It was mentioned in the Tawrah that the Jews would spread Mischief twice
Allah tells us that He made a declaration to the Children of Israel in the Scripture, meaning that He had already told them in the Book which He revealed to them, that they would cause mischief on the earth twice, and would become tyrants and extremely arrogant, meaning they would become shameless oppressors of people, Allah says:
وَقَضَيْنَآ إِلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ الاٌّمْرَ أَنَّ دَابِرَ هَـؤُلآْءِ مَقْطُوعٌ مُّصْبِحِينَ
(And We made known this decree to him, that the root of those (sinners) was to be cut off in the early morning.)(15:66), meaning, We already told him about that and informed him of it.
The First Episode of Mischief caused by the Jews, and their Punishment for it
فَإِذَا جَآءَ وَعْدُ أُولَـهُمَا
(So, when the promise came for the first of the two) meaning the first of the two episodes of mischief.
بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَّنَآ أُوْلِى بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ
(We sent against you servants of Ours given to terrible warfare.) means, `We unleashed soldiers against you from among Our creatures who were given to terrible warfare,' i.e., they had great strength and weapons and power. They entered the very innermost parts of your homes, meaning they took possession of your land and invaded the very innermost parts of your homes, going between and through your houses, coming and going freely with no fear of anyone. This was the promise (completely) fulfilled. The earlier and later commentators differed over the identity of these invaders. Many Isra'iliyyat (reports from Jewish sources) were narrated about this, but I did not want to make this book too long by mentioning them, because some of them are fabricated, concocted by their heretics, and others may be true, but we have no need of them, praise be to Allah. What Allah has told us in His Book (the Qur'an) is sufficient and we have no need of what is in the other books that came before. Neither Allah nor His Messenger required us to refer to them. Allah told His Messenger that when (the Jews) committed transgression and aggression, Allah gave their enemies power over them to destroy their country and enter the innermost parts of their homes. Their humiliation and subjugation was a befitting punishment, and your Lord is never unfair or unjust to His servants. They had rebelled and killed many of the Prophets and scholars. Ibn Jarir recorded that Yahya bin Sa`id said: "I heard Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib saying: `Nebuchadnezzar conquered Ash-Sham (Greater Syria, including Palestine), destroying Jerusalem and killing them, then he came to Damascus and found blood boiling in a censer. He asked them: What is this blood They said: We found our forefathers doing this. Because of that blood, he killed seventy thousand of the believers and others, then the blood stopped boiling. This report is Sahih from Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib, and this event is well-known, as he (Nebuchadnezzar) killed their nobles and scholars, and did not leave alive anyone who knew the Tawrah by heart. He took many prisoners from the sons of the Prophets and others, and did many other things that would take too long to mention here. If we had found anything that was correct or close enough, we could have written it and reported it here. And Allah knows best. Then Allah says:
إِنْ أَحْسَنتُمْ أَحْسَنتُمْ لاًّنفُسِكُمْ وَإِنْ أَسَأْتُمْ فَلَهَا
((And We said): "If you do good, you do good for your own selves, and if you do evil (you do it) against yourselves.") As Allah says elsewhere:
مَّنْ عَمِلَ صَـلِحاً فَلِنَفْسِهِ وَمَنْ أَسَآءَ فَعَلَيْهَا
(Whosoever does a righteous good deed, it is for (the benefit of) himself; and whosoever does evil, it is against himself.) 45:15
The Second Episode of Mischief
Then Allah says:
فَإِذَا جَآءَ وَعْدُ الاٌّخِرَةِ
(Then, when the second promise came to pass,) meaning, the second episode of mischief, when your enemies came again,
لِيَسُوءُواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ
((We permitted your enemies) to disgrace your faces) meaning, to humiliate you and subdue you,
وَلِيَدْخُلُواْ الْمَسْجِدَ
(and to enter the Masjid) meaning, Bayt Al-Maqdis (Jerusalem).
كَمَا دَخَلُوهُ أَوَّلَ مَرَّةٍ
(as they had entered it before,) when they entered the very innermost parts of your homes.
وَلِيُتَبِّرُواْ
(and to destroy) wrecking and inflicting ruin upon it.
مَا عَلَوْاْ
(all that fell in their hands.) everything they could get their hands on.
تَتْبِيرًاعَسَى رَبُّكُمْ أَن يَرْحَمَكُمْ
(with utter destruction. It may be that your Lord may show mercy unto you) meaning that He may rid you of them.
وَإِنْ عُدتُّمْ عُدْنَا
(but if you return (to sins), We shall return (to Our punishment).) meaning, if you return to causing mischief,
عُدْنَا
(We shall return) means, We `will once again punish you in this world, along with the punishment and torment We save for you in the Hereafter.'
وَجَعَلْنَا جَهَنَّمَ لِلْكَـفِرِينَ حَصِيرًا
(And We have made Hell a prison Hasir for the disbelievers.) meaning, a place of permanent detention, a prison which cannot be avoided or escaped. Ibn `Abbas said, "Hasir here means a jail." Mujahid said, "They will be detained in it." Others said like- wise. Al-Hasan said, "Hasir means a bed of Fire." Qatadah said: "The Children of Israel returned to aggres- sion, so Allah sent this group against them, Muhammad ﷺ and his companions, who made them pay the Jizyah, with willing submission, and feeling themselves subdued."
So when the time for the first of the two prophecies the first of the two occasions for corruption came We roused against you servants of Ours of great might men who are strong in war and assault who ransacked who came and went seeking you out through your habitations in the very midst of your homes in order to slay you and take others among you captive and it was a promise fulfilled. Their first act of corruption was their slaying of the prophet Zachariah. So Goliath and his army were roused against them and they slew them and took their children captive and destroyed the Holy House of Jerusalem.
So when the time for the first of the two [prophecies] came, that is, the time of the evil sequel for the first of the two, We roused against you servants of Ours, from among the attributes of the heart and the lights of the angelic realm and intellectual opinions, of great might, possessing authority and [power of] subjugation, who ransacked, the habitations of your abodes and loci, slaying some of you through repression and subjugation and enslaving the offspring of corporeal configurations and ego-centric vices and plundering the substance of sensory objects of perception and bestial and predatorial pleasures, and it was a promise, from God, that would come to pass, since He has deposited the potential for perfection and the demand for it in your preparedness and has centred the proofs of the intellect in your primordial nature.
So when the time for the first of the two [prophecies] came, that is, the time of the evil sequel for the first of the two, We roused against you servants of Ours, from among the attributes of the heart and the lights of the angelic realm and intellectual opinions, of great might, possessing authority and [power of] subjugation, who ransacked, the habitations of your abodes and loci, slaying some of you through repression and subjugation and enslaving the offspring of corporeal configurations and ego-centric vices and plundering the substance of sensory objects of perception and bestial and predatorial pleasures, and it was a promise, from God, that would come to pass, since He has deposited the potential for perfection and the demand for it in your preparedness and has centred the proofs of the intellect in your primordial nature.
فإذا وقع منهم الإفساد الأول سَلَّطْنا عليهم عبادًا لنا ذوي شجاعة وقوة شديدة، يغلبونهم ويقتلونهم ويشردونهم، فطافوا بين ديارهم مفسدين، وكان ذلك وعدًا لا بدَّ مِن وقوعه؛ لوجود سببه منهم.
وقوله "فإذا جاء وعد أولاهما" أي أولى الإفسادتين "بعثنا عليكم عبادا لنا أولي بأس شديد" أي سلطنا عليكم جندا من خلقنا أولي بأس شديد أي قوة وعدة وعدد وسلطنة شديدة "فجاسوا خلال الديار" أي تملكوا بلادكم وسلكوا خلال بيوتكم أي بينها ووسطها وانصرفوا ذاهبين وجائين لا يخافون أحدا وكان وعدا مفعولا وقد اختلف المفسرون من السلف والخلف في هؤلاء المسلطين عليهم من هم؟ فعن ابن عباس وقتادة أنه جالوت الجزري وجنوده سلط عليهم أولا ثم أديلوا عليه بعد ذلك. وقتل داود جالوت ولهذا قال "ثم رددنا لك الكرة عليهم".
ثم بين - سبحانه - أنه يسلط عليهم بعد إفسادهم الأول فى الأرض ، من يقهرهم ويستبيح حرماتهم ، ويدمرهم تدميرا ، فقال - تعالى - : ( فَإِذَا جَآءَ وَعْدُ أُولاهُمَا بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَاداً لَّنَآ أُوْلِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ فَجَاسُواْ خِلاَلَ الديار وَكَانَ وَعْداً مَّفْعُولاً ) .والمراد بالوعد : الموعد المحدد لعقابهم بسبب إفسادهم فى الأرض ، فالكلام على حذف مضاف ، والضمير فى ( أولاهما ) يعود على المرتين المعبر عنهما بقول : ( لَتُفْسِدُنَّ فِي الأرض مَرَّتَيْنِ ) .وقوله ( فجاسوا ) ممعطوف على ( بعثنا ) وأصل الجوس : طلب الشئ باستقصاء واهتمام لتنفيذ ما من أجله كان الطلب .والمعنى : فإذا حان وقت عقابكم - يابنى إسرائيل - على أولى مرتى إفسادكم بعثنا عليكم ووجهنا إليكم ( عِبَاداً لَّنَآ أُوْلِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ ) أى أصحاب بطش شديد فى الحروب والقتال ، فأذلوكم وقهروكم ، وفتشوا عنكم بين المساكن والديار ، لقتل من بقى منكم على قيد الحياة ، وكان البعث المذكور وما ترتب عليه من قتلكم وسلب أموالكم ، وهتك أعراضكم ، وتخريب دياركم .. . وعدا نافذا لا مرد له ، ولا مفر لكم منه .قال الآلوسى : واختلف فى تعيين هؤلاء العباد - الذين بعثهم الله لمعاقبة بنى إسرائيل بعد إفسادهم الأول - فعن ابن عباس وقتادة : هم جالوت وجنوده ، وقال ابن جبير وابن إسحاق : هم سنحاريب ملك بابل وجنوده . وقيل : هم العمالقة ، وقيل : بختنصر .وسنبين رأينا فيمن سلطه الله - تعالى - عليهم فى المرتين ، بعد تفسيرنا لهذه الآيات الكريمة .فإن قال قائل : وما فائدة أن يخبر الله - تعالى - بنى إسرائيل فى التوراة أنهم يفسدون فى الأرض مرتين . وأنه يعاقبهم على ما كان منهم من استعلاء وطغيان ، بأن يسلط عليهم من يذلهم ويقهرهم ويقضى عليهم؟ .فالجواب : أن إخبارهم بذلك يفيد أن الله - عز وجل - لا يظلم الناس شيئا ، وإنما يعاقبهم على ما يكون منهم من إفساد ويعفو عن كثير ، وأن رحمته مفتوحة للعصاة متى تابوا وأنابوا وأصلحوا من شأن أنفسهم .وهناك فائدة أخرى لهذا الإِخبار ، وهو تنبيه العقلاء فى جميع الأمم أن يحذروا من مواقعة المعاصى التى تؤدى إلى الهلاك ، وأن يحذروا أممهم من ذلك ، ويبصروهم بسوء عاقبة السير فى طريق الغى ، حتى لا يعرضوا أنفسهم لعقاب الله - عز وجل - .ومن فوائد إيراد هذا الخبر فى القرآن الكريم ، تنبيه اليهود المعاصرين للنبى صلى الله عليه وسلم ومن على شاكلتهم فى الفسوق والعصيان من المشركين ، إلى سنة من سنن الله فى خلقه ، وهى أن الإِفساد عاقبته الخسران .فعلى اليهود وغيرهم من الناس أن يتبعوا الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم الذى ثبتت نبوته ثبوتا لاشك فيه ، لكى يسعدوا فى دنياهم وآخرتهم .ثم أشار - سبحانه - إلى الفائدة الثالثة من هذا الإِخبار ، وهى أن الأمم المغلوبة على أمرها .
وأما قوله ( فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولاهُمَا ) يعني: فإذا جاء وعد أولى المرّتين اللتين يفسدون بهما في الأرض. كما حدثني يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد، في قوله ( فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولاهُمَا ) قال: إذا جاء وعد أولى تينك المرّتين اللتين قضينا إلى بني إسرائيل ( لَتُفْسِدُنَّ فِي الأرْضِ مَرَّتَيْنِ ).وقوله ( بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ فَجَاسُوا خِلالَ الدِّيَارِ وَكَانَ وَعْدًا مَفْعُولا ) يعني تعالى ذكره بقوله (بعَثْنا عَلَيْكُمْ) وجَّهنا إليكم، وأرسلنا عليكم ( عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ ) يقول: ذوي بطش في الحروب شديد. وقوله ( فَجَاسُوا خِلالَ الدِّيَارِ وَكَانَ وَعْدًا مَفْعُولا )يقول: فتردّدوا بين الدور والمساكن، وذهبوا وجاءوا، يقال فيه: جاس القوم بين الديار وحاسوا بمعنى واحد، وجست أنا أجوس جوسا وجوسانا.وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك، رُوي الخبر عن ابن عباس.حدثني عليّ بن داود، قال: ثنا عبد الله، قال: ثني معاوية، عن عليّ، عن ابن عباس ( فَجَاسُوا خِلالَ الدِّيَارِ ) قال: مشوا. وكان بعض أهل المعرفة بكلام العرب من أهل البصرة يقول: معنى جاسوا: قتلوا، ويستشهد لقوله ذلك ببيت حسان:وَمِنَّــا الَّـذِي لاقـى بسَـيْفِ مُحَـمَّدٍفَجـاسَ بِـهِ الأعْـدَاءَ عُرْضَ العَساكِرِ (12)وجائز أن يكون معناه: فجاسوا خلال الديار، فقتلوهم ذاهبين وجائين، فيصح التأويلان جميعا، ويعني بقوله ( وَكَانَ وَعْدًا مَفْعُولا ) وكان جوس القوم الذين نبعث عليهم خلال ديارهم وعدا من الله لهم مفعولا ذلك، لا محالة، لأنه لا يخلف الميعاد.ثم اختلف أهل التأويل في الذين عنى الله بقوله (أُولي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ) فيما كان من فعلهم في المرّة الأولى في بني إسرائيل حين بعثوا عليهم، ومن الذين بعث عليهم في المرّة الآخرة، وما كان من صنعهم بهم، فقال بعضهم: كان الذي بعث الله عليهم في المرّة الأولى جالوت، وهو من أهل الجزيرة.* ذكر من قال ذلك:حدثني محمد بن سعد، قال: ثنا أبي، قال: ثني عمي، قال: ثني أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس، قوله ( فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولاهُمَا بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ فَجَاسُوا خِلالَ الدِّيَارِ وَكَانَ وَعْدًا مَفْعُولا ) قال: بعث الله عليهم جالوت، فجاس خلال ديارهم، وضرب عليهم الخراج والذلّ، فسألوا الله أن يبعث لهم ملكا يُقاتلون في سبيل الله، فبعث الله طالوت، فقاتلوا جالوت، فنصر الله بني إسرائيل، وقُتل جالوت بيدي داود، ورجع الله إلى بني إسرائيل ملكهم.حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله ( فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولاهُمَا بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ فَجَاسُوا خِلالَ الدِّيَارِ وَكَانَ وَعْدًا مَفْعُولا ) قضاء قضى الله على القوم كما تسمعون، فبعث عليهم في الأولى جالوت الجزري، فسبى وقتل، وجاسوا خلال الديار كما قال الله، ثم رجع القوم على دخن فيهم.حدثنا محمد بن عبد الأعلى، قال: ثنا محمد بن ثور، عن معمر، عن قتادة ، قال: أما المرّة الأولى فسلَّط الله عليهم جالوت، حتى بعث طالوت ومعه داود، فقتله داود.وقال آخرون: بل بعث عليهم في المرّة الأولى سنحاريب، وقد ذكرنا بعض قائلي ذلك فيما مضى ونذكر ما حضرنا ذكره ممن لم نذكره قبل.حدثني يعقوب بن إبراهيم، قال: ثنا ابن علية، عن أبي المعلى، قال: سمعت سعيد بن جبير، يقول في قوله ( بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ ) قال: بعث الله تبارك وتعالى عليهم في المرّة الأولى سنحاريب من أهل أثور ونينوى، فسألت سعيدا عنها، فزعم أنها الموصل.حدثنا القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثني حجاج عن ابن جريج، قال: ثنى يعلى بن مسلم بن سعيد بن جبير، أنه سمعه يقول: كان رجل من بني إسرائيل يقرأ حتى إذا بلغ ( بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ ) بكى وفاضت عيناه، وطبق المصحف، فقال ذلك ما شاء الله من الزمان، ثم قال: أي ربّ أرني هذا الرجل الذي جعلت هلاك بني إسرائيل على يديه، فأري في المنام مسكينا ببابل، يقال له بختنصر، فانطلق بمال وأعبد له، وكان رجلا موسرا، فقيل له أين تريد؟ قال: أريد التجارة حتى نـزل دارا ببابل، فاستكراها ليس فيها أحد غيره، فحمل يدعو المساكين ويلطف (13) بهم حتى لم يبق أحد، فقال: هل بقي مسكين غيركم؟ قالوا: نعم، مسكين بفجّ آل فلان مريض يقال له بختنصر، فقال لغلمته: انطلقوا، حتى أتاه، فقال: ما اسمك؟ قال: بختنصر، فقال لغلمته: احتملوه، فنقله إليه ومرّضه حتى برأ، فكساه وأعطاه نفقة، ثم آذن الإسرائيلي بالرحيل، فبكى بختنصر، فقال الإسرائيلي : ما يبكيك؟ قال: أبكي أنك فعلت بي ما فعلت، ولا أجد شيئا أجزيك، قال: بلى شيئا يسيرا، إن ملكت أطعتني، فجعل الآخر يتبعه ويقول : تستهزئ بي، ولا يمنعه أن يعطيه ما سأله، إلا أنه يرى أنه يستهزئ به، فبكى الإسرائيلي وقال: ولقد علمت ما يمنعك أن تعطيني ما سألتك، إلا أن الله يريد أن ينفذ ما قد قضاه وكتب في كتابه وضرب الدهر من ضربه؛ فقال يوما صيحون، وهو ملك فارس ببابل: لو أنا بعثنا طليعة إلى الشام؟ قالوا: وما ضرّك لو فعلت؟ قال: فمن ترون؟ قالوا: فلان، فبعث رجلا وأعطاه مئة ألف، وخرج بختنصر في مطبخه، لم يخرج إلا ليأكل في مطبخه؛ فلما قدم الشام ورأى صاحب الطليعة أكثر أرض الله فرسا ورجلا جلدا، فكسر ذلك في ذرعه، فلم يسأل (14) قال: فجعل بختنصر يجلس مجالس أهل الشام فيقول: ما يمنعكم أن تغزوا بابل، فلو غزوتموها ما دون بيت مالها شيء، قالوا: لا نُحسن القتال، قال: فلو أنكم غزوتم، قالوا: إنا لا نحسن القتال ولا نقاتل حتى أنفذ مجالس أهل الشام، ثم رجعوا فأخبر الطليعة ملكهم بما رأى، وجعل بختنصر يقول لفوارس الملك: لو دعاني الملك لأخبرته غير ما أخبره فلان؛ فرُفع ذلك إليه، فدعاه فأخبره الخبر وقال: إن فلانا لما رأى أكثر أرض الله فرسا ورجلا جلدا، كبر ذلك في روعه ولم يسألهم عن شيء، وإني لم أدع مجلسا بالشام إلا جالست أهله، فقلت لهم كذا وكذا، وقالوا لي كذا وكذا، الذي ذكر سعيد بن جبير أنه قال لهم، قال الطليعة لبختنصر: إنك فضحتني (15) لك مئة ألف وتنـزع عما قلت، قال: لو أعطيتني بيت مال بابل ما نـزعت، ضرب الدهر من ضربه؛ فقال الملك: لو بعثنا جريدة خيل إلى الشام، فإن وجدوا مساغا ساغوا، وإلا انثنوا ما قدروا عليه، قالوا: ما ضرّك لو فعلت؟ قال: فمن ترون؟ قالوا: فلان، قال: بل الرجل الذي أخبرني ما أخبرني، فدعا بختنصر وأرسله، وانتخب معه أربعة آلاف من فرسانهم، فانطلقوا فجاسوا خلال الديار ، فسبوا ما شاء الله ولم يخربوا ولم يقتلوا، ومات صيحون الملك (16) قالوا: استخلفوا رجلا قالوا: على رسلكم حتى تأتي أصحابكم فإنهم فرسانكم، لن ينقضوا عليكم شيئا، أمهلوا؛ فأمهلوا حتى جاء بختنصر بالسبي وما معه، فقسمه في الناس، فقالوا: ما رأينا أحدا أحق بالملك من هذا، فملَّكوه.حدثني يونس بن عبد الأعلى، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: أخبرني سليمان بن بلال، عن يحيى بن سعيد قال: سمعت سعيد بن المسيب يقول: ظهر بختنصر على الشام، فخرّب بيت المقدس وقتلهم، ثم أتى دمشق، فوجد بها دما يغلي على كبا : أي كناسة، فسألهم ما هذا الدم؟ قالوا: أدركنا آباءنا على هذا وكلما ظهر عليه الكبا ظهر، قال: فقتل على ذلك الدم سبعين ألفا من المسلمين وغيرهم، فسكن.وقال آخرون: يعني بذلك قوما من أهل فارس، قالوا: ولم يكن في المرّة الأولى قتال.* ذكر من قال ذلك:حدثني محمد بن عمرو، قال: ثنا أبو عاصم، قال: ثنا عيسى ، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد ( فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولاهُمَا بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ فَجَاسُوا خِلالَ الدِّيَارِ ) قال: من جاءهم من فارس يتجسسون أخبارهم، ويسمعون حديثهم، معهم بختنصر، فوعى أحاديثهم من بين أصحابه، ثم رجعت فارس ولم يكن قتال، ونصرت عليهم بنو إسرائيل، فهذا وعد الأولى.حدثني الحرث، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثنا ورقاء ، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد ( بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ ) جند جاءهم من فارس يتجسسون أخبارهم، ثم ذكر نحوه.حدثنا القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج، عن مجاهد ( فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولاهُمَا بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ ) قال: ذلك أي من جاءهم من فارس، ثم ذكر نحوه.---------------------الهوامش :(12) البيت شاهد على أن جاس، معناه: قتل. وقال في (اللسان: جوس) الجوس: مصدر جاس جوسا وجوسانا: تردد. وفي التنزيل العزيز: "فجاسوا خلال الديار": أي ترددوا بينها للغارة. وقال الفراء: قتلوكم بين بيوتكم، قال: وجاسوا وحاسوا بمعنى واحد: يذهبون ويجيئون. وقال الزجاج: "فجاسوا خلال الديار": فطافوا في خلال الديار، ينظرون: هل بقي أحد لم يقتلوه؛ وفي الصحاح: "فجاسوا خلال الديار": أي تخللوها ، فطلبوا ما فيها، كما يجوس الرجل الأخبار: أي يطلبها.(13) في عرائس المجالس للثعلبي: ويتلطف بهم، حتى لا يأتيه أحد مسكين إلا أعطاه.(14) في عرائس المجالس للثعلبي: فلم يسألهم عن شيء.(15) كذا في تاريخ الطبري طبع أوربة. وفي الأصل : إن صحبتني. تحريف.(16) كذا في عرائس المجالس للثعلبي ص 336 طبعة الحلبي ، وفي الأصل : ورمى في جنازة صحورا .
( فإذا جاء وعد أولاهما ( يعني : أولى المرتين .قال قتادة : إفسادهم في المرة الأولى ما خالفوا من أحكام التوراة ، وركبوا المحارم .وقال ابن إسحاق : إفسادهم في المرة الأولى قتل شعياء بين الشجرة وارتكابهم المعاصي .( بعثنا عليكم عبادا لنا ( قال قتادة : يعني جالوت الجزري وجنوده وهو الذي قتله داود .وقال سعيد بن جبير : يعني سنجاريب من أهل نينوى .وقال ابن إسحاق : بختنصر البابلي وأصحابه . وهو الأظهر .( أولي بأس ( ذوي بطش ، ( شديد ( في الحرب ، ( فجاسوا ( أي فطافوا وداروا ( خلال الديار ( وسطها يطلبونكم ويقتلونكم والجوس طلب الشيء بالاستقصاء . قال الفراء : جاسوا : قتلوكم بين بيوتكم .( وكان وعدا مفعولا ( قضاء كائنا لا خلف فيه .
والوعد مصدر بمعنى المفعول ، أي موعود أولى المرتين ، أي الزمان المقدر لحصول المرة الأولى من الإفساد والعلو ، كقوله : { فإذا جاء وعد ربي جعله دكاً } [ الكهف : 98 ].ومثل ذلك قوله : { وكان وعداً مفعولا } أي معمولاً ومنفذاً .وإضافة { وعد } إلى { أولاهما } بيانية ، أي الموعود الذي هو أولى المرتين من الإفساد والعلو .والبعث مستعمل في تكوين السير إلى أرض إسرائيل وتهيئة أسبابه حتى كأن ذلك أمر بالمسير إليهم كما مر في قوله : { ليبعثن عليهم إلى يوم القيامة من يسومهم سوء العذاب } في سورة [ الأعراف : 167 ] ، وهو بعث تكوين وتسخير لا بعث بوحي وأمر .وتعدية { بعثنا } بحرف الاستعلاء لتضمينه معنى التسليط كقوله : { ليبعثن عليهم إلى يوم القيامة من يسومهم سوء العذاب } [ الأعراف : 167 ].والعِباد : المملوكون ، وهؤلاء عباد مخلوقية ، وأكثر ما يقال : عباد الله . ويقال : عَبيد ، بدون إضافة ، نحو { وما ربك بظلام للعبيد } [ فصلت : 46 ] ، فإذا قصد المملوكون بالرق قيل : عَبيد ، لا غير . والمقصود بعباد الله هنا الأشوريون أهل بابل وهم جنود بختنصر .والبأس : الشوكة والشدة في الحرب . ووصفه بالشديد لقوته في نوعه كما في آية سورة سليمان [ النمل : 33 ] : { قالوا نحن أولوا قوة وأولوا بأس شديد . } وجملة { فجاسوا } عطف على { بعثنا } فهو من المقضي في الكتاب . والجوس : التخلل في البلاد وطرقها ذهاباً وإياباً لتتبع ما فيها . وأريد به هنا تتبّع المقاتلة فهو جوس مضرة وإساءة بقرينة السياق .و ( خلال ) اسم جاء على وزن الجموع ولا مفرد له ، وهو وسط الشيء الذي يتخلل منه . قال تعالى : { فترى الودق يخرج من خلاله } [ الروم : 48 ].والتعريف في الديار } تعريف العهد ، أي دياركم ، وذلك أصل جعل ( ال ) عوضاً عن المضاف إليه . وهي ديار بلد أورشليم فقد دخلها جيش بختنصر وقتل الرجال وسبى ، وهدم الديار ، وأحرق المدينة وهيكل سليمان بالنار . ولفظ ( الديار ) يشمل هيكل سليمان لأنه بيت عبادتهم ، وأسر كل بني إسرائيل وبذلك خلت بلاد اليهود منهم . ويدل لذلك قوله في الآية الآتية : { وليدخلوا المسجد كما دخلوه أول مرة }.
{ فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولَاهُمَا } أي: أولى المرتين اللتين يفسدون فيهما. أي: إذا وقع منهم ذلك الفساد { بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ } بعثا قدريا وسلطنا عليكم تسليطا كونيا جزائيا { عِبَادًا لَنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ } أي: ذوي شجاعة وعدد وعدة فنصرهم الله عليكم فقتلوكم وسبوا أولادكم ونهبوا أموالكم، وجاسوا خِلَالَ دياركم فهتكوا الدور ودخلوا المسجد الحرام وأفسدوه. { وَكَانَ وَعْدًا مَفْعُولًا } لا بد من وقوعه لوجود سببه منهم. واختلف المفسرون في تعيين هؤلاء المسلطين إلا أنهم اتفقوا على أنهم قوم كفار. إما من أهل العراق أو الجزيرة أو غيرها سلطهم الله على بني إسرائيل لما كثرت فيهم المعاصي وتركوا كثيرا من شريعتهم وطغوا في الأرض.
قوله تعالى : فإذا جاء وعد أولاهما بعثنا عليكم عبادا لنا أولي بأس شديد فجاسوا خلال الديار وكان وعدا مفعولاقوله تعالى : فإذا جاء وعد أولاهما أي أولى المرتين من فسادهم .بعثنا عليكم عبادا لنا أولي بأس شديد [ ص: 195 ] هم أهل بابل ، وكان عليهم بختنصر في المرة الأولى حين كذبوا إرمياء وجرحوه وحبسوه ; قاله ابن عباس وغيره . وقال قتادة : أرسل عليهم جالوت فقتلهم ، فهو وقومه أولو بأس شديد . وقال مجاهد : جاءهم جند من فارس يتجسسون أخبارهم ومعهم بختنصر فوعى حديثهم من بين أصحابه ، ثم رجعوا إلى فارس ولم يكن قتال ، وهذا في المرة الأولى ، فكان منهم جوس خلال الديار لا قتل ; ذكره القشيري أبو نصر . وذكر المهدوي عن مجاهد أنه جاءهم بختنصر فهزمه بنو إسرائيل ، ثم جاءهم ثانية فقتلهم ودمرهم تدميرا . ورواه ابن أبي نجيح عن مجاهد ; ذكره النحاس . وقال محمد بن إسحاق في خبر فيه طول : إن المهزوم سنحاريب ملك بابل ، جاء ومعه ستمائة ألف راية تحت كل راية مائة ألف فارس فنزل حول بيت المقدس فهزمه الله - تعالى - وأمات جميعهم إلا سنحاريب وخمسة نفر من كتابه ، وبعث ملك بني إسرائيل واسمه صديقة في طلب سنحاريب فأخذ مع الخمسة ، أحدهم بختنصر ، فطرح في رقابهم الجوامع وطاف بهم سبعين يوما حول بيت المقدس وإيلياء ويرزقهم كل يوم خبزتين من شعير لكل رجل منهم ، ثم أطلقهم فرجعوا إلى بابل ، ثم مات سنحاريب بعد سبع سنين ، واستخلف بختنصر وعظمت الأحداث في بني إسرائيل ، واستحلوا المحارم وقتلوا نبيهم شعيا ; فجاءهم بختنصر ودخل هو وجنوده بيت المقدس وقتل بني إسرائيل حتى أفناهم . وقال ابن عباس وابن مسعود : أول الفساد قتل زكريا . وقال ابن إسحاق : فسادهم في المرة الأولى قتل شعيا نبي الله في الشجرة ; وذلك أنه لما مات صديقة ملكهم مرج أمرهم وتنافسوا على الملك وقتل بعضهم بعضا وهم لا يسمعون من نبيهم ; فقال الله - تعالى - له قم في قومك أوح على لسانك ، فلما فرغ مما أوحى الله إليه عدوا عليه ليقتلوه فهرب فانفلقت له شجرة فدخل فيها ، وأدركه الشيطان فأخذ هدبة من ثوبه فأراهم إياها ، فوضعوا المنشار في وسطها فنشروها حتى قطعوها وقطعوه في وسطها . وذكر ابن إسحاق أن بعض العلماء أخبره أن زكريا مات موتا ولم يقتل وإنما المقتول شعيا . وقال سعيد بن جبير في قوله - تعالى - : ثم بعثنا عليكم عبادا لنا أولي بأس شديد فجاسوا خلال الديار هو سنحاريب [ ص: 196 ] من أهل نينوى بالموصل ملك بابل . وهذا خلاف ما قال ابن إسحاق ، فالله أعلم .فجاسوا خلال الديار قيل : إنهم العمالقة وكانوا كفارا ، قاله الحسن . ومعنى جاسوا : عاثوا وقتلوا ; وكذلك جاسوا وهاسوا وداسوا ، قاله ابن عزيز ، وهو قول القتيبي . وقرأ ابن عباس : ( حاسوا ) بالحاء المهملة . قال أبو زيد : الحوس والجوس والعوس والهوس : الطواف بالليل . وقال الجوهري : الجوس مصدر قولك جاسوا خلال الديار ، أي تخللوها فطلبوا ما فيها كما يجوس الرجل الأخبار أي يطلبها ; وكذلك الاجتياس . والجوسان ( بالتحريك ) الطوفان بالليل ; وهو قول أبي عبيدة . وقال الطبري : طافوا بين الديار يطلبونهم ويقتلونهم ذاهبين وجائين ; فجمع بين قول أهل اللغة . قال ابن عباس : مشوا وترددوا بين الدور والمساكن . وقال الفراء : قتلوكم بين بيوتكم ; وأنشد لحسان :ومنا الذي لاقى بسيف محمد فجاس به الأعداء عرض العساكروقال قطرب : نزلوا ; قال :فجسنا ديارهم عنوة وأبنا بسادتهم موثقيناوكان وعدا مفعولا أي قضاء كائنا لا خلف فيه .
The ‘corruption’, or fasad, referred to here occurred among the Children of Israel after the advent of Moses. This happened in two stages. The details of the first instance of corruption are found in the Old Testament books of Psalms, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. The details of the second instance of corruption are found in the words of Jesus in the New Testament in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. The Prophet Muhammad was taken from Makkah to al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, in order to be shown ‘the sign of God.’ One of these signs is also the history associated with al-Masjid al-Aqsa. The above verse just means a place of worship situated at a distance. It is called the farthest place of worship, because it was situated at a distance of 765 miles from Makkah. Al-Masjid al-Aqsa, in this context, refers to the Jewish place of worship, that is, the Haykal Synagogue. This Jewish synagogue, built by Solomon in 957 BC, was razed to the ground in 586 BC by the king of Babylonia, Nebuchadnezzar II. After a long period of time, the Jews rebuilt their place of worship. This was gain reduced to ruins in AD 70 by the Romans. This history is a manifestation of God’s Law which lays down that if a community entrusted with the Holy Scriptures discharges the obligations attached to them, then it is given a high status in this world, as well as success in the Hereafter. If it fails to do so, it is made subject to oppressive communities, which make it a victim of their tyranny and exploitation. The manifestation of this law has occurred again and again in the case of former bearers of the scriptures. Two important events of direct relevance have been referred to here, so that a lesson may be taken from them. In the beginning God blessed the Children of Israel and delivered them from the Pharaoh’s tyranny and permitted them to occupy Palestine and establish their rule there. But then, corruption set in among the Jews. They started engaging in polytheistic practices, became the victims of differences and schisms, and separated into different groups. As a result of this repeated disobedience to God, the Children of Israel had to submit to Nebuchadnezzar, the King of Babylon, who established his dominion over Palestine. Thereafter, he chose a member of the royal family of the Jews and appointed him as his representative to rule over them. But, the Jews, considering this subordinate state damaging to their national pride, rebelled against it. This was despite being advised against rebellion by one of their prophets, Jeremiah. The King of Babylon became so incensed that once again, in 486 B.C., he attacked Palestine with all his military might. The Jews were not only totally defeated, but their temple in Jerusalem, which was the last sign of their glory, was also completely demolished.
Sequence of Verses
Verses 2 and 3 featuring the statement: (We made it guidance for the children of Bani Isra'il) exhorted the Bani Isra'il to follow and obey the Divine Law. The verses that follow warn and admonish them on their disobedience. These verses mention two events relating to the Bani Isra'il so that they serve as a lesson. Tuned to sin and disobedience, first they increased the tempo of their hostility. Allah Ta` ala set their enemies upon them. They shook them up. The Jews got the message, cut down on their mischief and gave the impression of having been corrected. But, soon after, the same lust for mischief and misdeeds overtook them. So then, Allah Ta’ ala had them punished at the hands of their enemies. The Qur'an mentions two events while history carries six like these:
1. The first event came to pass some time after the demise of Sayyidna Sulayman (علیہ السلام) ، the founder of Al-Masjid al-Aqsa, when the ruler of Baytul-maqdis became irreligious and corrupt. The ruler of Egypt attacked him and took away the gold and silver of Baytul-maqdis. But, he did not demolish the city and the Masjid.
2. The second event relates to the period nearly four hundred years after that. Some Jews settled in Baytul-maqdis started idol-worship while the rest began disputing among themselves. This ill omen prompted another ruler of Egypt to attack them which somewhat affected the city and the Masjid both. After that, their condition took a turn for the better.
3. The third event came to pass after some years when Nebuchadnezzar, the King of Babylon ransacked Baytul-maqdis. He conquered the city, looted property and took back a lot of people as prisoners of war. When he left, he had a member of the family of the former king appointed a ruler of the city as his deputy.
4. When this new king, who worshipped idols and was corrupt, rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar, he returned, killed people, destroyed property en masse and burned the city razing it to rubbles. This happened nearly four hundred and fifteen years after the construction of the Masjid. After that, the Jews went out as exiles to Babylon where they lived in disgrace for seventy years. After that, the King of Iran attacked the King of Babylon and conquered it. Then the King of Iran showed mercy to the Jewish expatriates and ordered that they should be sent back to Syria along with things looted from them. Now the Jews had repented having forsaken their habitual sins and misdeeds. When they resettled there, they restored the original structure of Al-Masjid al-Aqsa with the support of the King of Iran.
5. Then came the fifth event. When the Jews had peace and prosperity once again, the first thing they forgot was their past. They returned to the kind of evil deeds they were used to. Then, it so happened that, one hundred and seventy years before the birth of Sayyidna ` Isa (علیہ السلام) ، the king who had founded Antakiah (Antioch) attacked, killed forty thousand Jews and took with him another forty thousand as prisoners and slaves, even desecrated the Masjid though its structure remained safe. But, later, the successors of that king rendered the city and the Masjid totally denuded. Soon after this, Baytul-maqdis came under the authority of Roman kings. They put the Masjid back into shape and it was after eight years that Sayyidna ` Isa (علیہ السلام) was born.
6. Forty years after the physical ascension of Sayyidna ` Isa (علیہ السلام) ، the Jews chose to rebel against their Roman rulers. The Romans destroyed the city and the Masjid once again relegating it to what it was. The king at that time was called Titus who was neither Jewish nor Christian because long after him Constantine I was a Christian. From that time to the time of Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ ، this Masjid lay desolate until he had it reconstructed. These six events have been reported in Tafsir Bayan al-Qur'an with reference to Tafsir Haqqani.
Now, it is difficult to precisely determine as to which two out of those mentioned above are the two events mentioned by the Holy Qur’ an. But, as obvious, the events that are major and serious among these, in which the Jews were far too wicked and more seriously punished too, should be taken as the likely ones. The fourth and the sixth event seem to be fit for such application. At this point, a lengthy Hadith narrated by Sayyidna Hudhayfah ؓ ، with its chains of authority ascending to the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، has been reported in Tafsir al-Qurtubi. It also helps in determining that these two events mean the fourth and the sixth event. The translation of this lengthy Hadith is given below:
Sayyidna Hudhayfah ؓ says that he asked the Holy Prophet ﷺ if Baytul-maqdis was a great Masjid in the sight of Allah. He said that it was the most distinct house of Worship in the world, the greatest of all houses, which Allah Ta’ ala made for Sulayman (علیہ السلام) ، the son of Dawud, peace be on both, with gold, silver and precious stones like ruby and emerald. The manner in which this happened was, when Sulayman (علیہ السلام) started its construction, Allah Ta` ala made the Jinn subservient to him. The Jinn collected this gold, silver and precious stones and used them in the making of the Masjid. Sayyidna Hudhayfah ؓ ' says that he, then, asked as to where and how did all that gold, silver and precious stones go out of Baytul-Maqdis? The Holy Prophet ﷺ said: When the Bani Isra'il disobeyed Allah Ta` ala, got involved in sins and misdeeds and killed their noble prophets, Allah Ta` ala set King Nebuchadnezzar on them. He was a fire-worshipper who ruled Baytul-Maqdis for seven hundred years.
And when the Qur’ an says: فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولَاهُمَا بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَّنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ (So, when came the time appointed for the first of the two, We sent upon you some servants belonging to Us having strong aggressive power - 17:5), it means this event. The army of Nebuchadnezzar entered the Masjid of al-Quds, killed men, took women and children prisoners and carried away with him all gold, silver and everything of value belonging to Baytul-maqdis loaded on one hundred and seventy thousand vehicles. He kept the treasure in his country, Babylon and kept the children of Isra'il as his serfs and slaves for a hundred years making them do hard labor in utter disgrace.
Then Allah Ta’ ala made a king from among the kings of Persia to stand up against him. He conquered Babylon, freed the remnants of Bani Isra'il from the bondage of Nebuchadnezzar and made arrangements to have all valuables he had brought from Baytul-maqdis returned back to it. Then he sternly told the Bani Isra'il that should they, in future, return to disobedience and sin, he too will return the punishment of killing and prison back on them. This is what the verse of the Qur'an: عَسَىٰ رَبُّكُمْ أَن يَرْحَمَكُمْ ۚ وَإِنْ عُدتُّمْ عُدْنَا (May be your Lord would bestow mercy upon you. And if you do this again, We shall do that again - 17:8) means.
Later, when the Bani Isra'il had come back to Baytul-maqdis (with lost wealth and property in their possession), they went back to the life of sins and misdeeds. At that time, Allah Ta` ala set the Roman Emperor, Caesar upon them. This is what the verse: فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ الْآخِرَةِ لِيَسُوءُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ (Later, when came the time appointed for the second, [ We sent others ] so that they spoil your faces - 17:7) means. The Roman Emperor launched a two-pronged attack, from the land and the sea. He killed many and many were those he took prisoners. Then he had all this wealth of Baytul-maqdis loaded on one hundred and seventy thousand vehicles and took it home. There he had it deposited in the Temple of Gold. This wealth is still there, and there it will remain until comes the Mahdi who would bring these back to Baytul-maqdis on one hundred and seventy thousand boats and it will be at this place that Allah Ta’ ala will assemble everyone, former and later. (Lengthy Hadith as reported by al-Qurtubi in his Tafsir)
It appears in Bayan al-Qur'an, that the two events mentioned in the Qur'an refer to the disobedience of two Divine Codes of Law, first the disobedience to the Code brought by Sayyidna Musa (علیہ السلام) and, then, after the advent of Sayyidna 'Isa (علیہ السلام) the disobedience to the Code brought by him. Thus, all events described above can be considered as relevant to the first disobedience. Now that we have gone through the details of the events, we can turn to the explanation of the verses cited above.
Commentary
The outcome of the events mentioned above is that Allah Ta’ ala had decreed that the Bani Isra'il will be successful, having the best of both worlds, the material and the spiritual, as long as they continue to obey Allah. But, whenever they deviate from the dictates of Faith, they shall be put to disgrace, and that they would be subjected to punishment at the hands of enemies and disbelievers. Then, not only that the enemies will run over them destroying their lives and properties, but it would also happen that their Qiblah, their sacred Baytul-Maqdis, will also not remain safe against the onslaught of that enemy. Their disbelieving enemies will barge into the Mosque of Baytul-Maqdis and defile and damage it. This too will be a part of the punishment of Bani Isra'il themselves. The Holy Qur'an has told us about two events relating to them. The first one dates back to the time of Mosaic religious law while the second pertains to the Christian. During both these periods, the Bani Isra'il rebelled against the divine law of the time. In the first case, a disbelieving Magian monarch was made to sit over them, and Baytul-Maqdis, who brought great destruction upon them. In the second case, a Roman emperor was set against them who killed and pillaged and made Baytul-Maqdis all demolished and rendered desolate. And along with this description, it has also been mentioned that the Bani Isra'il - when, on both occasions, they repented from their misdeeds resolving not to go near them again - Allah Ta` ala reinstated their country, wealth and children.
(So when the time for the first of the two) the first of the two punishments; it is also said that this means: the first of the two corruptions (came, We roused against you slaves of Ours) Nebuchadnezzar and the host of the king of Babylon (of great might) of tremendous fighting skills (who ravaged (your) country) who killed you in the streets in the middle of your country, (and it was a threat performed) a decreed threat that surely takes place, that if you do such-and-such I will do this to you. Thus they stayed in captivity of Nebuchadnezzar for 90 years until Allah helped them with Koresh from Hamadan [Persia].
It was mentioned in the Tawrah that the Jews would spread Mischief twice
Allah tells us that He made a declaration to the Children of Israel in the Scripture, meaning that He had already told them in the Book which He revealed to them, that they would cause mischief on the earth twice, and would become tyrants and extremely arrogant, meaning they would become shameless oppressors of people, Allah says:
وَقَضَيْنَآ إِلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ الاٌّمْرَ أَنَّ دَابِرَ هَـؤُلآْءِ مَقْطُوعٌ مُّصْبِحِينَ
(And We made known this decree to him, that the root of those (sinners) was to be cut off in the early morning.)(15:66), meaning, We already told him about that and informed him of it.
The First Episode of Mischief caused by the Jews, and their Punishment for it
فَإِذَا جَآءَ وَعْدُ أُولَـهُمَا
(So, when the promise came for the first of the two) meaning the first of the two episodes of mischief.
بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَّنَآ أُوْلِى بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ
(We sent against you servants of Ours given to terrible warfare.) means, `We unleashed soldiers against you from among Our creatures who were given to terrible warfare,' i.e., they had great strength and weapons and power. They entered the very innermost parts of your homes, meaning they took possession of your land and invaded the very innermost parts of your homes, going between and through your houses, coming and going freely with no fear of anyone. This was the promise (completely) fulfilled. The earlier and later commentators differed over the identity of these invaders. Many Isra'iliyyat (reports from Jewish sources) were narrated about this, but I did not want to make this book too long by mentioning them, because some of them are fabricated, concocted by their heretics, and others may be true, but we have no need of them, praise be to Allah. What Allah has told us in His Book (the Qur'an) is sufficient and we have no need of what is in the other books that came before. Neither Allah nor His Messenger required us to refer to them. Allah told His Messenger that when (the Jews) committed transgression and aggression, Allah gave their enemies power over them to destroy their country and enter the innermost parts of their homes. Their humiliation and subjugation was a befitting punishment, and your Lord is never unfair or unjust to His servants. They had rebelled and killed many of the Prophets and scholars. Ibn Jarir recorded that Yahya bin Sa`id said: "I heard Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib saying: `Nebuchadnezzar conquered Ash-Sham (Greater Syria, including Palestine), destroying Jerusalem and killing them, then he came to Damascus and found blood boiling in a censer. He asked them: What is this blood They said: We found our forefathers doing this. Because of that blood, he killed seventy thousand of the believers and others, then the blood stopped boiling. This report is Sahih from Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib, and this event is well-known, as he (Nebuchadnezzar) killed their nobles and scholars, and did not leave alive anyone who knew the Tawrah by heart. He took many prisoners from the sons of the Prophets and others, and did many other things that would take too long to mention here. If we had found anything that was correct or close enough, we could have written it and reported it here. And Allah knows best. Then Allah says:
إِنْ أَحْسَنتُمْ أَحْسَنتُمْ لاًّنفُسِكُمْ وَإِنْ أَسَأْتُمْ فَلَهَا
((And We said): "If you do good, you do good for your own selves, and if you do evil (you do it) against yourselves.") As Allah says elsewhere:
مَّنْ عَمِلَ صَـلِحاً فَلِنَفْسِهِ وَمَنْ أَسَآءَ فَعَلَيْهَا
(Whosoever does a righteous good deed, it is for (the benefit of) himself; and whosoever does evil, it is against himself.) 45:15
The Second Episode of Mischief
Then Allah says:
فَإِذَا جَآءَ وَعْدُ الاٌّخِرَةِ
(Then, when the second promise came to pass,) meaning, the second episode of mischief, when your enemies came again,
لِيَسُوءُواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ
((We permitted your enemies) to disgrace your faces) meaning, to humiliate you and subdue you,
وَلِيَدْخُلُواْ الْمَسْجِدَ
(and to enter the Masjid) meaning, Bayt Al-Maqdis (Jerusalem).
كَمَا دَخَلُوهُ أَوَّلَ مَرَّةٍ
(as they had entered it before,) when they entered the very innermost parts of your homes.
وَلِيُتَبِّرُواْ
(and to destroy) wrecking and inflicting ruin upon it.
مَا عَلَوْاْ
(all that fell in their hands.) everything they could get their hands on.
تَتْبِيرًاعَسَى رَبُّكُمْ أَن يَرْحَمَكُمْ
(with utter destruction. It may be that your Lord may show mercy unto you) meaning that He may rid you of them.
وَإِنْ عُدتُّمْ عُدْنَا
(but if you return (to sins), We shall return (to Our punishment).) meaning, if you return to causing mischief,
عُدْنَا
(We shall return) means, We `will once again punish you in this world, along with the punishment and torment We save for you in the Hereafter.'
وَجَعَلْنَا جَهَنَّمَ لِلْكَـفِرِينَ حَصِيرًا
(And We have made Hell a prison Hasir for the disbelievers.) meaning, a place of permanent detention, a prison which cannot be avoided or escaped. Ibn `Abbas said, "Hasir here means a jail." Mujahid said, "They will be detained in it." Others said like- wise. Al-Hasan said, "Hasir means a bed of Fire." Qatadah said: "The Children of Israel returned to aggres- sion, so Allah sent this group against them, Muhammad ﷺ and his companions, who made them pay the Jizyah, with willing submission, and feeling themselves subdued."
So when the time for the first of the two [prophecies] came, that is, the time of the evil sequel for the first of the two, We roused against you servants of Ours, from among the attributes of the heart and the lights of the angelic realm and intellectual opinions, of great might, possessing authority and [power of] subjugation, who ransacked, the habitations of your abodes and loci, slaying some of you through repression and subjugation and enslaving the offspring of corporeal configurations and ego-centric vices and plundering the substance of sensory objects of perception and bestial and predatorial pleasures, and it was a promise, from God, that would come to pass, since He has deposited the potential for perfection and the demand for it in your preparedness and has centred the proofs of the intellect in your primordial nature.
So when the time for the first of the two [prophecies] came, that is, the time of the evil sequel for the first of the two, We roused against you servants of Ours, from among the attributes of the heart and the lights of the angelic realm and intellectual opinions, of great might, possessing authority and [power of] subjugation, who ransacked, the habitations of your abodes and loci, slaying some of you through repression and subjugation and enslaving the offspring of corporeal configurations and ego-centric vices and plundering the substance of sensory objects of perception and bestial and predatorial pleasures, and it was a promise, from God, that would come to pass, since He has deposited the potential for perfection and the demand for it in your preparedness and has centred the proofs of the intellect in your primordial nature.
The ‘corruption’, or fasad, referred to here occurred among the Children of Israel after the advent of Moses. This happened in two stages. The details of the first instance of corruption are found in the Old Testament books of Psalms, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. The details of the second instance of corruption are found in the words of Jesus in the New Testament in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. The Prophet Muhammad was taken from Makkah to al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, in order to be shown ‘the sign of God.’ One of these signs is also the history associated with al-Masjid al-Aqsa. The above verse just means a place of worship situated at a distance. It is called the farthest place of worship, because it was situated at a distance of 765 miles from Makkah. Al-Masjid al-Aqsa, in this context, refers to the Jewish place of worship, that is, the Haykal Synagogue. This Jewish synagogue, built by Solomon in 957 BC, was razed to the ground in 586 BC by the king of Babylonia, Nebuchadnezzar II. After a long period of time, the Jews rebuilt their place of worship. This was gain reduced to ruins in AD 70 by the Romans. This history is a manifestation of God’s Law which lays down that if a community entrusted with the Holy Scriptures discharges the obligations attached to them, then it is given a high status in this world, as well as success in the Hereafter. If it fails to do so, it is made subject to oppressive communities, which make it a victim of their tyranny and exploitation. The manifestation of this law has occurred again and again in the case of former bearers of the scriptures. Two important events of direct relevance have been referred to here, so that a lesson may be taken from them. In the beginning God blessed the Children of Israel and delivered them from the Pharaoh’s tyranny and permitted them to occupy Palestine and establish their rule there. But then, corruption set in among the Jews. They started engaging in polytheistic practices, became the victims of differences and schisms, and separated into different groups. As a result of this repeated disobedience to God, the Children of Israel had to submit to Nebuchadnezzar, the King of Babylon, who established his dominion over Palestine. Thereafter, he chose a member of the royal family of the Jews and appointed him as his representative to rule over them. But, the Jews, considering this subordinate state damaging to their national pride, rebelled against it. This was despite being advised against rebellion by one of their prophets, Jeremiah. The King of Babylon became so incensed that once again, in 486 B.C., he attacked Palestine with all his military might. The Jews were not only totally defeated, but their temple in Jerusalem, which was the last sign of their glory, was also completely demolished.
Sequence of Verses
Verses 2 and 3 featuring the statement: (We made it guidance for the children of Bani Isra'il) exhorted the Bani Isra'il to follow and obey the Divine Law. The verses that follow warn and admonish them on their disobedience. These verses mention two events relating to the Bani Isra'il so that they serve as a lesson. Tuned to sin and disobedience, first they increased the tempo of their hostility. Allah Ta` ala set their enemies upon them. They shook them up. The Jews got the message, cut down on their mischief and gave the impression of having been corrected. But, soon after, the same lust for mischief and misdeeds overtook them. So then, Allah Ta’ ala had them punished at the hands of their enemies. The Qur'an mentions two events while history carries six like these:
1. The first event came to pass some time after the demise of Sayyidna Sulayman (علیہ السلام) ، the founder of Al-Masjid al-Aqsa, when the ruler of Baytul-maqdis became irreligious and corrupt. The ruler of Egypt attacked him and took away the gold and silver of Baytul-maqdis. But, he did not demolish the city and the Masjid.
2. The second event relates to the period nearly four hundred years after that. Some Jews settled in Baytul-maqdis started idol-worship while the rest began disputing among themselves. This ill omen prompted another ruler of Egypt to attack them which somewhat affected the city and the Masjid both. After that, their condition took a turn for the better.
3. The third event came to pass after some years when Nebuchadnezzar, the King of Babylon ransacked Baytul-maqdis. He conquered the city, looted property and took back a lot of people as prisoners of war. When he left, he had a member of the family of the former king appointed a ruler of the city as his deputy.
4. When this new king, who worshipped idols and was corrupt, rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar, he returned, killed people, destroyed property en masse and burned the city razing it to rubbles. This happened nearly four hundred and fifteen years after the construction of the Masjid. After that, the Jews went out as exiles to Babylon where they lived in disgrace for seventy years. After that, the King of Iran attacked the King of Babylon and conquered it. Then the King of Iran showed mercy to the Jewish expatriates and ordered that they should be sent back to Syria along with things looted from them. Now the Jews had repented having forsaken their habitual sins and misdeeds. When they resettled there, they restored the original structure of Al-Masjid al-Aqsa with the support of the King of Iran.
5. Then came the fifth event. When the Jews had peace and prosperity once again, the first thing they forgot was their past. They returned to the kind of evil deeds they were used to. Then, it so happened that, one hundred and seventy years before the birth of Sayyidna ` Isa (علیہ السلام) ، the king who had founded Antakiah (Antioch) attacked, killed forty thousand Jews and took with him another forty thousand as prisoners and slaves, even desecrated the Masjid though its structure remained safe. But, later, the successors of that king rendered the city and the Masjid totally denuded. Soon after this, Baytul-maqdis came under the authority of Roman kings. They put the Masjid back into shape and it was after eight years that Sayyidna ` Isa (علیہ السلام) was born.
6. Forty years after the physical ascension of Sayyidna ` Isa (علیہ السلام) ، the Jews chose to rebel against their Roman rulers. The Romans destroyed the city and the Masjid once again relegating it to what it was. The king at that time was called Titus who was neither Jewish nor Christian because long after him Constantine I was a Christian. From that time to the time of Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ ، this Masjid lay desolate until he had it reconstructed. These six events have been reported in Tafsir Bayan al-Qur'an with reference to Tafsir Haqqani.
Now, it is difficult to precisely determine as to which two out of those mentioned above are the two events mentioned by the Holy Qur’ an. But, as obvious, the events that are major and serious among these, in which the Jews were far too wicked and more seriously punished too, should be taken as the likely ones. The fourth and the sixth event seem to be fit for such application. At this point, a lengthy Hadith narrated by Sayyidna Hudhayfah ؓ ، with its chains of authority ascending to the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، has been reported in Tafsir al-Qurtubi. It also helps in determining that these two events mean the fourth and the sixth event. The translation of this lengthy Hadith is given below:
Sayyidna Hudhayfah ؓ says that he asked the Holy Prophet ﷺ if Baytul-maqdis was a great Masjid in the sight of Allah. He said that it was the most distinct house of Worship in the world, the greatest of all houses, which Allah Ta’ ala made for Sulayman (علیہ السلام) ، the son of Dawud, peace be on both, with gold, silver and precious stones like ruby and emerald. The manner in which this happened was, when Sulayman (علیہ السلام) started its construction, Allah Ta` ala made the Jinn subservient to him. The Jinn collected this gold, silver and precious stones and used them in the making of the Masjid. Sayyidna Hudhayfah ؓ ' says that he, then, asked as to where and how did all that gold, silver and precious stones go out of Baytul-Maqdis? The Holy Prophet ﷺ said: When the Bani Isra'il disobeyed Allah Ta` ala, got involved in sins and misdeeds and killed their noble prophets, Allah Ta` ala set King Nebuchadnezzar on them. He was a fire-worshipper who ruled Baytul-Maqdis for seven hundred years.
And when the Qur’ an says: فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ أُولَاهُمَا بَعَثْنَا عَلَيْكُمْ عِبَادًا لَّنَا أُولِي بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ (So, when came the time appointed for the first of the two, We sent upon you some servants belonging to Us having strong aggressive power - 17:5), it means this event. The army of Nebuchadnezzar entered the Masjid of al-Quds, killed men, took women and children prisoners and carried away with him all gold, silver and everything of value belonging to Baytul-maqdis loaded on one hundred and seventy thousand vehicles. He kept the treasure in his country, Babylon and kept the children of Isra'il as his serfs and slaves for a hundred years making them do hard labor in utter disgrace.
Then Allah Ta’ ala made a king from among the kings of Persia to stand up against him. He conquered Babylon, freed the remnants of Bani Isra'il from the bondage of Nebuchadnezzar and made arrangements to have all valuables he had brought from Baytul-maqdis returned back to it. Then he sternly told the Bani Isra'il that should they, in future, return to disobedience and sin, he too will return the punishment of killing and prison back on them. This is what the verse of the Qur'an: عَسَىٰ رَبُّكُمْ أَن يَرْحَمَكُمْ ۚ وَإِنْ عُدتُّمْ عُدْنَا (May be your Lord would bestow mercy upon you. And if you do this again, We shall do that again - 17:8) means.
Later, when the Bani Isra'il had come back to Baytul-maqdis (with lost wealth and property in their possession), they went back to the life of sins and misdeeds. At that time, Allah Ta` ala set the Roman Emperor, Caesar upon them. This is what the verse: فَإِذَا جَاءَ وَعْدُ الْآخِرَةِ لِيَسُوءُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ (Later, when came the time appointed for the second, [ We sent others ] so that they spoil your faces - 17:7) means. The Roman Emperor launched a two-pronged attack, from the land and the sea. He killed many and many were those he took prisoners. Then he had all this wealth of Baytul-maqdis loaded on one hundred and seventy thousand vehicles and took it home. There he had it deposited in the Temple of Gold. This wealth is still there, and there it will remain until comes the Mahdi who would bring these back to Baytul-maqdis on one hundred and seventy thousand boats and it will be at this place that Allah Ta’ ala will assemble everyone, former and later. (Lengthy Hadith as reported by al-Qurtubi in his Tafsir)
It appears in Bayan al-Qur'an, that the two events mentioned in the Qur'an refer to the disobedience of two Divine Codes of Law, first the disobedience to the Code brought by Sayyidna Musa (علیہ السلام) and, then, after the advent of Sayyidna 'Isa (علیہ السلام) the disobedience to the Code brought by him. Thus, all events described above can be considered as relevant to the first disobedience. Now that we have gone through the details of the events, we can turn to the explanation of the verses cited above.
Commentary
The outcome of the events mentioned above is that Allah Ta’ ala had decreed that the Bani Isra'il will be successful, having the best of both worlds, the material and the spiritual, as long as they continue to obey Allah. But, whenever they deviate from the dictates of Faith, they shall be put to disgrace, and that they would be subjected to punishment at the hands of enemies and disbelievers. Then, not only that the enemies will run over them destroying their lives and properties, but it would also happen that their Qiblah, their sacred Baytul-Maqdis, will also not remain safe against the onslaught of that enemy. Their disbelieving enemies will barge into the Mosque of Baytul-Maqdis and defile and damage it. This too will be a part of the punishment of Bani Isra'il themselves. The Holy Qur'an has told us about two events relating to them. The first one dates back to the time of Mosaic religious law while the second pertains to the Christian. During both these periods, the Bani Isra'il rebelled against the divine law of the time. In the first case, a disbelieving Magian monarch was made to sit over them, and Baytul-Maqdis, who brought great destruction upon them. In the second case, a Roman emperor was set against them who killed and pillaged and made Baytul-Maqdis all demolished and rendered desolate. And along with this description, it has also been mentioned that the Bani Isra'il - when, on both occasions, they repented from their misdeeds resolving not to go near them again - Allah Ta` ala reinstated their country, wealth and children.
(So when the time for the first of the two) the first of the two punishments; it is also said that this means: the first of the two corruptions (came, We roused against you slaves of Ours) Nebuchadnezzar and the host of the king of Babylon (of great might) of tremendous fighting skills (who ravaged (your) country) who killed you in the streets in the middle of your country, (and it was a threat performed) a decreed threat that surely takes place, that if you do such-and-such I will do this to you. Thus they stayed in captivity of Nebuchadnezzar for 90 years until Allah helped them with Koresh from Hamadan [Persia].