Prohibition of Taking Allies From Disbelievers Who Ridicule Islam
Allah forbids His believing servants from taking the hypocrites as allies, so that the hypocrites do not have the opportunity to expose the secrets of the believers and their plans against their enemies. The hypocrites try their very best to confuse, oppose and harm the believers any way they can, and by using any wicked, evil means at their disposal. They wish the very worst and difficult conditions for the believers. Allah said,
لاَ تَتَّخِذُواْ بِطَانَةً مِّن دُونِكُمْ
(Take not as (your) Bitanah those other than your own) 3:118, in reference to taking followers of other religions as consultants and allies, for advisors of a certain person have access to his most secret affairs. Al-Bukhari and An-Nasa'i recorded that, Abu Sa`id said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَا بَعَثَ اللهُ مِنْ نَبِيَ وَلَا اسْتَخْلَفَ مِنْ خَلِيفَةٍ إِلَّا كَانَتْ لَهُ بِطَانَتَانِ: بِطَانَةٌ تَأْمُرُهُ بِالْخَيْرِ وَتَحُضُّهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَبِطَانَةٌ تَأْمُرُهُ بِالسُّوءِ وَتَحُضُّهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَالْمَعْصُومُ مَنْ عَصَمَ الله»
(Allah has not sent any Prophet nor was there any Khalifah but they have two types of allies, one that commands him with righteousness and advises it, and another that commands him with evil and advises him with it. Only those whom Allah gives immunity are immune.)
Ibn Abi Hatim reported that Ibn Abi Ad-Dahqanah said, "`Umar bin Al-Khattab was told, `There is young man here from the people of Hirah (in Iraq, who were Christians) who is a proficient scribe. Why do you not appoint him as a scribe' `Umar said, `I would then be taking advisors from among the disbelievers."' This Ayah and the story about `Umar testify to the fact that Muslims are not allowed to use Ahl Adh-Dhimmah to be scribes in matters that affect the affairs of Muslims and expose their secrets, for they might convey these secrets to combatant disbelievers. This is why Allah said,
لاَ يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالاً وَدُّواْ مَا عَنِتُّمْ
(since they will not fail to do their best to corrupt you. They desire to harm you severely.)
Allah then said,
قَدْ بَدَتِ الْبَغْضَآءُ مِنْ أَفْوَهِهِمْ وَمَا تُخْفِى صُدُورُهُمْ أَكْبَرُ
(Hatred has already appeared from their mouths, but what their breasts conceal is far worse.) meaning, enmity appears on their faces and in what they sometimes utter, as well as, the enmity they have against Islam and its people in their hearts. Since this fact is apparent to every person who has sound comprehension, therefore,
قَدْ بَيَّنَّا لَكُمُ الاٌّيَـتِ إِنْ كُنتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ
(Indeed We have made plain to you the Ayat if you understand.)
Allah said next,
هَآأَنتُمْ أُوْلاءِ تُحِبُّونَهُمْ وَلاَ يُحِبُّونَكُمْ
(O! You are the ones who love them but they love you not), meaning, O believers! You like the hypocrites because you think they are believers, for they pretend to be so, but they do not like you publicly or secretly.
وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْكِتَـبِ كُلِّهِ
(And you believe in all the Scriptures) meaning, you have no doubt in any part of Allah's Book, while the hypocrites have deep doubts, confusion and reservations about it.
Muhammad bin Ishaq reported that Ibn `Abbas said that,
وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْكِتَـبِ كُلِّهِ
(and you believe in all the Scriptures,) means, you believe in your Book, their Book, and the previous Books, while the hypocrites disbelieve in your Book, and this is why they deserve that you dislike them instead of them disliking you. Ibn Jarir collected this statement.
وَإِذَا لَقُوكُمْ قَالُواْ ءَامَنَّا وَإِذَا خَلَوْاْ عَضُّواْ عَلَيْكُمُ الاٌّنَامِلَ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ
(And when they meet you, they say, "We believe." But when they are alone, they bite their Anamil at you in rage.)
The word Anamil, means the tips of the fingers, as Qatadah stated. This is the behavior of the hypocrites who pretend to be believers and kind when they are with the believers, all the while concealing the opposite in their hearts in every respect. This is the exact situation that Allah describes,
وَإِذَا خَلَوْاْ عَضُّواْ عَلَيْكُمُ الاٌّنَامِلَ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ
(But when they are alone, they bite their Anamil at you in rage) and rage is extreme anger and fury. Allah said to them,
قُلْ مُوتُواْ بِغَيْظِكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ
(Say: "Perish in your rage. Certainly, Allah knows what is in the breasts (all the secrets).") for no matter how much you envy the believers and feel rage towards them, know that Allah shall perfect His favor on His believing servants, complete His religion, raise high His Word and give dominance to His religion. Therefore, O hypocrites, die in rage,
إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ
(Allah knows what is in the breasts.)
Allah has perfect knowledge of what you conceal in your hearts and chests and in the rage, envy and hatred you have against the believers. Allah will punish you for all this in this life, and they will have the good that you dislike for them. In the Hereafter, you will suffer severe torment in the Fire where you will remain for eternity.
Thereafter, Allah said,
إِن تَمْسَسْكُمْ حَسَنَةٌ تَسُؤْهُمْ وَإِن تُصِبْكُمْ سَيِّئَةٌ يَفْرَحُواْ بِهَا
(If a good befalls you, it grieves them, but if some evil overtakes you, they rejoice at it) 3:120. This only emphasizes the severity of the enmity that the hypocrites feel against the believers. If the believers enjoy fertile years, victories, support and their numbers and following increase, the hypocrites become displeased. When the Muslims suffer a drought or their enemies gain the upper hand against them, by Allah's decree, just as occurred during the battle of Uhud, the hypocrites become pleased. Allah said to His believing servants,
وَإِن تَصْبِرُواْ وَتَتَّقُواْ لاَ يَضُرُّكُمْ كَيْدُهُمْ شَيْئاً
(But if you remain patient and have Taqwa, not the least harm will their cunning do to you.)
Allah directs the believers to safety from the wickedness of evil people and the plots of the sinners, by recommending them to revert to patience and by having fear of Allah and trusting Him. Allah encompasses the enemies of the believers, all the while the believers have no power or strength except from Him. Whatever Allah wills, occurs, and whatever He does not will, does not occur. Nothing happens in His Kingdom except with His decision and according to His decrees. Verily, whoever relies on Allah, Allah shall suffice for him.
Allah then mentions the story of Uhud, the defeat that He tested the believers with, His distinguishing the believers from the hypocrites and their patience.
O you who believe do not take as intimates as sincere friends revealing to them your secret thoughts anyone apart from yourselves from among the Jews Christians and the hypocrites; such men spare nothing to ruin you khabālan is in the accusative because the preposition that usually precedes it sc. fī’l-khabāl has been omitted that is to say they would not be remiss about corrupting you; they would love they wish for you to suffer al-‘anat means extreme hardship. Hatred enmity towards you is revealed it is manifested by their mouths by sowing discord among you and informing the idolaters of your secret plans; and what their breasts conceal of enmity is yet greater. Now We have made clear to you the signs of their enmity; if you understand this then do not befriend them.
[O you who believe] do not take as intimates anyone apart from yourselves: a person's intimate is his closest and most faithful friend, the one who keeps him hidden and is privy to his secrets. Such a friend cannot exist unless the two are united in their purpose, are in accord on religion and in attribute, loving one another for God's sake and not for some [other] purpose, as is said of friends [that they are] one soul in separate bodies. And if he happens not to be a believer, then it is far more likely that he will be secretly an enemy. He then makes clear his hypocrisy and secret enmity with His words: such men spare nothing to ruin you � to the end [of the verse]. For true and pure love can only be between believers in [God's] Oneness, since it is the shadow of [the very] Oneness: it cannot be between those who are veiled as they inhabit the world of contrareity and darkness. Where in this world of theirs is there purity and harmonyḍ Nay, it may be that the all-inclusive human genus brings them close together, sharing as they do in that species, and [in] benefits and delights, and in their need for cooperation therein. But once what they have sought of benefits and delights is not actualised, they quarrel and fall into mutual hatred. And that [initial] closeness between them dissipates, since it had been the result of something that undergoes change, because the soul is the origination point of change. This-worldly benefits do not remain in the same state, while egocentric pleasures are fleeting; therefore love based upon it does not endure, unlike the former [type of] love, since this [latter] is based on something that by its essence never changes. That [kind of enmity] ensues when it is a matter between them: how [much worse] would it be when the matter is between them and those who oppose them in principle and in attribute. How can light and darkness be of the same nature and how can the sublime and the low be compatibleḍ Thus between those [aforementioned] men there exists real enmity and essential disagreement, the effects of which cannot be hidden, as God makes clear in His words: Hatred is [even] revealed by their mouths, because the description of [a person's] essence cannot be concealed. The Prophet said: 'Never does a person hide something except that God makes it manifest in slips of the tongue and the expressions of the face; and what their breasts conceal is yet greater, because it is a fire and this is the spark: that is the source and this is its offshoot. Now We have made clear to you the signs, the proofs of love and enmity and its causes, if you understand, the import of these words.
[O you who believe] do not take as intimates anyone apart from yourselves: a person's intimate is his closest and most faithful friend, the one who keeps him hidden and is privy to his secrets. Such a friend cannot exist unless the two are united in their purpose, are in accord on religion and in attribute, loving one another for God's sake and not for some [other] purpose, as is said of friends [that they are] one soul in separate bodies. And if he happens not to be a believer, then it is far more likely that he will be secretly an enemy. He then makes clear his hypocrisy and secret enmity with His words: such men spare nothing to ruin you � to the end [of the verse]. For true and pure love can only be between believers in [God's] Oneness, since it is the shadow of [the very] Oneness: it cannot be between those who are veiled as they inhabit the world of contrareity and darkness. Where in this world of theirs is there purity and harmonyḍ Nay, it may be that the all-inclusive human genus brings them close together, sharing as they do in that species, and [in] benefits and delights, and in their need for cooperation therein. But once what they have sought of benefits and delights is not actualised, they quarrel and fall into mutual hatred. And that [initial] closeness between them dissipates, since it had been the result of something that undergoes change, because the soul is the origination point of change. This-worldly benefits do not remain in the same state, while egocentric pleasures are fleeting; therefore love based upon it does not endure, unlike the former [type of] love, since this [latter] is based on something that by its essence never changes. That [kind of enmity] ensues when it is a matter between them: how [much worse] would it be when the matter is between them and those who oppose them in principle and in attribute. How can light and darkness be of the same nature and how can the sublime and the low be compatibleḍ Thus between those [aforementioned] men there exists real enmity and essential disagreement, the effects of which cannot be hidden, as God makes clear in His words: Hatred is [even] revealed by their mouths, because the description of [a person's] essence cannot be concealed. The Prophet said: 'Never does a person hide something except that God makes it manifest in slips of the tongue and the expressions of the face; and what their breasts conceal is yet greater, because it is a fire and this is the spark: that is the source and this is its offshoot. Now We have made clear to you the signs, the proofs of love and enmity and its causes, if you understand, the import of these words.
O you who believe do not take as intimates anyone apart from your- selves; such men spare nothing to ruin you; they would love for you to suffer. Hatred is revealed by their mouths; and what their breasts conceal is yet greater. Now We have made clear to you the signs; if you understand. To trust the adversary after difficulties have become apparent is to further facilitate the deception of the enemy. The Real ������ advised the Muslims to be wary of the opposition to declare themselves free of anyone other [than Him] and to continually persist in their devotion to the Real ������ in the heart and innermost self. He stated that from the beginning it was not unexpected that [there would be] opponents of the Messenger ﷺ among the people. How could it not be so when [Muḥammad] ﷺ [was] drawn near and they [were] turned awayḍ How can night be combined with dayḍ
O you who believe do not take as intimates anyone apart from your- selves; such men spare nothing to ruin you; they would love for you to suffer. Hatred is revealed by their mouths; and what their breasts conceal is yet greater. Now We have made clear to you the signs; if you understand. To trust the adversary after difficulties have become apparent is to further facilitate the deception of the enemy. The Real ������ advised the Muslims to be wary of the opposition to declare themselves free of anyone other [than Him] and to continually persist in their devotion to the Real ������ in the heart and innermost self. He stated that from the beginning it was not unexpected that [there would be] opponents of the Messenger ﷺ among the people. How could it not be so when [Muḥammad] ﷺ [was] drawn near and they [were] turned awayḍ How can night be combined with dayḍ
يا أيها الذين صدَّقوا الله ورسوله وعملوا بشرعه، لا تتخذوا الكافرين أولياء من دون المؤمنين، تُطْلعونهم على أسراركم، فهؤلاء لا يَفْتُرون عن إفساد حالكم، وهم يفرحون بما يصيبكم من ضرر ومكروه، وقد ظهرت شدة البغض في كلامهم، وما تخفي صدورهم من العداوة لكم أكبر وأعظم. قد بيَّنَّا لكم البراهين والحجج، لتتعظوا وتحذروا، إن كنتم تعقلون عن الله مواعظه وأمره ونهيه.
يقول تبارك وتعالى ناهيا عباده المؤمنين عن اتخاذ المنافقين بطانة أي يطلعونهم على سرائرهم وما يضمرونه لأعدائهم والمنافقون بجهدهم وطاقتهم لا يألون المؤمنين خبالا أي يسعون في مخالفتهم وما يضرهم بكل ممكن وبما يستطيعون من المكر والخديعة ويودّون ما يعنت المؤمنين ويحرجهم ويشق عليهم وقوله تعالى "لا تتخذوا بطانة من دونكم" أي من غيركم من أهل الأديان وبطانة الرجل هم خاصة أهله الذين يطلعون على داخل أمره وقد روى البخاري والنسائي وغيرهما من حديث جماعة منهم يونس ويحيى بن سعيد وموسى بن عقبة وابن أبي عتيق عن الزهري عن أبي سلمة عن أبي سعيد أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال "ما بعث الله من نبي ولا استخلف من خليفة إلا كانت له بطانتان بطانة تأمره بالخير وتحضه عليه وبطانة تأمره بالسوء وتحضه عليه والمعصوم من عصمة الله" وقد رواه الأوزاعي ومعاوية بن سلام عن الزهري عن أبي سلمة عن أبي هريرة مرفوعا بنحوه فيحتمل أنه عند الزهري عن أبي سلمة عنهما وأخرجه النسائي عن الزهري أيضا وعلقه البخاري في صحيحه فقال: وقال عبيد الله بن أبي جعفر عن صفوان بن سليم عن أبي سلمة عن أبي أيوب الأنصاري مرفوعا فذكره فيحتمل أنه عند أبي سلمة عن ثلاثة من الصحابة والله أعلم وقال ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا أبي حدثنا أبو أيوب محمد بن الوزان حدثنا عيسى بن يونس عن أبي حيان التيمي عن أبي الزنباع عن ابن أبي الدهقانة قال: قيل لعمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه إن ههنا غلاما من أهل الحيرة حافظ كاتب فلو اتخذته كاتبا فقال: قد اتخذت إذا بطانة من دون المؤمنين ففي هذا الأثر مع هذه الآية دليل على أن أهل الذمة لا يجوز استعمالهم في الكتابة التي فيها استطالة على المسلمين واطلاع على دواخل أمورهم التي يخشى أن يفشوها إلى الأعداء من أهل الحرب ولهذا قال تعالى "لا يألونكم خبالا ودوا ما عنتم" وقال الحافظ أبو يعلى حدثنا إسحاق بن إسرائيل حدثنا هشيم حدثنا العوام عن الأزهر بن راشد قال: كانوا يأتون أنسا فإذا حدثهم بحديث لا يدرون ما هو أتوا الحسن يعني البصري فيفسره لهم قال: فحدث ذات يوم عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال " لا تستضيئوا بنار المشركين ولا تنقشوا في خواتيمكم عربيا " فلم يدروا ما هو فأتوا الحسن فقالوا له: إن أنسا حدثنا أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال "لا تستضيئوا بنار المشركين ولا تنقشوا في خواتيمكم عربيا" فقال الحسن: أما قوله "لا تنقشوا في خواتيمكم عربيا" محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وأما قوله "لا تستضيئوا بنار المشركين" يقول لا تستشيروا المشركين في أموركم ثم قال الحسن: تصديق ذلك في كتاب الله "يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تتخذوا بطانة من دونكم" هكذا رواه الحافظ أبو يعلى رحمه الله تعالى وقد رواه النسائي عن مجاهد بن موسى عن هشيم ورواه الإمام أحمد عن هشيم بإسناده مثله من غير ذكر تفسير الحسن البصري وهذا التفسير فيه نظر ومعناه ظاهر "لا تنقشوا في خواتيمكم عربيا" أي بخط عربي لئلا يشابه نقش خاتم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فإنه كان نقشه محمد رسول الله ولهذا جاء في الحديث الصحيح أنه نهى أن ينقش أحد على نقشه وأما الاستضاءة بنار المشركين فمعناه لا تقاربوهم في المنازل بحيث تكونون معهم في بلادهم بل تباعدوا منهم وهاجروا من بلادهم ولهذا روى أبو داود "لا تتراءى ناراهما" وفي الحديث الآخر "من جامع المشرك أو سكن معه فهو مثله" فحمل الحديث على ما قاله الحسن رحمه الله والاستشهاد عليه بالآية فيه نظر والله أعلم. ثم قال تعالى "قد بدت البغضاء من أفواههم وما تخفي صدورهم أكبر "أي قد لاح على صفحات وجوههم وفلتات ألسنتهم من العداوة مع ما هم مشتملون عليه في صدورهم من البغضاء للإسلام وأهله ما لا يخفي مثله علي لبيب عامل ولهذا قال تعالى "قد بينا لكم الآيات إن كنتم تعقلون".
وبعد أن بين - سبحانه - سوء عاقبة الكافرين أكمل بيان وأحكمه ، حذر المؤمنين من أهل الكتاب ومن على شاكلتهم ممن لا يريدون للإسلام إلا الشرور والمضار فقال - تعالى - : { ياأيها الذين آمَنُواْ . . . } .قال الفخر الرازى ما ملخصه : اختلفوا فى الذين نهى الله المؤمنين عن مخالطتهم من هم؟ فقيل هم اليهود ، لأن بعض المسلمين كانوا يشاورونهم فى أمورهم ويؤانسونهم لما كان فيهم من الرضاع والحلف . وقيل هم المنافقون ، وذلك لأن بعض المؤمنين كانوا يغترون يظاهر أقوالهم فيفشون إليهم الأسرار والصحيح أن المراد بهم جميع أصناف الكفار ، والدليل عليه قوله تعالى : { بِطَانَةً مِّن دُونِكُمْ } فمنع المؤمنين أن يتخذوا بطانة من غير المؤمنين ، فيكون ذلك نهيا عن جميع الكفار " .والبطانة فى الأصل : داخل الثوب ، وجمعها بطائن . قال - تعالى - : ( مُتَّكِئِينَ عَلَى فُرُشٍ بَطَآئِنُهَا مِنْ إِسْتَبْرَقٍ وَجَنَى الجنتين دَانٍ ) . وظاهر الثوب يسمى الظهارة ، والبطانة - أيضاص - الثوب الذى يجعل تحت ثوب آخر ويسمى الشعار ، وما فوقه الدثار وفى الحديث " الأنصار شعار والناس دثار " .ثم أطلقت البطانة على صديق الرجل وصفيه الذى يطلع على شئونه الخفية تشبيها ببطانة الثياب فى شدة القرب من صاحبها . قال الشاعر :أولئك خلصائي نعم وبطانتى ... وهم عيبتى من دون كل قريبوقوله : { مِّن دُونِكُمْ } أى من غير أهل ملتكم .والمعنى : لا يجوز لكم - أيها المؤمنون - أن تتخذوا من غير أهل ملتكم أصفياء وأولياء تلقون إليهم بأسراركم لاتى لا يصح لكم أن تطلعوهم عليها ، لأنكم لو فعلتم ذلك لأصابكم الضرر فى دينكم ودنياكم .قال القرطبى : " نهى الله المؤمنين بهذه الآية أن يتخذوا من الكفار واليهود وأهل الأهواء دخلاء وولجاء ، يفاوضونهم فى الآراء ويسندون إليهم أمورهم . وفى سنن أبى داود عن أبى هريرة عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم قال : " المرء على دين خليله فلينظر أحدكم من يخالل " وقيل لعمر بن الخطاب - رضى الله عنه - إن ههنا رجلا من نصارى الحيرة لا أحد أكتب منه ولا أخط بقلم ، أفلا يكتب عنك؟ فقال : لا آخذ بطانة من دون المؤمنين " .ثم قال القرطبى - رحمه الله - : قلت وقد انقلبت الأحوال فى هذه الأزمان باتخاذ أهل الكتاب كتبة وأمناء ، وتسودوا بذلك عند الجهلة الأغبياء من الولاة والأمراء . روى البخارى عن أبى سعيد الخدرى عن النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم قال : " ما بعث الله من نبى ولا استخلف من خليفة إلا كانت له بطانتان : بطانة تأمره بالخير وتحضه عليه . وبطانة تأمره بالشر وتحثه عليه ، والمعصوم من عصمه الله " .وصدر - سبحانه - النداء بوصف الإيمان ، للإشعار بأن مقتضى الإيمان يوجب عليهم ألا يأمنوا من يخالفهم فى عقيدتهم على أسرارهم ، وألا يتخذوا أعداء الله وأعداءهم أولياء يلقون إليهم بالمودة ، وألا يطلعوهم على ما يجب إخفاؤه من شئون وأمور خاصة بالمؤمنين وقوله : { مِّن دُونِكُمْ } يجوز أن يكون صفة لبطانة فيكون متعلقاً بمحذوف ، أى لا تتخذوا بطانة كائنة من غيركم .ويجوز أن يكون متعلقا بقوله : { لاَ تَتَّخِذُواْ } أى لا تتخذوا من غير أهل ملتكم بطانة تصافونهم وتطلعونهم على أسراركم .ثم ذكر - سبحانه - جملة من الأسباب التى تجعل المؤمنين يمتنعون عن مصافاة هؤلاء الذين يخالفونهم فى عقيدتهم فقال فى بيان أول هذه الأسباب : { لاَ يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالاً } وأصل " الألو " : التقصير . يقال : ألا فى الأمر - كغزا - يألو ألواً وألوا ، إذا قصر فيه ، ومنه قول امرىء القيس :وما المرء ما دامت حشاشة نفسه ... بمدرك أطراف الخطوب ولا آلأراد ولا مقصر ، وهو - أى الفعل " يألو " من الأفعال اللازمة التى تتعدى إلى المفعول بالحرف ، وقد يستعمل متعديا إلى مفعولين كا فى قولهم : لا آلوك نصحاً ، على تضمين الفعل معنى المنع . أى لا أمنعك ذلك .والخبال : الشر والفساد . وأصله ما يلحق الحيوان من مرض وفتور فيورثه فسادا واضطراباً . يقال خبله وخبله فهو خابل . والجمع الخبل ورجل مخبل إذا أصيب بمرض أورثه اضطراباً وفساداً فى قواه العقلية والفكرية .والمعنى : أنهاكم - أيها المؤمنون - عن أن تتخذوا أولياء وأصفياء لكم من غير إخوانكم المؤمنين ، لأن هؤلاء الأولياء من غير إخوانكم المؤمنين ، لا يقصرون فى جهد يبذلونه فى إفساد أمركم ، وفيما يورثكم شرا وضرا . أو لا يمنعونكم خبالا ، أى أنهم يفعلون معكم ما يقدرون عليه من الفساد ولا يبقون شيئاً منه عندهم ، بل يبذلون قصارى جهدهم فى إليحاق الضرر بكم فى دينكم ودنياكم .وقوله : { لاَ يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالاً } جملة مستأنفة مبينة لحالهم داعية إلى اجتنابهم . أو صفة لقوله : { بِطَانَةً } .وقوله : { خَبَالاً } منصوب على أنه المفعول الثانى ليألونكم لتضمينه معنى يمنعونكم .ويصح أن يكون منصوبا بنزع الخافض أى لا يقصرون لكم عن جهد فيما يورثكم شرا وفسادا .أما السبب الثانى الذى يحمل المؤمنين على اجتناب هؤلاء الضالين فقد بينه - سبحانه - بقوله : { وَدُّواْ مَا عَنِتُّمْ } .وقوله : { وَدُّواْ } من الود وهو المحبة . يقال : وددت كذا أى أحببته .وقوله : { عَنِتُّمْ } من العنت وهو شدة الضرر والمشقة . ومنه قوله - تعالى - : { وَلَوْ شَآءَ الله لأَعْنَتَكُمْ } أى لأوقعكم فيما يشق عليكم .و { مَا } فى قوله : { مَا عَنِتُّمْ } هى ما المصدرية . أى : أن هؤلاء الذين تصافونهم وتفشون إليهم أسراركم مع أنهم ليسوا على ملتكم ، بجانب أنهم لا يألون جهدا فى إفساد أمركم ، فإنهم يحبون عنتكم ومشقتكم وشدة ضرركم ، وتفريق جمعكم ، وذهاب قوتكم .فالجملة الأولى وهى قوله : { لاَ يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالاً } بمنزلة المظهر والنتيجة ، وهذه . أى قوله تعالى : { وَدُّواْ مَا عَنِتُّمْ } بمنزلة الباعث والدافع .فهم لا يودون للمسلمين الخير والاطمئنان والأمان ، وأنما يودون لهم الشقاء والشرور والخسران .وليس بعاقل ذلك الذى يطلع من يريد له الشرور على أسراره ودخائله .وأما السبب الثالث الذى يدعو المؤمنين إلى اجتنابهم فقد بينه الله - تعالى - بقوله : { قَدْ بَدَتِ البغضآء مِنْ أَفْوَاهِهِمْ وَمَا تُخْفِي صُدُورُهُمْ أَكْبَرُ } .والبغضاء مصدر كالسراء والضراء ، وهى البغض الشديد المتمكن فى النفوس ، والثابت فى القلوب .أى : قد ظهرت أمارات العداوة لكم من فلتات ألسنتهم ، وطفح البغض الباطن فى قلوبهم لكم حتى خرج من أفواههم ، ولاح على صفحات وجوههم ، وقد قيل : كوامن النفوس تظهر على صفحات الوجوه وفلتات اللسان . ومع هذا فإن ما تخفيه نفوسهم المريضة لكم من أحقاد وإحن ، أكبر مما نطقت به ألسنتهم من بغضاء ، إذ أن ما نطقوا به إنما هو بمثابة الرشح الذى ظهر من مسام أجسادهم وقلوبهم ، أما ما يبيتونه لكم من شرور وآثام فهو أكبر من ذلك بكثير .وخص الأفواه بالذكر دون الألسنة . للإشارة إلى تشدقهم وثرثرتهم فى أقوالهم الباطلة ، فهم أشد جرما من المتستر الذى تبدو البغضاء فى عينيه .ثم ختم - سبحانه - الآية الكريمة ببيان مظهر من مظاهر فضله على المؤمنين حيث كشف لهم عن أحوال أعدائهم ، وعن سوء نواياهم وعن الأسباب التى تدعو إلى الحذر منهم فقال - تعالى - : { قَدْ بَيَّنَّا لَكُمُ الآيَاتِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ } .أى قد بينا لكم العلامات الواضحات ، والآيات البينات التى تعرفون بها أعداءكم ، وتميزون عن طريقها بين الصديق وبين العدو ، إن كنتم من أهل العقل والفهم .والمقصود من الجملة الكريمة حضهم على استعمال عقولهم بتأمل وتدبر فى هذه الآيات التى بينها الله لهم فضلا منه وكرما ، وحتى لا يتخذوا بطانة من غير إخوانهم فى العقيدة والدين .وجواب الشرك محذوف لدلالة الكلام عليه ، والتقدير : إن كنتم تعقلون ذلك فلا تباطنوهم ولا تفشوا لهم أسراركم .
القول في تأويل قوله : مَثَلُ مَا يُنْفِقُونَ فِي هَذِهِ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا كَمَثَلِ رِيحٍ فِيهَا صِرٌّ أَصَابَتْ حَرْثَ قَوْمٍ ظَلَمُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ فَأَهْلَكَتْهُقال أبو جعفر: يعني بذلك جل ثناؤه: شَبَهُ ما ينفق الذين كفروا، أي: شَبَهُ ما يتصدق به الكافر من ماله، (4) فيعطيه من يعطيه على وجه القُربة إلى ربّه وهو لوحدانية الله جاحد، ولمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم مكذب، في أن ذلك غير نافعه مع كفره، وأنه مضمحلّ عند حاجته إليه، ذاهبٌ بعد الذي كان يرجو من عائدة نفعه عليه = كشبه ريح فيها برد شديد، أصابت هذه الريح التي فيها البرد الشديد =" حرثَ قوم "، (5) يعني: زرع قوم قد أمَّلوا إدراكه، ورجَوْا رَيْعه وعائدة نفعه =" ظلموا أنفسهم "، يعني: أصحاب الزرع، عصوا الله، وتعدَّوا حدوده =" فأهلكته "، يعني: فأهلكت الريح التي فيها الصرُّ زرعهم ذلك، بعد الذي كانوا عليه من الأمل ورجاء عائدة نفعه عليهم.&; 7-135 &;يقول تعالى ذكره: فكذلك فعل الله بنفقة الكافر وصدقته في حياته، حين يلقاه، يبطل ثوابها ويخيب رجاؤه منها. وخرج المثَل للنفقة، والمراد بـ " المثل " صنيع الله بالنفقة، فبيَّن ذلك قوله: " كمثل ريح فيها صرٌّ"، فهو كما قد بيّنا في مثله قوله: مَثَلُهُمْ كَمَثَلِ الَّذِي اسْتَوْقَدَ نَارًا (6) [سورة البقرة: 17] وما أشبه ذلك.* * *قال أبو جعفر: فتأويل الكلام،: مثل إبطال الله أجرَ ما ينفقون في هذه الحياة الدنيا، كمثل ريح فيها صر. وإنما جاز ترك ذكر " إبطال الله أجر ذلك "، لدلالة آخر الكلام عليه، وهو قوله: " كمثل ريح فيها صرٌّ"، ولمعرفة السامع ذلك معناه.* * *واختلف أهل التأويل في معنى " النفقة " التي ذكرها في هذه الآية.فقال بعضهم: هي النفقة المعروفة في الناس.*ذكر من قال ذلك:7667- حدثني محمد بن عمرو قال، حدثنا أبو عاصم، عن عيسى، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد في قول الله عز وجل: " مثل ما ينفقون في هذه الحياة الدنيا "، قال: نفقة الكافر في الدنيا.* * *وقال آخرون: بل ذلك قوله الذي يقوله بلسانه، مما لا يصدِّقه بقلبه.*ذكر من قال ذلك:7668- حدثني محمد بن الحسين قال، حدثني أحمد بن المفضل قال، حدثنا أسباط، عن السدي: " مثل ما ينفقون في هذه الحياة الدنيا كمثل ريح فيها صر أصابت حرثَ قوم ظلموا أنفسهم فأهلكته "، يقول: مثل ما يقول فلا يقبل &; 7-136 &; منه، كمثل هذا الزرع إذا زرعه القوم الظالمون، فأصابه ريح فيها صر، أصابته فأهلكته. فكذلك أنفقوا فأهلكهم شِرْكهم.* * *وقد بينا أولى ذلك بالصواب قبل.* * *وقد تقدم بياننا تأويل " الحياة الدنيا " بما فيه الكفاية من إعادته في هذا الموضع. (7)* * *وأما " الصر " فإنه شدة البرد، وذلك بعُصُوف من الشمال في إعصار الطَّلّ والأنداء، في صبيحة مُعْتمة بعقب ليلة مصحية، (8) كما:7669- حدثنا حميد بن مسعدة قال، حدثنا يزيد بن زريع، عن عثمان بن غياث قال، سمعت عكرمة يقول: " ريح فيها صر "، قال: بردٌ شديد.7670- حدثنا القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج قال، قال ابن جريج، قال ابن عباس: " ريح فيها صر "، قال: برد شديد وزمهرير.7671- حدثنا علي بن داود قال، حدثنا عبد الله بن صالح قال، حدثني معاوية، عن علي، عن ابن عباس، قوله: " ريح فيها صر "، يقول: برد.7672- حدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا أبي، عن سفيان، عن هارون بن عنترة، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس: " الصر "، البرد.7673- حدثنا بشر قال، حدثنا يزيد قال، حدثنا سعيد، عن قتادة، قوله: " كمثل ريح فيها صر "، أي: برد شديد.7674- حدثت عن عمار، عن ابن أبي جعفر، عن أبيه، عن الربيع، مثله.7675- حدثنا محمد قال، حدثنا أحمد قال، حدثنا أسباط، عن السدي في" الصر "، البرد الشديد.&; 7-137 &;7676- حدثنا محمد بن سعد قال، حدثني أبي قال، حدثنا عمي قال، حدثني أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس: " كمثل ريح فيها صر "، يقول: ريح فيها برد.7677- حدثني يونس قال، أخبرنا ابن وهب قال، قال ابن زيد: " ريح فيها صر "، قال: " صر "، باردة أهلكت حرثهم. قال: والعرب تدعوها " الضَّريب "، تأتي الريح باردة فتصبح ضريبًا قد أحرق الزرع، (9) تقول: " قد ضُرب الليلة " أصابه ضريبُ تلك الصر التي أصابته.7678- حدثني يحيى بن أبي طالب قال، حدثنا يزيد قال، حدثنا جويبر، عن الضحاك: " ريح فيها صر "، قال: ريح فيها برد.* * *القول في تأويل قوله : وَمَا ظَلَمَهُمُ اللَّهُ وَلَكِنْ أَنْفُسَهُمْ يَظْلِمُونَ (117)قال أبو جعفر: يعني بذلك جل ثناؤه: وما فعل الله بهؤلاء الكفار ما فعل بهم، من إحباطه ثواب أعمالهم وإبطاله أجورها ظلمًا منه لهم = يعني: وضعًا منه لما فعل بهم من ذلك في غير موضعه وعند غير أهله، بل وضَع فعله ذلك في موضعه، وفعل بهم ما هم أهله. لأن عملهم الذي عملوه لم يكن لله وهم له بالوحدانية دائنون، ولأمره مُتبعون، ولرسله مصدقون، بل كان ذلك منهم وهم به مشركون، ولأمره مخالفون، ولرسله مكذبون، بعد تقدُّم منه إليهم أنه لا يقبل عملا من عامل إلا مع إخلاص التوحيد له، والإقرار بنبوة أنبيائه، وتصديق ما جاءوهم به، وتوكيده الحجج بذلك عليهم. فلم يكن = بفعله ما فعل بمن كفر به وخالف أمره في ذلك = بعد &; 7-138 &; الإعذار إليه، (10) من إحباط وَفْر عمله = له ظالمًا، بل الكافرُ هو الظالم نفسه، لإكسابها من معصية الله وخلاف أمره، ما أوردها به نار جهنم، وأصلاها به سعير سقَرَ. (11)-------------------الهوامش :(4) انظر تفسير"النفقة" فيما سلف 5: 555 ، 580 / 6: 265.(5) انظر تفسير"الحرث" فيما سلف 4: 240 ، 397 / 6: 257.(6) انظر ما سلف 1: 318 - 328.(7) انظر ما سلف 1: 314 ، 316.(8) هذا البيان عن معنى"الصر" قلما تصيب مثله في كتب اللغة.(9) الضريب: الصقيع والجليد.(10) في المطبوعة والمخطوطة: "الاعتذار إليه" ، وهو خطأ صرف. وأعذر إعذارًا: أي بلغ الغاية في البلاغ ، ومنه قولهم: "أعذر من أنذر" ، أي بالغ في الإنذار حتى بان عذره ، إذا أنزل بمن أنذره ما يسوءه. وقوله: "وفر عمله" أي كثير عمله ووافره. و"الوفر" (بفتح فسكون). وكان في المطبوعة"وافر عمله" ، وأثبت ما في المخطوطة.(11) سياق الجملة: "فلم يكن. . . له ظالما" ، وما بينهما فصل للبيان متعلق بقوله: "ظالما" ولكنه مقدم عليه.
قوله تعالى : ( ياأيها الذين آمنوا لا تتخذوا بطانة من دونكم ) الآية قال ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما : كان رجال من المسلمين يواصلون اليهود لما بينهم من القرابة والصداقة والحلف والجوار والرضاع ، فأنزل الله تعالى هذه الآية ينهاهم عن مباطنتهم خوف الفتنة عليهم .وقال مجاهد : نزلت في قوم من المؤمنين كانوا يصافون المنافقين ، فنهاهم الله تعالى عن ذلك فقال : ( ياأيها الذين آمنوا لا تتخذوا بطانة من دونكم ) أي : أولياء وأصفياء من غير أهل ملتكم ، وبطانة الرجل : خاصته تشبيها ببطانة الثوب التي تلي بطنه لأنهم يستبطنون أمره ويطلعون منه على ما لا يطلع عليه غيرهم .ثم بين العلة في النهي عن مباطنتهم فقال جل ذكره ( لا يألونكم خبالا ) أي : لا يقصرون ولا يتركون جهدهم فيما يورثكم الشر والفساد ، والخبال : الشر والفساد ، ونصب " خبالا " على المفعول الثاني لأن يألو يتعدى إلى مفعولين وقيل : بنزع الخافض ، أي بالخبال كما يقال أوجعته ضربا ، ( ودوا ما عنتم ) أي : يودون ما يشق عليكم من الضر والشر والهلاك . والعنت : المشقة ( قد بدت البغضاء ) أي : البغض ، معناه ظهرت أمارة العداوة ، ( من أفواههم ) بالشتيمة والوقيعة في المسلمين ، وقيل : بإطلاع المشركين على أسرار المؤمنين ( وما تخفي صدورهم ) من العداوة والغيظ ، ( أكبر ) أعظم ، ( قد بينا لكم الآيات إن كنتم تعقلون )
الآن إذ كشف الله دخائل مَنْ حولَ المسلمين من أهل الكتاب ، أتمّ كشف ، جاء موقع التحذير من فريق منهم ، والتحذير من الاغترار بهم ، والنهي عن الإلقاء إليهم بالمودة ، وهؤلاء هم المنافقون ، للإخبار عنهم بقوله : { وإذا لقوكم قالوا آمنا } [ آل عمران : 119 ] الخ . . . وأكثرهم من اليهود ، دون الذين كانوا مشركين من الأوس والخزرج . وهذا موقع الاستنتاج في صناعة الخطابة بعد ذكر التمهيدات والأزقناعات . وحقّه الاستئناف الابتدائي كما هنا .والبطانة بكسر الباء في الأصل داخل الثَّوب ، وجمعها بطائن ، وفي القرآن { بطائنها من استبرق } [ الرحمن : 54 ] وظاهر الثوب يسمّى الظِهارة بكسر الظاء . والبطانة أيضاً الثوب الذي يجعل تحت ثوب آخر ، ويسمّى الشِعار ، وما فوقه الدثار ، وفي الحديث : « الأنصارُ شعار والنَّاس دِثار » ثمّ أطلقت الثِّياب في شدة القرب من صاحبها .ومعنى اتخاذهم بطانة أنهم كانوا يحالفونهم ويودّونهم من قبل الإسلام فلمَّا أسلم من أسلم من الأنصار بقيت المودة بينهم وبين من كانوا أحلافهم من اليهود ، ثُمّ كان من اليهود من أظهروا الإسلام ، ومنهم من بَقي على دينه .وقوله : { من دونكم } يجوز أن تكون ( من ) فيه زائدة و ( دون ) اسم مكان بمعنى حولكم ، وهو الاحتمال الأظهر كقوله تعالى في نظيره { ولم يتخذوا من دون الله ولا رسوله ولا المؤمنين وليجة } [ التوبة : 16 ] ويجوز أن تكون ( من ) للتبعيض و ( دون ) بمعنى غير كقوله تعالى { ومنَّا دون ذلك } [ الفتح : 27 ] من غير أهل ملّتكم ، وقد علم السامعون أنّ المنهي عن اتِّخاذهم بطانة هم الذين كانوا يموّهون على المؤمنين بأنَّهم منهم ، ودخائلهم تقتضي التَّحذير من استبطانهم .وجملة : { لا يألونكم خبالاً } صفة لبطانة على الوجه الأول ، وهذا الوصف ليس من الأوصاف الظاهرة التي تفيد تخصيص النكرة عمّا شاركها ، لكنّه يظهر بظهور آثاره للمتوسّمين . فنهى الله المسلمين عن اتّخاذ بطانة هذا شأنها وسمَتها ، ووكلهم إلى توسّم الأحوال والأعمال ، ويكون قوله { ودّوا مَا عنتُّم } وقوله { قد بدت البغضاء } جملتين في محلّ الوصف أيضاً على طريقة ترك عطف الصفات ، ويومىء إلى ذلك قوله : { قد بينّا لكم الآيات إن كنتم تعقلون } أي : قد بيّنا لكم علامات عداوتهم بتلك الصفات إن كنتم تعقلون فتتوسّمون تلك الصّفات ، كما قال تعالى : { إنّ في ذلك لآيات للمتوسّمين } وعلى الاحتمال الثاني يجعل { من دونكم } وصفاً ، وتكون الجمل بعده مستأنفات واقعة موقع التعليل للنَّهي عن اتِّخاذ بطانة من غير أهل ملّتنا ، وهذ الخلال ثابتة لهم فهي صالحة للتوصيف ، ولتعليل النَّهي ، ذلك لأنّ العداوة النَّاشئة عن اختلاف الدين عداوة متأصّلة لا سيما عداوة قوم يرون هذا الدّين قد أبطَلَ دينهم ، وأزال حظوظهم . كما سنبينه .ومعنى { لا يألونكم خبالاً } لا يقصّرون في حبالكم ، والألْوُ التقصير والترك ، وفعله ألاَ يَألو ، وقد يتوسّعون في هذا الفعل فيعدّى إلى مفعولين ، لأنَّهم ضمّنوه معنى المنع فيما يرغَب فيه المفعول ، فقالوا لا آلوك جُهداً ، كما قالوا لا أدّخرك نصحاً ، فالظاهر أنَّه شاع ذلك الاستعمال حتَّى صار التضمين منسياً ، فلذلك تعدّى إلى ما يدلّ على الشرّ كما يعدّى إلى ما يدلّ على الخير ، فقال هنا : { لا يألونكم خبالا } أي لا يقصّرون في خبالكم ، وليس المراد لا يمنعونكم ، لأن الخبال لا يُرْغب فيه ولا يسأل .ويحتمل أنَّه استعمل في هذه الآية على سبيل التهكّم بالبطانة ، لأنّ شأن البطانة أن يسعوا إلى ما فيه خير من استبطنهم ، فلمّا كان هؤلاء بضدّ ذلك عبّر عن سعيهم بالضرّ ، بالفعل الذي من شأنه أن يستعمل في السعي بالخير .والخبال اختلال الأمر وفساده ، ومنه سمّي فساد العقل خبالاً ، وفساد الأعْضَاء .وقوله { ودّوا ما عنتم } الود : المحبّة ، والعنَت : التعب الشَّديد ، أي رغبوا فيما يعنتكم و ( ما ) هنا مصدرية ، غير زمانية ، ففعل { عنتم } لمّا صار بمعنى المصدر زالت دلالته على المضي .ومعنى { قد بدت البغضاء من أفواههم } ظهرت من فلتات أقوالهم كما قال تعالى : { ولتعرفنهم في لحن القول } فعبّر بالبغضاء عن دلائلها .وجملة { وما تخفي صدورهم أكبر } حالية .( والآيات ) في قوله : { قد بينا لكم الآيات } بمعنى دلائل سوء نوايا هذه البطانة كما قال : { إن في ذلك لآيات للمتوسمين } [ الحجر : 75 ] ولم يزل القرآن يربّي هذه الأمّة على إعمال الفكر ، والاستدلال ، وتعرّف المسبَّبات من أسبابها في سائر أحوالها : في التَّشريع ، والمعاملة ليُنشئها أمَّة علم وفطنة . 6ولكون هذه الآيات آياتتِ فراسةٍ وتوسّم ، قال : { إن كنتم تعقلون } ولم يقل : إن كنتم تعلمون أو تفقهون ، لأنّ العقل أعمّ من العلم والفقه .وجملة { قد بينا لكم الآيات } مستأنفة .
ينهى تعالى عباده المؤمنين أن يتخذوا بطانة من المنافقين من أهل الكتاب وغيرهم يظهرونهم على سرائرهم أو يولونهم بعض الأعمال الإسلامية وذلك أنهم هم الأعداء الذين امتلأت قلوبهم من العداوة والبغضاء فظهرت على أفواههم { وما تخفي صدورهم أكبر } مما يسمع منهم فلهذا { لا يألونكم خبالا } أي: لا يقصرون في حصول الضرر عليكم والمشقة وعمل الأسباب التي فيها ضرركم ومساعدة الأعداء عليكم قال الله للمؤمنين { قد بينا لكم الآيات } أي: التي فيها مصالحكم الدينية والدنيوية { لعلكم تعقلون } فتعرفونها وتفرقون بين الصديق والعدو، فليس كل أحد يجعل بطانة، وإنما العاقل من إذا ابتلي بمخالطة العدو أن تكون مخالطة في ظاهره ولا يطلعه من باطنه على شيء ولو تملق له وأقسم أنه من أوليائه.
قوله تعالى : ياأيها الذين آمنوا لا تتخذوا بطانة من دونكم لا يألونكم خبالا ودوا ما عنتم قد بدت البغضاء من أفواههم وما تخفي صدورهم أكبر قد بينا لكم الآيات إن كنتم تعقلونفيه ست مسائل :الأولى : أكد الله تعالى الزجر عن الركون إلى الكفار . وهو متصل بما سبق من قوله : إن تطيعوا فريقا من الذين أوتوا الكتاب . والبطانة مصدر ، يسمى به الواحد والجمع . وبطانة الرجل خاصته الذين يستبطنون أمره ، وأصله من البطن الذي هو خلاف الظهر . وبطن فلان بفلان يبطن بطونا وبطانة إذا كان خاصا به . قال الشاعر :أولئك خلصائي نعم وبطانتي وهم عيبتي من دون كل قريبالثانية : نهى الله عز وجل المؤمنين بهذه الآية أن يتخذوا من الكفار واليهود وأهل الأهواء دخلاء وولجاء ، يفاوضونهم في الآراء ، ويسندون إليهم أمورهم . ويقال : كل من كان على خلاف مذهبك ودينك فلا ينبغي لك أن تحادثه ; قال الشاعر :عن المرء لا تسأل وسل عن قرينه فكل قرين بالمقارن يقتديوفي سنن أبي داود عن أبي هريرة عن النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - قال : المرء على دين خليله فلينظر أحدكم من يخالل . وروي عن ابن مسعود أنه قال : اعتبروا الناس بإخوانهم . ثم بين تعالى المعنى الذي لأجله نهى عن المواصلة فقال : لا يألونكم خبالا يقول فسادا . يعني لا يتركون الجهد في فسادكم ، يعني أنهم وإن لم يقاتلوكم في الظاهر فإنهم لا يتركون الجهد في المكر والخديعة ، على ما يأتي بيانه . وروي عن أبي أمامة عن رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - في قول الله تعالى : يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تتخذوا بطانة من دونكم لا يألونكم خبالا قال : ( هم الخوارج ) . وروي أن أبا موسى الأشعري استكتب ذميا فكتب إليه عمر يعنفه وتلا عليه هذه الآية . وقدم أبو موسى الأشعري على عمر - رضي الله عنهما - بحساب فرفعه إلى عمر فأعجبه ، [ ص: 170 ] وجاء عمر كتاب فقال لأبي موسى : أين كاتبك يقرأ هذا الكتاب على الناس ؟ فقال : إنه لا يدخل المسجد . فقال لم ! أجنب هو ؟ قال : إنه نصراني ; فانتهره وقال : لا تدنهم وقد أقصاهم الله ، ولا تكرمهم وقد أهانهم الله ، ولا تأمنهم وقد خونهم الله . وعن عمر - رضي الله عنه - قال : لا تستعملوا أهل الكتاب فإنهم يستحلون الرشا ، واستعينوا على أموركم وعلى رعيتكم بالذين يخشون الله تعالى . وقيل لعمر ، - رضي الله عنه - : إن هاهنا رجلا من نصارى الحيرة لا أحد أكتب منه ولا أخط بقلم أفلا يكتب عنك ؟ فقال : لا آخذ بطانة من دون المؤمنين . فلا يجوز استكتاب أهل الذمة ، ولا غير ذلك من تصرفاتهم في البيع والشراء والاستنابة إليهم .قلت : وقد انقلبت الأحوال في هذه الأزمان باتخاذ أهل الكتاب كتبة وأمناء وتسودوا بذلك عند الجهلة الأغبياء من الولاة والأمراء . روى البخاري عن أبي سعيد الخدري عن النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - قال : ما بعث الله من نبي ولا استخلف من خليفة إلا كانت له بطانتان بطانة تأمره بالمعروف وتحضه عليه وبطانة تأمره بالشر وتحضه عليه فالمعصوم من عصم الله تعالى . وروى أنس بن مالك قال : قال رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - : لا تستضيئوا بنار المشركين ولا تنقشوا في خواتيمكم غريبا . فسره الحسن بن أبي الحسن فقال : أراد عليه السلام لا تستشيروا المشركين في شيء من أموركم ، ولا تنقشوا في خواتيمكم محمدا . قال الحسن : وتصديق ذلك في كتاب الله عز وجل : يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تتخذوا بطانة من دونكم الآية .الثالثة : قوله تعالى : من دونكم أي من سواكم . قال الفراء : ويعملون عملا دون ذلك أي سوى ذلك . وقيل : من دونكم يعني في السير وحسن المذهب . ومعنى [ ص: 171 ] لا يألونكم خبالا لا يقصرون فيما فيه الفساد عليكم . وهو في موضع الصفة ل بطانة من دونكم . يقال : لا آلو جهدا أي لا أقصر . وألوت ألوا قصرت ; قال امرؤ القيس :وما المرء ما دامت حشاشة نفسه بمدرك أطراف الخطوب ولا آلوالخبال : الخبل . والخبل : الفساد ; وقد يكون ذلك في الأفعال والأبدان والعقول . وفي الحديث : ( من أصيب بدم أو خبل ) أي جرح يفسد العضو . والخبل : فساد الأعضاء ، ورجل خبل ومختبل ، وخبله الحب أي أفسده . قال أوس :أبني لبينى لستم بيد إلا يدا مخبولة العضدأي فاسدة العضد . وأنشد الفراء :نظر ابن سعد نظرة وبت بها كانت لصحبك والمطي خبالاأي فسادا . وانتصب خبالا بالمفعول الثاني ; لأن الألو يتعدى إلى مفعولين ، وإن شئت على المصدر ، أي يخبلونكم خبالا : وإن شئت بنزع الخافض ، أي بالخبال ; كما قالوا : أوجعته ضربا : " وما " في قوله : ودوا ما عنتم مصدرية ، أي ودوا عنتكم . أي ما يشق عليكم . والعنت المشقة ، وقد مضى في " البقرة " معناه .الرابعة : قوله تعالى : قد بدت البغضاء من أفواههم يعني ظهرت العداوة والتكذيب لكم من أفواههم . والبغضاء : البغض ، وهو ضد الحب . والبغضاء مصدر مؤنث . وخص تعالى الأفواه بالذكر دون الألسنة إشارة إلى تشدقهم وثرثرتهم في أقوالهم هذه ، فهم فوق المتستر الذي تبدو البغضاء في عينيه . ومن هذا المعنى نهيه عليه السلام أن يشتحي الرجل فاه في عرض أخيه . معناه أن يفتح ; يقال : شحى الحمار فاه بالنهيق ، وشحى الفم نفسه . وشحى اللجام فم الفرس شحيا ، وجاءت الخيل شواحي : فاتحات أفواهها . ولا يفهم من هذا الحديث دليل خطاب على الجواز فيأخذ أحد في عرض أخيه همسا ; فإن ذلك يحرم باتفاق من العلماء . وفي التنزيل ولا يغتب بعضكم بعضا الآية . وقال - صلى الله عليه وسلم - : إن [ ص: 172 ] دماءكم وأموالكم وأعراضكم عليكم حرام . فذكر الشحو إنما هو إشارة إلى التشدق والانبساط ، فاعلم .الخامسة : وفي هذه الآية دليل على أن شهادة العدو على عدوه لا يجوز ، وبذلك قال أهل المدينة وأهل الحجاز ; وروي عن أبي حنيفة جواز ذلك . وحكى ابن بطال عن ابن شعبان أنه قال : أجمع العلماء على أنه لا تجوز شهادة العدو على عدوه في شيء وإن كان عدلا ، والعداوة تزيل العدالة فكيف بعداوة كافر .السادسة : قوله تعالى : وما تخفي صدورهم أكبر إخبار وإعلام بأنهم يبطنون من البغضاء أكثر مما يظهرون بأفواههم . وقرأ عبد الله بن مسعود : " قد بدأ البغضاء " بتذكير الفعل ; لما كانت البغضاء بمعنى البغض .
This refers only to people whose enmity has become apparent from their behaviour and their utterances (Tabari). The Muslims believed in the same divine faith as was given to the former People of the Book by their prophets. The religion of both was one in terms of actual reality, but the People of the Book opposed the believers. The reason being that they had formed a self-styled religion, which they attributed to their prophets. It was due to this self-styled religion that they had been enjoying a position of leadership with the people. In a true religion of God, all attention remains centred on God, whereas in a self-styled religion, people's attention is diverted to the founders of the religion and the commentators. Upholders of the latter form of faith never tolerate the call of true religion, because this would amount to displacing themselves from their position of eminence. In such a situation, true believers should refrain from negative reaction and adhere steadily to the path of patience and piety 'taqwa'. Patience 'sabr' entails holding fast to the truth under all circumstances, and taqwa entails regarding God, and no other, as the only decisive power. If believers give proof of maintaining this kind of positive attitude, no enmity, however great, can harm them.
Commentary
These verses were revealed in a particular background. There were Jewish settlements around Madinah. They had old friendly ties with the tribes of Aws and Khazraj. Individuals from these tribes were also on friendly terms with other individuals from the Jewish settlements. In their tribal capacity too, Aws and Khazraj were to the Jews their neighbours and allies. When these two tribes embraced Islam, they continued to maintain their old ties with them. Individuals from these tribes saw no problems in meeting their old Jewish friends with the same love and sincerity. But, Jews were so hostile to the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the religion brought by him that they were unwilling to be sincere and loving to anyone who had said yes to the prophetic call and had embraced Islam. So, they outwardly went along with the same old relationships with'the Ansars of Madinah, but inwardly they had turned into their enemies. The apparent friendship they had allowed to remain became their cover which they utilized in their sinster efforts to foment trouble among Muslims so that their unity could be disintegrated. They even went to the limit of banking on this feigned friendship with Muslims to find out their organizational secrets and pass them on to the enemies.
It is this hypocritical behaviour of theirs which Allah Almighty has asked Muslims to guard against. We have been given an important rule of conduct when it was said:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَتَّخِذُوا بِطَانَةً مِّن دُونِكُمْ
0 those who believe, do not take anyone as insider but from your own selves.
The word, بِطَانَةً bitanah used here means a friend, confidant, one with whom secrets are shared. The lining or inside part of a dress which stays close to the body is also known as بِطَانَةً bitanah. Derived from بِطَنَ batn (inside), it is used in everything opposed to ظھر zahr (outside). That which is outside is ظھر zahr and that which is inside is بِطَنَ batn. In garments, the outer part is ظھارہ ziharah and the inner part touching the body such as a lining is called بِطَانَةً bitanah. [ There is an expression in English - 'hand in glove'- which comes close to this sense, even if partly. It means 'to be on very intimate terms'.]
Similarly, the expression, bitanatu-th'thawb (بِطَانَةً الثوب) lends the metaphor of friend, confidant, one who comes to know internal secrets and that is how the word, بِطَانَةً bitanah is used to carry that sense. The well-known, and quite reliable lexicon of Arabic, لسان العرب Lisan al-Arab explains بِطَانَةً bitanah as follows:
بظانۃ الرجل صاحب سرہ و داخلۃ امرہ الذی یش اورہ فی احوالہ
It means that a person's بِطَانَةً bitanah is one who knows his secrets, has access to his affairs in which he seeks his advice. Raghib al-Isfahani (رح) in his Mufradat and al-Qurtubi (رح) in his Tafsir have given the same meaning. (The word, بِطَانَةً 'bitanah', translated here as 'insider' is an effort to cover some of these important shades of meaning.)
So, it has been enjoined upon Muslims through this verse that they should not take persons other than those from their own community as confidants and advisers, in a way that leads one into spilling the sensitive secrets of one's own government, community or state. No doubt, under the shade of its universal mercy, Islam has given unusual instructions to Muslims in order that they treat non-Muslims with compassion, goodwill, beneficence, kindliness and tolerance, and not leaving it at that, the Holy Prophet ﷺ has put these in actual practice in all affairs concerning non-Muslims. But, at the same time, and in perfect wisdom, binding instructions were given so as to make sure that the organized body of Muslims and its particular hall-marks stay protected. A Muslim cannot be permitted to go beyond a certain limit when developing or promoting relations (unilateral, bilateral or multi-lateral) with those who disbelieve in or practice hostility against the Law of Islam. This is so because such an action throws the doors of harm and danger open both for the individuals and the community. This arrangement is clear, reasonable, appropriate, and very necessary to give secure frontiers to the individuals as well as to the Muslim state.
About non-Muslims resident in Islamic states or those tied with Muslims through a treaty, the teachings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and his most emphatic instructions for their protection are all part of the Islamic law. The Holy Prophet ﷺ has said:
من آذی ذمیا فانا خصمہ و من کنت خصمہ خصمتہ یوم القیامہ
Whoever harms a Dhimmi (protected non-Muslim), I shall be his opponent on the Day of Judgment and I always defeat the one whom I oppose. (Reported by Ibn Masud)
In another hadith, he said :
منعنی رَبِّی ان اظلم معاھدا ولا غیرہ
My Lord has prohibited me to wrong the one protected by a treaty, or anyone other than him. (narrated by Sayyidna ` AIi ؓ )
In yet another hadith, he said:
الا من ظلم معاھداً او انتقصہ او کلفہ فوق طاقتہ او اخذ منہ شیٔاً بغیر طیب نفس منہ فَاَنَا حجیجہ یوم القیامہ
Beware, whoever wrongs a non-Muslim protected by treaty, or usurps his right, or obligates him to do what is beyond his power, or takes from him something without his genuine consent, then, I shall be the advocate for him (the said non-Muslim) on the Day of Judgment.
Side by side with these concessions and considerations for non-Muslims, instructions were given to Muslims that they should protect their distinct group cohesion by not trusting enemies of Islam and Muslims with their secrets. Ibn Abi Hatim ؓ narrates that Sayyidna ` Umar ibn Al-Khattab ؓ was asked to appoint a young non-Muslim as the chief manager and scribe in his office since he was very good at that. Thereupon, he said:
قد اتخذت اذا بطانۃ من دون المؤمنین
If I were to take him in, in that case, I will be taking an insider from among non-Muslims (which is against the Qur'anic authority).
Imam al-Qurtubi (رح) ، famous scholar and commentator of the fifth century says, with marked pensive longing, that contravention of this teaching of the Qur'an has produced evil results for Muslims:
وقد انقلبت الاحوال فی ھذہ الازمان باتخاذ اھل الکتب کتبۃ و امنآء و تسودوا بذلک عند جھلۃ الاغنیاء من الولاۃ و الاُمرآء
Things have so changed these days that Jews and Christians were trusted with secrets and considered trustworthy through which they were able to prevail over the ignorant rich, the rulers and the chiefs.
Even today, in a state established under a particular ideology, a person who does not subscribe to this ideology cannot be admitted into the inner echelons of power as a confidant. In Russia and China, a person who does not believe in communism is not given any responsible office or, farther still, trusted with state secrets. A close study of the decline of Muslim states would reveal several reasons behind it. One of the oft-repeated ones will be that Muslims had entrusted their sensitive affairs in the hands of non-Muslim confidants. This policy was an active factor in the decline of the Ottoman Caliphate as well.
The reason why this command has been given is explained soon after. Starting from لَا يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالًا (they would spare no effort to do you mischief) and ending at إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (provided that you understand), the text warns Muslims that they should not take anyone other than their own Muslim brothers as insiders on their affairs, for no other group, be they Jews, Christians, hypocrites or other disbelievers, could be their genuine well-wishers. Contrary to that, they are always on the lookout for opportunities to hoodwink and hurt them materially and spiritually. They are always plotting to harm them in this worldly life as well as to take them away from the enjoined pursuits of their Faith. All this is what the Muslims can see for themselves, but the venom that lies hidden in their hearts is far too fatal. However there are times when they are enraged with their deceptive cool front thrown off and the fangs of their deep hostility become clearly visible. Why would an intelligent person take such people as his confidant? Allah Almighty has pointed out who they are and what has to be done about them. Now it is upto him who understands what is involved here.
The sentence وَدُّوا مَا عَنِتُّمْ ; (they want you to be in trouble) is a perfect mirror of the mentality of disbelievers. Here, the in-depth teaching is that no non-Muslim can ever be the real friend and well-wisher of Muslims.
Allah then forbade the believers from among the Helpers to speak with the Jews or divulge secrets to them, saying: (O ye who believe! Take not) the Jews (for intimates) confidants (others than your own folk) the sincere believers, (who would spare no pains to ruin you; they love to hamper you) they love for you to sin and become idolaters as they themselves have become. (Hatred is revealed by (the utterance of) their mouths) through vilification and defamation, (but that which their breasts hide is greater) but what they hide in their hearts of hatred and enmity is even greater. (We have made plain for you the revelations) the signs of their resentful envy (if you will understand) what is recited to you; it is also said that this means: We have made the revelations, i.e. the commands and prohibitions, clear so that you know what I command you.
Prohibition of Taking Allies From Disbelievers Who Ridicule Islam
Allah forbids His believing servants from taking the hypocrites as allies, so that the hypocrites do not have the opportunity to expose the secrets of the believers and their plans against their enemies. The hypocrites try their very best to confuse, oppose and harm the believers any way they can, and by using any wicked, evil means at their disposal. They wish the very worst and difficult conditions for the believers. Allah said,
لاَ تَتَّخِذُواْ بِطَانَةً مِّن دُونِكُمْ
(Take not as (your) Bitanah those other than your own) 3:118, in reference to taking followers of other religions as consultants and allies, for advisors of a certain person have access to his most secret affairs. Al-Bukhari and An-Nasa'i recorded that, Abu Sa`id said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَا بَعَثَ اللهُ مِنْ نَبِيَ وَلَا اسْتَخْلَفَ مِنْ خَلِيفَةٍ إِلَّا كَانَتْ لَهُ بِطَانَتَانِ: بِطَانَةٌ تَأْمُرُهُ بِالْخَيْرِ وَتَحُضُّهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَبِطَانَةٌ تَأْمُرُهُ بِالسُّوءِ وَتَحُضُّهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَالْمَعْصُومُ مَنْ عَصَمَ الله»
(Allah has not sent any Prophet nor was there any Khalifah but they have two types of allies, one that commands him with righteousness and advises it, and another that commands him with evil and advises him with it. Only those whom Allah gives immunity are immune.)
Ibn Abi Hatim reported that Ibn Abi Ad-Dahqanah said, "`Umar bin Al-Khattab was told, `There is young man here from the people of Hirah (in Iraq, who were Christians) who is a proficient scribe. Why do you not appoint him as a scribe' `Umar said, `I would then be taking advisors from among the disbelievers."' This Ayah and the story about `Umar testify to the fact that Muslims are not allowed to use Ahl Adh-Dhimmah to be scribes in matters that affect the affairs of Muslims and expose their secrets, for they might convey these secrets to combatant disbelievers. This is why Allah said,
لاَ يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالاً وَدُّواْ مَا عَنِتُّمْ
(since they will not fail to do their best to corrupt you. They desire to harm you severely.)
Allah then said,
قَدْ بَدَتِ الْبَغْضَآءُ مِنْ أَفْوَهِهِمْ وَمَا تُخْفِى صُدُورُهُمْ أَكْبَرُ
(Hatred has already appeared from their mouths, but what their breasts conceal is far worse.) meaning, enmity appears on their faces and in what they sometimes utter, as well as, the enmity they have against Islam and its people in their hearts. Since this fact is apparent to every person who has sound comprehension, therefore,
قَدْ بَيَّنَّا لَكُمُ الاٌّيَـتِ إِنْ كُنتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ
(Indeed We have made plain to you the Ayat if you understand.)
Allah said next,
هَآأَنتُمْ أُوْلاءِ تُحِبُّونَهُمْ وَلاَ يُحِبُّونَكُمْ
(O! You are the ones who love them but they love you not), meaning, O believers! You like the hypocrites because you think they are believers, for they pretend to be so, but they do not like you publicly or secretly.
وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْكِتَـبِ كُلِّهِ
(And you believe in all the Scriptures) meaning, you have no doubt in any part of Allah's Book, while the hypocrites have deep doubts, confusion and reservations about it.
Muhammad bin Ishaq reported that Ibn `Abbas said that,
وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْكِتَـبِ كُلِّهِ
(and you believe in all the Scriptures,) means, you believe in your Book, their Book, and the previous Books, while the hypocrites disbelieve in your Book, and this is why they deserve that you dislike them instead of them disliking you. Ibn Jarir collected this statement.
وَإِذَا لَقُوكُمْ قَالُواْ ءَامَنَّا وَإِذَا خَلَوْاْ عَضُّواْ عَلَيْكُمُ الاٌّنَامِلَ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ
(And when they meet you, they say, "We believe." But when they are alone, they bite their Anamil at you in rage.)
The word Anamil, means the tips of the fingers, as Qatadah stated. This is the behavior of the hypocrites who pretend to be believers and kind when they are with the believers, all the while concealing the opposite in their hearts in every respect. This is the exact situation that Allah describes,
وَإِذَا خَلَوْاْ عَضُّواْ عَلَيْكُمُ الاٌّنَامِلَ مِنَ الْغَيْظِ
(But when they are alone, they bite their Anamil at you in rage) and rage is extreme anger and fury. Allah said to them,
قُلْ مُوتُواْ بِغَيْظِكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ
(Say: "Perish in your rage. Certainly, Allah knows what is in the breasts (all the secrets).") for no matter how much you envy the believers and feel rage towards them, know that Allah shall perfect His favor on His believing servants, complete His religion, raise high His Word and give dominance to His religion. Therefore, O hypocrites, die in rage,
إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ
(Allah knows what is in the breasts.)
Allah has perfect knowledge of what you conceal in your hearts and chests and in the rage, envy and hatred you have against the believers. Allah will punish you for all this in this life, and they will have the good that you dislike for them. In the Hereafter, you will suffer severe torment in the Fire where you will remain for eternity.
Thereafter, Allah said,
إِن تَمْسَسْكُمْ حَسَنَةٌ تَسُؤْهُمْ وَإِن تُصِبْكُمْ سَيِّئَةٌ يَفْرَحُواْ بِهَا
(If a good befalls you, it grieves them, but if some evil overtakes you, they rejoice at it) 3:120. This only emphasizes the severity of the enmity that the hypocrites feel against the believers. If the believers enjoy fertile years, victories, support and their numbers and following increase, the hypocrites become displeased. When the Muslims suffer a drought or their enemies gain the upper hand against them, by Allah's decree, just as occurred during the battle of Uhud, the hypocrites become pleased. Allah said to His believing servants,
وَإِن تَصْبِرُواْ وَتَتَّقُواْ لاَ يَضُرُّكُمْ كَيْدُهُمْ شَيْئاً
(But if you remain patient and have Taqwa, not the least harm will their cunning do to you.)
Allah directs the believers to safety from the wickedness of evil people and the plots of the sinners, by recommending them to revert to patience and by having fear of Allah and trusting Him. Allah encompasses the enemies of the believers, all the while the believers have no power or strength except from Him. Whatever Allah wills, occurs, and whatever He does not will, does not occur. Nothing happens in His Kingdom except with His decision and according to His decrees. Verily, whoever relies on Allah, Allah shall suffice for him.
Allah then mentions the story of Uhud, the defeat that He tested the believers with, His distinguishing the believers from the hypocrites and their patience.
[O you who believe] do not take as intimates anyone apart from yourselves: a person's intimate is his closest and most faithful friend, the one who keeps him hidden and is privy to his secrets. Such a friend cannot exist unless the two are united in their purpose, are in accord on religion and in attribute, loving one another for God's sake and not for some [other] purpose, as is said of friends [that they are] one soul in separate bodies. And if he happens not to be a believer, then it is far more likely that he will be secretly an enemy. He then makes clear his hypocrisy and secret enmity with His words: such men spare nothing to ruin you � to the end [of the verse]. For true and pure love can only be between believers in [God's] Oneness, since it is the shadow of [the very] Oneness: it cannot be between those who are veiled as they inhabit the world of contrareity and darkness. Where in this world of theirs is there purity and harmonyḍ Nay, it may be that the all-inclusive human genus brings them close together, sharing as they do in that species, and [in] benefits and delights, and in their need for cooperation therein. But once what they have sought of benefits and delights is not actualised, they quarrel and fall into mutual hatred. And that [initial] closeness between them dissipates, since it had been the result of something that undergoes change, because the soul is the origination point of change. This-worldly benefits do not remain in the same state, while egocentric pleasures are fleeting; therefore love based upon it does not endure, unlike the former [type of] love, since this [latter] is based on something that by its essence never changes. That [kind of enmity] ensues when it is a matter between them: how [much worse] would it be when the matter is between them and those who oppose them in principle and in attribute. How can light and darkness be of the same nature and how can the sublime and the low be compatibleḍ Thus between those [aforementioned] men there exists real enmity and essential disagreement, the effects of which cannot be hidden, as God makes clear in His words: Hatred is [even] revealed by their mouths, because the description of [a person's] essence cannot be concealed. The Prophet said: 'Never does a person hide something except that God makes it manifest in slips of the tongue and the expressions of the face; and what their breasts conceal is yet greater, because it is a fire and this is the spark: that is the source and this is its offshoot. Now We have made clear to you the signs, the proofs of love and enmity and its causes, if you understand, the import of these words.
[O you who believe] do not take as intimates anyone apart from yourselves: a person's intimate is his closest and most faithful friend, the one who keeps him hidden and is privy to his secrets. Such a friend cannot exist unless the two are united in their purpose, are in accord on religion and in attribute, loving one another for God's sake and not for some [other] purpose, as is said of friends [that they are] one soul in separate bodies. And if he happens not to be a believer, then it is far more likely that he will be secretly an enemy. He then makes clear his hypocrisy and secret enmity with His words: such men spare nothing to ruin you � to the end [of the verse]. For true and pure love can only be between believers in [God's] Oneness, since it is the shadow of [the very] Oneness: it cannot be between those who are veiled as they inhabit the world of contrareity and darkness. Where in this world of theirs is there purity and harmonyḍ Nay, it may be that the all-inclusive human genus brings them close together, sharing as they do in that species, and [in] benefits and delights, and in their need for cooperation therein. But once what they have sought of benefits and delights is not actualised, they quarrel and fall into mutual hatred. And that [initial] closeness between them dissipates, since it had been the result of something that undergoes change, because the soul is the origination point of change. This-worldly benefits do not remain in the same state, while egocentric pleasures are fleeting; therefore love based upon it does not endure, unlike the former [type of] love, since this [latter] is based on something that by its essence never changes. That [kind of enmity] ensues when it is a matter between them: how [much worse] would it be when the matter is between them and those who oppose them in principle and in attribute. How can light and darkness be of the same nature and how can the sublime and the low be compatibleḍ Thus between those [aforementioned] men there exists real enmity and essential disagreement, the effects of which cannot be hidden, as God makes clear in His words: Hatred is [even] revealed by their mouths, because the description of [a person's] essence cannot be concealed. The Prophet said: 'Never does a person hide something except that God makes it manifest in slips of the tongue and the expressions of the face; and what their breasts conceal is yet greater, because it is a fire and this is the spark: that is the source and this is its offshoot. Now We have made clear to you the signs, the proofs of love and enmity and its causes, if you understand, the import of these words.
This refers only to people whose enmity has become apparent from their behaviour and their utterances (Tabari). The Muslims believed in the same divine faith as was given to the former People of the Book by their prophets. The religion of both was one in terms of actual reality, but the People of the Book opposed the believers. The reason being that they had formed a self-styled religion, which they attributed to their prophets. It was due to this self-styled religion that they had been enjoying a position of leadership with the people. In a true religion of God, all attention remains centred on God, whereas in a self-styled religion, people's attention is diverted to the founders of the religion and the commentators. Upholders of the latter form of faith never tolerate the call of true religion, because this would amount to displacing themselves from their position of eminence. In such a situation, true believers should refrain from negative reaction and adhere steadily to the path of patience and piety 'taqwa'. Patience 'sabr' entails holding fast to the truth under all circumstances, and taqwa entails regarding God, and no other, as the only decisive power. If believers give proof of maintaining this kind of positive attitude, no enmity, however great, can harm them.
Commentary
These verses were revealed in a particular background. There were Jewish settlements around Madinah. They had old friendly ties with the tribes of Aws and Khazraj. Individuals from these tribes were also on friendly terms with other individuals from the Jewish settlements. In their tribal capacity too, Aws and Khazraj were to the Jews their neighbours and allies. When these two tribes embraced Islam, they continued to maintain their old ties with them. Individuals from these tribes saw no problems in meeting their old Jewish friends with the same love and sincerity. But, Jews were so hostile to the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the religion brought by him that they were unwilling to be sincere and loving to anyone who had said yes to the prophetic call and had embraced Islam. So, they outwardly went along with the same old relationships with'the Ansars of Madinah, but inwardly they had turned into their enemies. The apparent friendship they had allowed to remain became their cover which they utilized in their sinster efforts to foment trouble among Muslims so that their unity could be disintegrated. They even went to the limit of banking on this feigned friendship with Muslims to find out their organizational secrets and pass them on to the enemies.
It is this hypocritical behaviour of theirs which Allah Almighty has asked Muslims to guard against. We have been given an important rule of conduct when it was said:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَتَّخِذُوا بِطَانَةً مِّن دُونِكُمْ
0 those who believe, do not take anyone as insider but from your own selves.
The word, بِطَانَةً bitanah used here means a friend, confidant, one with whom secrets are shared. The lining or inside part of a dress which stays close to the body is also known as بِطَانَةً bitanah. Derived from بِطَنَ batn (inside), it is used in everything opposed to ظھر zahr (outside). That which is outside is ظھر zahr and that which is inside is بِطَنَ batn. In garments, the outer part is ظھارہ ziharah and the inner part touching the body such as a lining is called بِطَانَةً bitanah. [ There is an expression in English - 'hand in glove'- which comes close to this sense, even if partly. It means 'to be on very intimate terms'.]
Similarly, the expression, bitanatu-th'thawb (بِطَانَةً الثوب) lends the metaphor of friend, confidant, one who comes to know internal secrets and that is how the word, بِطَانَةً bitanah is used to carry that sense. The well-known, and quite reliable lexicon of Arabic, لسان العرب Lisan al-Arab explains بِطَانَةً bitanah as follows:
بظانۃ الرجل صاحب سرہ و داخلۃ امرہ الذی یش اورہ فی احوالہ
It means that a person's بِطَانَةً bitanah is one who knows his secrets, has access to his affairs in which he seeks his advice. Raghib al-Isfahani (رح) in his Mufradat and al-Qurtubi (رح) in his Tafsir have given the same meaning. (The word, بِطَانَةً 'bitanah', translated here as 'insider' is an effort to cover some of these important shades of meaning.)
So, it has been enjoined upon Muslims through this verse that they should not take persons other than those from their own community as confidants and advisers, in a way that leads one into spilling the sensitive secrets of one's own government, community or state. No doubt, under the shade of its universal mercy, Islam has given unusual instructions to Muslims in order that they treat non-Muslims with compassion, goodwill, beneficence, kindliness and tolerance, and not leaving it at that, the Holy Prophet ﷺ has put these in actual practice in all affairs concerning non-Muslims. But, at the same time, and in perfect wisdom, binding instructions were given so as to make sure that the organized body of Muslims and its particular hall-marks stay protected. A Muslim cannot be permitted to go beyond a certain limit when developing or promoting relations (unilateral, bilateral or multi-lateral) with those who disbelieve in or practice hostility against the Law of Islam. This is so because such an action throws the doors of harm and danger open both for the individuals and the community. This arrangement is clear, reasonable, appropriate, and very necessary to give secure frontiers to the individuals as well as to the Muslim state.
About non-Muslims resident in Islamic states or those tied with Muslims through a treaty, the teachings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and his most emphatic instructions for their protection are all part of the Islamic law. The Holy Prophet ﷺ has said:
من آذی ذمیا فانا خصمہ و من کنت خصمہ خصمتہ یوم القیامہ
Whoever harms a Dhimmi (protected non-Muslim), I shall be his opponent on the Day of Judgment and I always defeat the one whom I oppose. (Reported by Ibn Masud)
In another hadith, he said :
منعنی رَبِّی ان اظلم معاھدا ولا غیرہ
My Lord has prohibited me to wrong the one protected by a treaty, or anyone other than him. (narrated by Sayyidna ` AIi ؓ )
In yet another hadith, he said:
الا من ظلم معاھداً او انتقصہ او کلفہ فوق طاقتہ او اخذ منہ شیٔاً بغیر طیب نفس منہ فَاَنَا حجیجہ یوم القیامہ
Beware, whoever wrongs a non-Muslim protected by treaty, or usurps his right, or obligates him to do what is beyond his power, or takes from him something without his genuine consent, then, I shall be the advocate for him (the said non-Muslim) on the Day of Judgment.
Side by side with these concessions and considerations for non-Muslims, instructions were given to Muslims that they should protect their distinct group cohesion by not trusting enemies of Islam and Muslims with their secrets. Ibn Abi Hatim ؓ narrates that Sayyidna ` Umar ibn Al-Khattab ؓ was asked to appoint a young non-Muslim as the chief manager and scribe in his office since he was very good at that. Thereupon, he said:
قد اتخذت اذا بطانۃ من دون المؤمنین
If I were to take him in, in that case, I will be taking an insider from among non-Muslims (which is against the Qur'anic authority).
Imam al-Qurtubi (رح) ، famous scholar and commentator of the fifth century says, with marked pensive longing, that contravention of this teaching of the Qur'an has produced evil results for Muslims:
وقد انقلبت الاحوال فی ھذہ الازمان باتخاذ اھل الکتب کتبۃ و امنآء و تسودوا بذلک عند جھلۃ الاغنیاء من الولاۃ و الاُمرآء
Things have so changed these days that Jews and Christians were trusted with secrets and considered trustworthy through which they were able to prevail over the ignorant rich, the rulers and the chiefs.
Even today, in a state established under a particular ideology, a person who does not subscribe to this ideology cannot be admitted into the inner echelons of power as a confidant. In Russia and China, a person who does not believe in communism is not given any responsible office or, farther still, trusted with state secrets. A close study of the decline of Muslim states would reveal several reasons behind it. One of the oft-repeated ones will be that Muslims had entrusted their sensitive affairs in the hands of non-Muslim confidants. This policy was an active factor in the decline of the Ottoman Caliphate as well.
The reason why this command has been given is explained soon after. Starting from لَا يَأْلُونَكُمْ خَبَالًا (they would spare no effort to do you mischief) and ending at إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (provided that you understand), the text warns Muslims that they should not take anyone other than their own Muslim brothers as insiders on their affairs, for no other group, be they Jews, Christians, hypocrites or other disbelievers, could be their genuine well-wishers. Contrary to that, they are always on the lookout for opportunities to hoodwink and hurt them materially and spiritually. They are always plotting to harm them in this worldly life as well as to take them away from the enjoined pursuits of their Faith. All this is what the Muslims can see for themselves, but the venom that lies hidden in their hearts is far too fatal. However there are times when they are enraged with their deceptive cool front thrown off and the fangs of their deep hostility become clearly visible. Why would an intelligent person take such people as his confidant? Allah Almighty has pointed out who they are and what has to be done about them. Now it is upto him who understands what is involved here.
The sentence وَدُّوا مَا عَنِتُّمْ ; (they want you to be in trouble) is a perfect mirror of the mentality of disbelievers. Here, the in-depth teaching is that no non-Muslim can ever be the real friend and well-wisher of Muslims.
Allah then forbade the believers from among the Helpers to speak with the Jews or divulge secrets to them, saying: (O ye who believe! Take not) the Jews (for intimates) confidants (others than your own folk) the sincere believers, (who would spare no pains to ruin you; they love to hamper you) they love for you to sin and become idolaters as they themselves have become. (Hatred is revealed by (the utterance of) their mouths) through vilification and defamation, (but that which their breasts hide is greater) but what they hide in their hearts of hatred and enmity is even greater. (We have made plain for you the revelations) the signs of their resentful envy (if you will understand) what is recited to you; it is also said that this means: We have made the revelations, i.e. the commands and prohibitions, clear so that you know what I command you.