف والمنع .

قوله تعالى : ( ولئن أذقنا الإنسان منا رحمة ) نعمة وسعة ، ( ثم نزعناها منه ) أي : سلبناها منه ، ( إنه ليئوس ) قنوط في الشدة ، ( كفور ) في النعمة .

عطف على جملة { ولئن أخّرْنَا عنهم العذاب إلى أمّة معدُودة } [ هود : 8 ]. فإنه لما ذكر أن ما هم فيه متاع إلى أجل معلوم عند الله . وأنهم بطروا نعمة التمتيع فسخروا بتأخير العذاب ، بيّنت هذه الآية أن أهل الضلالة راسخون في ذلك لأنّهم لا يفكّرون في غير اللّذَات الدنيوية فتجري انفعالاتهم على حسب ذلك دون رجاء لتغير الحال ، ولا يتفكرون في أسباب النعيم والبؤس وتصرفات خالق الناس ومُقدّر أحوالهم ، ولا يتّعظون بتقلبات أحوال الأمم ، فشأن أهل الضلالة أنّهم إن حلّت بهم الضراءُ بعد النعمة ملكهم اليأس من الخير ونَسُوا النعمة فجحدوها وكفروا منعمها ، فإنّ تأخير العذاب رحمةٌ وإتيان العذاب نزع لتلك الرحمة ، وهذه الجملة في قوة التذييل . فتعريف ( الإنسان ) تعريف الجنس مراد به الاستغراق ، وبذلك اكتسبت الجملة قوة التذييل . فمعيار العموم الاستثناء في قوله تعالى : { إلاّ الذّين صبرُوا وعملُوا الصّالحَات } [ هود : 11 ] كما يأتي ، فيكون الاستغراق عرفياً جارياً على اصطلاح القرآن من إطلاق لفظ الإنسان أو الناس ، ولأن وصفي { يؤوس كفور } يُناسبان المشركين فيتخصص العام بهم .وقيل التّعريف في { الإنسان } للعهد مراد منه إنسان خاص ، فرَوى الواحدي عن ابن عبّاس أنّها نزلت في الوليد بن المغيرة . وعنه أنّها نزلت في عبد الله بن أبي أميّة المخزومي . ويجوز أن يكون المراد كلّ إنسان إذا حلّ به مثل ذلك على تفاوت في النّاس في هذا اليأس .واللاّم موطئة للقسم .والإذاقة مستعملة في إيصال الإدراك على وجه المجاز ، واختيرت مادة الإذاقة لما تشعر به من إدراك أمر محبوب لأنّ المرء لا يذوق إلاّ ما يشتهيه .والرحمة ، أريدَ بها : رحمة الدنيا . وأطلقت على أثرها وهو النعمة كالصحة والأمن والعافية ، والمراد النعمة السابقة قبل نزول الضر .والنزع حقيقته : خلع الثوب عن الجسد . واستعمل هنا في سلب النعمة على طريقة الاستعارة ، ولذلك عدّي بحرف ( من ) دون ( عن ) لأنّ المعنى على السلب والافتكاك ، فذكر ( من ) تجريد للمجاز .وجملة { إنه ليؤوس كفور } جواب القسم ، وجردت من الافتتاح باللاّم استغناء عنها بحرف التوكيد وبلام الابتداء في خبر ( إنّ ). واستغني بجواب القسم عن جواب الشرط المقارن له كما هو شأن الكلام المشتمل على شرط وقسم كما تقدم في قوله : { ولئن أخّرنا عنهم العذاب } [ هود : 8 ] إلى آخره .واليؤوس والكفور مثالا مبالغة في الآيس وكافر النعمة ، أي جاحدها ، والمراد بالكفور : منكر نعمة الله لأنّه تصدُر منه أقوال وخواطر من السخط على ما انتابه كأنّه لم ينعم عليه قط .وتأكيد الجملة باللاّم الموطئة للقسم وبحرف التوكيد في جملة جواب القسم لقصد تحقيق مضمونها وأنّه حقيقة ثابتة لا مبالغة فيها ولا تغليب .

يخبر تعالى عن طبيعة الإنسان، أنه جاهل ظالم بأن الله إذا أذاقه منه رحمة كالصحة والرزق، والأولاد، ونحو ذلك، ثم نزعها منه، فإنه يستسلم لليأس، وينقاد للقنوط، فلا يرجو ثواب الله، ولا يخطر بباله أن الله سيردها أو مثلها، أو خيرا منها عليه.

قوله تعالى : ولئن أذقنا الإنسان منا رحمة ثم نزعناها منه إنه ليئوس كفورقوله تعالى : ولئن أذقنا الإنسان الإنسان اسم شائع للجنس في جميع الكفار . ويقال : إن الإنسان هنا الوليد بن المغيرة وفيه نزلت . وقيل : في عبد الله بن أبي أمية المخزومي .رحمة أي نعمة .ثم نزعناها منه أي سلبناه إياها .إنه ليئوس أي يائس من الرحمة ." كفور " للنعم جاحد لها ; قاله ابن الأعرابي . النحاس : " ليئوس " من يئس [ ص: 12 ] ييأس ، وحكى سيبويه يئس ييئس على فعل يفعل ، ونظيره حسب يحسب ونعم ينعم ، وبئس يبئس ; وبعضهم يقول : يئس ييئس ; ولا يعرف في الكلام العربي إلا هذه الأربعة الأحرف من السالم جاءت . على فعل يفعل ; وفي واحد منها اختلاف . وهو يئس ، و " يئوس " على التكثير كفخور للمبالغة .

In the present world, man is given ease and hardship by turns. But here, neither is comfort given as a reward nor is hardship imposed as a punishment. The purpose of both is to put human beings to the test. This world is a great examination hall. The purpose of whatever happens to man here is to see what sort of responses he offers to different testing conditions. That man is a failure whose behaviour is such that when he receives some worldly bounties from God, he becomes proud; he behaves with haughtiness towards those who appear to him of a lower status than himself. Similarly, that person is also a failure who displays ingratitude when some bounty is taken away from him or he becomes the victim of some affliction. Even after being deprived of something, a man still possesses many things granted to him by God. But man forgets them and becomes so desperate over that one loss, it is as if he had been robbed of everything. On the contrary, those who fully measure up to the standards of Faith are individuals who are patient and righteous in their deeds. That is, in spite of every setback, they keep their emotional balance and continue to exercise moderation; they continue to do whatever they are required to do as subjects of God. What is patience? It is a man’s conduct being shaped by principles and not by the conditions and situations in which he finds himself. Whatever may be the condition, he should rise above them and formulate his views purely in the light of Truth. He should have the courage to live on the level of his Faith and moral awareness, unaffected by the prevailing conditions. This sort of life is one of piety. Those who establish their piety in this way will be the ones who will share God’s bounties in the future life and have a place in God’s eternal Gardens.

Commentary In the verses appearing above, it has been confirmed that the Holy Prophet ﷺ is a Messenger of Allah and an answer has been given to those who engineer doubts about it. At the beginning, in the first three verses (9-11), an instinctively bad human habit has been mentioned with an instruction to Muslims that they should stay away from it. That man is naturally fickle-minded and haste-prone, and that he tends to be consumed by his immediate condition and puts all concerns of the past and future out of his mind, has been described in the first two verses (9, 10). It has been said: If We let man taste a blessing and then take it back, he loses courage and hope and turns ungrateful. And if We let him taste a blessing after he has suffered from some hardship, he forgets all about his suffering and starts bragging and boasting. In other words, man is given to hurry things, takes the present as everything, does not bother to refer to the past or show concern for the future, therefore, a suffering after a blessing makes him lose hope and slide into ungratefulness. He never thinks that Allah who blessed him first could bless him again. Similarly, if one gets comfort after suffering, then he, rather than recall his past suffering, turn to Allah and be grateful to Him, starts waxing more proud and arrogant. In that state, he forgets his past and goes about thinking that Allah's blessings were his right, he has to have these, and that he remains under the impression that this was how he would continue for the rest of his life. So heedless he becomes that it just does not occur to him that the way the days of suffering did not continue any more, the same thing could hap-pen to the days of comfort and they too could vanish. Such is the state of human worship of the present and so tragic is the penchant for forgetting the past and the present that a power-hungry man would not even blink to raise the edifice of his power on the blood and dust of another man of power. Always looking up, he would never look down to recall that this had been the fate of the man of power before him. Sad ends and ill fates make no effect on him for power in the present tastes good. When people start worshipping the present and elect to remain drunk with the state they are in, that is high time for Books of Allah and His Messengers to come. When they do, they bring the lesson-oriented events of the past into sharp focus for heedless man to see things in this perspective and have a little concern for what would happen to them in the future. The lesson they teach is: Ponder over the changing conditions of the universe you are in and get to know the power working behind these - great sermonizers from the Lord! A perfect believer, in fact, a perfect human being is one who is able to perceive the hidden Power behind every change, revolution, sorrow and comfort, ignore their transitory phases, dismiss their material causes as the sole explanation. The mark of an intelligent person is that he looks at the originator or causer of causes more than he would look at causes, and it is with Him alone that he would relate to as firmly as possible.

(And if We cause man) the disbeliever (to taste some mercy) a blessing (from Us and afterward withdraw it from him, lo! he is despairing) he becomes the most despairing and despondent thing from Allah's mercy, (thankless) he denies Allah's blessing and is not grateful.