The Story of Habil (Abel) and Qabil (Cain)
Allah describes the evil end and consequence of transgression, envy and injustice in the story of the two sons of Adam, Habil and Qabil. One of them fought against the other and killed him out of envy and transgression, because of the bounty that Allah gave his brother and because the sacrifice that he sincerely offered to Allah was accepted. The murdered brother earned forgiveness for his sins and was admitted into Paradise, while the murderer failed and earned a losing deal in both the lives. Allah said,
وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَىْ ءْادَمَ بِالْحَقِّ
(And recite to them the story of the two sons of Adam in truth;) meaning, tell these envious, unjust people, the brothers of swine and apes from the Jews and their likes among mankind, the story of the two sons of Adam, Habil and Qabil, as many scholars among the Salaf and later generations said. Allah's statement,
بِالْحَقِّ
(in truth;) means, clearly and without ambiguity, alteration, confusion, change, addition or deletion. Allah said in other Ayat,
إِنَّ هَـذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ
(Verily, this is the true narrative about the story of `Isa,)
نَحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نبَأَهُم بِالْحَقِّ
(We narrate unto you their story with truth, ) and,
ذلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ
(Such is `Isa, son of Maryam. (It is) a statement of truth.) Several scholars among the Salaf and the later generations said that Allah allowed Adam to marry his daughters to his sons because of the necessity of such action. They also said that in every pregnancy, Adam was given a twin, a male and a female, and he used to give the female of one twin, to the male of the other twin, in marriage. Habil's sister was not beautiful while Qabil's sister was beautiful, resulting in Qabil wanting her for himself, instead of his brother. Adam refused unless they both offer a sacrifice, and he whose sacrifice was accepted, would marry Qabil's sister. Habil's sacrifice was accepted, while Qabil's sacrifice was rejected, and thus what Allah told us about them occurred. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ibn `Abbas said -- that during the time of Adam -- "The woman was not allowed in marriage for her male twin, but Adam was commanded to marry her to any of her other brothers. In each pregnancy, Adam was given a twin, a male and a female. A beautiful daughter was once born for Adam and another one that was not beautiful. So the twin brother of the ugly daughter said, `Marry your sister to me and I will marry my sister to you.' He said, `No, for I have more right to my sister.' So they both offered a sacrifice. The sacrifice of the one who offered the sheep was accepted while the sacrifice of the other the twin brother of the beautiful daughter, which consisted of some produce, was not accepted. So the latter killed his brother." This story has a better than good chain of narration. The statement,
إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
("Verily, Allah accepts only from those who have Taqwa.) who fear Allah in their actions. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "If I become certain that Allah has accepted even one prayer from me, it will be better for me than this life and all that in it. This is because Allah says,
إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
(Verily, Allah accepts only from the those who have Taqwa.) The statement,
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَاْ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لاًّقْتُلَكَ إِنِّى أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
("If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you, for I fear Allah; the Lord of all that exists.") Qabil's brother, the pious man whose sacrifice was accepted because of his piety, said to his brother, who threatened to kill him without justification,
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَاْ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لاًّقْتُلَكَ
(If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you,) I will not commit the same evil act that you threaten to commit, so that I will not earn the same sin as you,
إِنِّى أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
(for I fear Allah; the Lord of the all that exists.) and, as a result, I will not commit the error that you threaten to commit. Rather, I will observe patience and endurance. `Abdullah bin `Amr said, "By Allah! Habil was the stronger of the two men. But, fear of Allah restricted his hand." The Prophet said in a Hadith recorded in the Two Sahihs,
«إِذَا تَوَاجَهَ الْمُسْلِمَانِ بِسَيْفَيهِمَا فَالْقَاتِلُ وَالْمَقْتُولُ فِي النَّار»
(When two Muslims fight (meet) each other with their swords, both the murderer as well as the murdered will go to the Hellfire.) They said, "O Allah's Messenger! It is all right for the murderer, but what about the victim" Allah's Messenger ﷺ replied,
«إِنَّه كَانَ حَرِيصًا عَلى قَتْلِ صَاحِبِه»
(He surely had the intention to kill his comrade.) Imam Ahmad recorded that, at the beginning of the calamity that `Uthman suffered from, Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas said, "I bear witness that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«إِنَّهَا سَتَكُونُ فِتْنَةٌ القَاعِدُ فِيهَا خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْقَائِمِ، وَالْقَائِمُ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْمَاشِي، وَالْمَاشِي خَيْرٌ مِنَ السَّاعِي»
(There will be a Fitnah, and he who sits idle during it is better than he who stands up, and he who stands up in it is better than he who walks, and he who walks is better than he who is walking at a fast pace.) When he was asked, `What if someone enters my home and stretched his hand to kill me' He said,
«كُنْ كَابْنِ آدَم»
(Be just like (the pious) son of Adam.)" At-Tirmidhi also recorded it this way, and said, "This Hadith is Hasan, and similar is reported on this subject from Abu Hurayrah, Khabbab bin Al-Aratt, Abu Bakr, Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Waqid and Abu Musa." The Qur'an continues,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـبِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظَّـلِمِينَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers.") Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Qatadah said that,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours...") means, the sin of murdering me, in addition to your previous sins. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Allah's statement,
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(So the soul of the other encouraged him and made fair-seeming to him the murder of his brother; he murdered him and became one of the losers.) means, his conscience encouraged him to kill his brother by making it seem like a sensible thing to do, so he killed him, even after his brother admonished him. Ibn Jarir said, "When he wanted to kill his brother, he started to twist his neck. So Shaytan took an animal and placed its head on a rock, then he took another rock, and similar is reported on this subject from Abu Hurayrah, Khabbab bin Al-Aratt, Abu Bakr, Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Waqid and Abu Musa." The Qur'an continues,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـبِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظَّـلِمِينَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers.") Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Qatadah said that,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours...") means, the sin of murdering me, in addition to your previous sins. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Allah's statement,
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(So the soul of the other encouraged him and made fair-seeming to him the murder of his brother; he murdered him and became one of the losers.) means, his conscience encouraged him to kill his brother by making it seem like a sensible thing to do, so he killed him, even after his brother admonished him. Ibn Jarir said, "When he wanted to kill his brother, he started to twist his neck. So Shaytan took an animal and placed its head on a rock, then he took another rock, and smashed its head with it until he killed it while the son of Adam was looking. So he did the same thing to his brother." Ibn Abi Hatim also recorded this. `Abdullah bin Wahb said that `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said that his father said, "Qabil held Habil by the head to kill him, so Habil laid down for him and Qabil started twisting Habil's head, not knowing how to kill him. Shaytan came to Qabil and said, `Do you want to kill him' He said, `Yes.' Shaytan said, `Take that stone and throw it on his head.' So Qabil took the stone and threw it at his brother's head and smashed his head. Shaytan then went to Hawwa' in a hurry and said to her, `O Hawwa'! Qabil killed Habil.' She asked him, `Woe to you! What does `kill' mean' He said, `He will no longer eat, drink or move.' She said, `And that is death' He said, `Yes it is.' So she started to weep until Adam came to her while she was weeping and said, `What is the matter with you' She did not answer him. He asked her two more times, but she did not answer him. So he said, `You and your daughters will inherit the practice of weeping, while I and my sons are free of it."' Ibn Abi Hatim recorded it. Allah's statement,
فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(And became one of the losers.) in this life and the Hereafter, and which loss is worse than this Imam Ahmad recorded that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«لَا تُقْتَلُ نَفْسٌ ظُلْمًا إِلَّا كَانَ عَلَى ابْنِ آدَمَ الْأَوَّلِ كِفْلٌ مِنْ دَمِهَا،لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ سَنَّ الْقَتْل»
(Any soul that is unjustly killed, then the first son of Adam will carry a burden of its shedding, for he was the first to practice the crime of murder.) The Group, with the exception of Abu Dawud, also recorded this Hadith. Ibn Jarir recorded that `Abdullah bin `Amr used to say, "The son of Adam, who killed his brother, will be the most miserable among men. There is no blood shed on earth since he killed his brother, until the Day of Resurrection, but he will carry a burden from it, for he was the first person to establish murder." Allah said,
فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ غُرَاباً يَبْحَثُ فِى الاٌّرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِى سَوْءَةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّـدِمِينَ
(Then Allah sent a crow who scratched the ground to show him how to hide the dead body of his brother. He (the murderer) said, "Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother" Then he became one of those who regretted.) As-Suddi said that the Companions said, "When his brother died, Qabil left him on the bare ground and did not know how to bury him. Allah sent two crows, which fought with each other until one of them killed the other. So it dug a hole and threw sand over the dead corpse (which it placed in the hole). When Qabil saw that, he said,
يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى
("Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother") `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "A crow came to the dead corpse of another crow and threw sand over it, until it hid it in the ground. He who killed his brother said,
يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى
(Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother)" Al-Hasan Al-Basri commented on the statement,
فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّـدِمِينَ
(Then he became one of those who regretted.) "Allah made him feel sorrow after the loss that he earned."
The Swift Punishment for Transgression and Cutting the Relations of the Womb
A Hadith states that the Prophet said,
«مَا مِنْ ذَنْبٍ أَجْدَرُ أَنْ يُعَجِّلَ اللهُ عُقُوبَتَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا مَعَ مَا يَدَّخِرُ لِصَاحِبهِ فِي الْآخِرَةِ مِنَ الْبَغْيِ وَقَطِيعَةِ الرَّحِم»
(There is no sin that is more worthy of Allah hastening its punishment in this life, in addition to what He has in store for its offender in the Hereafter, more than transgression and cutting the relations of the womb.) The act of Qabil included both of these. We are Allah's and to Him is our return.
Then God sent forth a raven scratching into the earth digging up the soil with its beak and with its legs and throwing it up over a dead raven next to it until it completely hid it to show him how he might hide the nakedness the carcass of his brother. He said ‘Woe to me! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother’s nakedness?’ And he became one of the remorseful for having carried him; he then dug a hole for him and covered him up.
Then God sent forth, the raven of covetousness, scratching into, the earth of the soul, to show him how he might hide the nakedness of his brother, meaning, estimation, because by its severing of the intellect from the light of guidance and its veiling of it from the journeying in the upper world to actualise perfection and to pursue the felicity of the end, becomes perplexed regarding itself, whereupon covetousness was sent forth and guided it in the wilderness of misguidance and showed it how to hide and bury its nakedness, that is, its slain corpse which estimation bore upon its shoulders until it had putrified. Thus the intellect of livelihood ended up under the soil of the earth, which is the form of the intellect that has been severed from the life of the spirit, blemished by estimation and caprice, veiled from its world in the darknesses of the earth of the soul, within which it lies buried as it is being consumed by the worms of the natural faculties which use it in order to actualise their pleasures and goals. He said, 'Woe to me! Am I not able to be as this raven, which has buried its youngling, that is, its herald or its perfection, in the earth of the soul by annihilating what can be actualised for it and suppressing it therein, and so hide my brother's nakednessḍ', by concealing it in the darkness of the soul and thus profit from it. And he became one of the remorseful, upon this loss and the resulting privation;
Then God sent forth, the raven of covetousness, scratching into, the earth of the soul, to show him how he might hide the nakedness of his brother, meaning, estimation, because by its severing of the intellect from the light of guidance and its veiling of it from the journeying in the upper world to actualise perfection and to pursue the felicity of the end, becomes perplexed regarding itself, whereupon covetousness was sent forth and guided it in the wilderness of misguidance and showed it how to hide and bury its nakedness, that is, its slain corpse which estimation bore upon its shoulders until it had putrified. Thus the intellect of livelihood ended up under the soil of the earth, which is the form of the intellect that has been severed from the life of the spirit, blemished by estimation and caprice, veiled from its world in the darknesses of the earth of the soul, within which it lies buried as it is being consumed by the worms of the natural faculties which use it in order to actualise their pleasures and goals. He said, 'Woe to me! Am I not able to be as this raven, which has buried its youngling, that is, its herald or its perfection, in the earth of the soul by annihilating what can be actualised for it and suppressing it therein, and so hide my brother's nakednessḍ', by concealing it in the darkness of the soul and thus profit from it. And he became one of the remorseful, upon this loss and the resulting privation;
لما قتل قابيلُ أخاه لم يعرف ما يصنع بجسده، فأرسل الله غرابًا يحفر حفرةً في الأرض ليدفن فيها غرابًا مَيِّتًا؛ ليدل قابيل كيف يدفن جُثمان أخيه؟ فتعجَّب قابيل، وقال: أعجزتُ أن أصنع مثل صنيع هذا الغراب فأستُرَ عورة أخي؟ فدَفَنَ قابيل أخاه، فعاقبه الله بالندامة بعد أن رجع بالخسران.
وقوله تعالى "فبعث الله غرابا يبحث في الأرض ليريه كيف يواري سوأة أخيه قال يا ويلتي أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي فأصبح من النادمين" قال السدي بإسناده المتقدم إلى الصحابة رضي الله عنهم: لما مات الغلام تركه بالعراء ولا يعلم كيف يدفن فبعث الله غرابين أخوين فاقتتلا فقتل أحدهما صاحبه فحفر له ثم حثى عليه فلما رآه قال " يا ويلتى أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي " وقال علي بن أبي طلحة: عن ابن عباس قال: جاء غراب إلى غراب ميت فحثى عليه من التراب حتى واراه فقال الذي قتل أخاه " يا ويلتي أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي " وقال الضحاك عن ابن عباس: مكث يحمل أخاه في جراب على عاتقه سنة حتى بعث الله الغرابين فرآهما يبحثان فقال " أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب " فدفن أخاه وقال ليث بن أبي سليم عن مجاهد: كان يحمله على عاتقه مائة سنة ميتا لا يدري ما يصنع به ويحمله ويضعه إلى الأرض حتى رأى الغراب يدفن الغراب فقال " يا ويلتى أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي فأصبح من النادمين " رواه ابن جرير وابن أبي حاتم وقال عطية العوفي: لما قتله فضمه إليه حتى أروح وعكفت عليه الطيور والسباع تنتظر متى يرمي به فتأكله.رواه ابن جرير وروى محمد بن إسحاق عن بعض أهل العلم بالكتاب الأول لما قتله سقط في يده أي ولم يدر كيف يواريه وذلك أنه كان فيما يزعمون أول قتيل في بني آدم وأول ميت " فبعث الله غرابا يبحث في الأرض ليريه كيف يواري سوأة أخيه قال يا ويلتى أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي فأصبح من النادمين " قال: وزعم أهل التوراة أن قابيل لما قتل أخاه هابيل قال له الله عز وجل يا قابيل أين أخوك هابيل قال ما أدري ما كنت عليه رقيبا فقال الله إن صوت دم أخيك ليناديني من الأرض الآن أنت ملعون في الأرض التي فتحت فاها فتلقت دم أخيك من يدك فإن أنت عملت في الأرض فإنها لا تعود تعطيك حرثها حتى تكون فزعا تائها في الأرض وقوله " فأصبح من النادمين " قال الحسن البصري: علاه الله بندامة بعد خسران فهذه أقوال المفسرين في هذه القصة وكلهم متفقون على أن هذين ابنا آدم لصلبه كما هو ظاهر القرآن وكما نطق به الحديث في قوله إلا كان على ابن آدم الأول كفل من دمها لأنه أول من سن القتل وهذا ظاهر وجلي ولكن قال ابن جرير: حدثنا ابن وكيع حدثنا سهل بن يوسف عن عمرو عن الحسن هو البصري قال: كان الرجلان اللذان في القرآن اللذان قال الله " واتل عليهم نبأ ابني آدم بالحق " من بني إسرائيل ولم يكونا ابني آدم لصلبه وإنما كان القربان من بني إسرائيل وكان آدم أول من مات وهذا غريب جدا وفي إسناده نظر وقد قال عبد الرزاق عن معمر عن الحسن قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم:" إن ابني آدم - عليه السلام- ضربا لهذه الأمة مثلا فخذوا بالخير منهما" ورواه المبارك عن عاصم الأحول عن الحسن قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم:" إن الله ضرب لكم ابني آدم مثلا وخذوا من خيرهم ودعوا شرهم" وكذا أرسل هذا الحديث بكير بن عبد الله المزني روى ذلك كله ابن جرير وقال سالم بن أبي الجعد: لما قتل ابن آدم أخاه مكث آدم مائة سنة حزينا لا يضحك ثم أتى فقيل له: حياك الله وبيانه أي أضحك. رواه ابن جرير ثم قال: حدثنا ابن حميد حدثنا سلمة عن غياث بن إبراهيم عن أبي إسحاق الهمداني قال: قال: علي بن أبي طالب لما قتل ابن آدم أخاه بكاه آدم فقال: تغيرت البلاد ومن عليها فلون الأرض مغبر قبيح تغير كل ذي لون وطعم وقل بشاشة الوجه المليح فأجيب آدم عليه السلام: أبا هابيل قد قتلا جميعا وصار الحي بالميت الـذبيح وجـاء بشره قد كان منه على خوف فجاء بها يصيح والظاهر أن قابيل عوجل بالعقوبة كما ذكره مجاهد وابن جبير أنه علقت ساقه بفخذه يوم القيامة وجعل الله وجهه إلى الشمس حيث دارت عقوبة له وتنكيلا به وقد ورد في الحديث أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال:" ما من ذنب أجدر أن يعجل الله عقوبته في الدنيا مع ما يدخر لصاحبه في الآخرة من البغي وقطيعة الرحم " وقد اجتمع في فعل قابيل هذا وهذا فإنا لله وإنا إليه راجعون.
ثم حكى القرآن بعض ما حدث بعد قتل الأخ أخاه فقال : ( فَبَعَثَ الله غُرَاباً يَبْحَثُ فِي الأرض لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْءَةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَاوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هذا الغراب فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِي فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النادمين ) .وقوله : ( فَبَعَثَ ) من البعث بمعنى الإِرسال . وهو هنا مستعمل في الإِلهام بالطير إلى ذلك المكان بحيث يراه قابيل .والغراب : طائر معروف . قالوا : والحكمة في كونه المبعوث دون غيره من الطيور أو الحيوان ، لأنه يتشاءم به في الفراق والاغتراب . أو لأن من عادة الغراب دفن الأشياء .وقوله : ( يَبْحَثُ فِي الأرض ) أي : ينبش التراب بمنقابره ورجليه بحيث يستخرجه من الأرض ، ليعمل ما يشبه الحفرة .والتعبير بالمضارع ، للإِشارة إلى أن البحث قد مكث وقتا ، وكان مجال استمرار .وقوله : ( ليريه ) إما متعلق بقوله ( بعث ) فيكون الضمير في الفعل لله - تعالى - أو متعلق بقوله : ( يبحث ) فيكون الضمير للغراب .قال القرطبي : قال مجاهد : بعث الله غرابين فاقتتلا حتى قتل أحدهما الآخر ثم حفر فدفنه - فتعلم قابيل ذلك من الغراب - وكان ابن آدم هذا أول من قتل . وقيل إن الغراب بحث الأرض على طعمه - أي : أكله - ليخفيه إلى وقت الحاجة إليه ، لأن عادة الغرب فعل ذلك ، فتنبه قابيل بذلك على مواراة أخيه " ." والسوءة " ما تسوء رؤيته من الجسد ، والمراد بها هنا : جميع جسد الميت وقيل : المراد بها العورة ، لأنها تسوء ناظرها . وخصت بالذكر مع أن المراد مواراة جميع الجسد للاهتمام بها ، لأن سترها آكد .وهذه الآية مرتبطة بكلام يسبقها لم يذكره القرآن الكريم لفهمه من السياق .والتقدير : أن القاتل بعد أن ارتكب جريمته . ورأى جثة أخيه أمامه ملقاة في العراء . تحير ماذا يفعل فيها حتى لا يتركها عرضة لنهش السباع والطيور . ( فَبَعَثَ الله غُرَاباً يَبْحَثُ ) أي : يحفر وينبش بمنقاره ورجلريه متعمقا ( فِي الأرض ) ( لِيُرِيَهُ ) أي : ليعلم ذلك القاتل ويعرفه ( كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْءَةَ أَخِيهِ ) أي : كيف يستر في التراب جسم أخيه بعد أن فارقته الحياة ، وأصبح عرضة للتغير والتعفن .وقوله - تعالى - ( قَالَ يَاوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هذا الغراب فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِي ) بيان لما اعترى هذا القاتل من تحسر وندم .وكلمة ( قَالَ يَاوَيْلَتَا ) أصلها : يا ويلتي . وهي كلمة جزت وتحسر . تستعمل عند وقوع المصيبة العظيمة كأن المتحسر ينادي ويلته ويطلب حضورها ، بعد تنزيلها منزلة من ينادي . ولا يكون ذلك إلى في أشد الأحوال ألما ، والويلة كالويل : ومعناهما الفضيحة والبلية والهلاك .أي : قال القاتل لأخيه ظلما وحسدا بجزع وحسرة - بعد أن رأى غرابا يحفر حفرة ليدفن فيها شيئا - قال ( يَاوَيْلَتَا ) أي : يا فضيحيتي وبليتي أقبليي فهذا وقتك ، لأني قد نزلت بي أسبابك .وقوله : ( أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هذا الغراب فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِي ) أي : أضعفت عن الحيلة التي تجعلني مثل هذا الغراب فأستر جسد أخي في التراب كما دفن الغراب بمنقاره ورجليه في الأرض ما أراد دفنه؟! والاستفهام في ( أعجزت ) للتعجب من عدم اهتدائه إلى ما اهتدى إليه الغراب ، مع أنه إنسان فيه عقل ، والغراب طائر من أخس الطيور .وقوله : ( فأوارى ) معطوف على قوله : ( أن أكون ) .وقوله : ( فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النادمين ) ، تذييل قصد به بيان ما أصاب قابيل بعد أن قتل أخاه عدوانا وحسدا ، ولم يعرف كيف يستر جثته إلا من الغراب .والندم : أسف الفاعل على فعل صدر منه .قال الراغب : الندم والندامة التحسر من تغير رأى في أمر فائت . قال - تعالى - : ( فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النادمين ) .وأصله من منادمة الحزن له وملازمته إياه .والمعنى : فأصبح قابيل الذي قتل أخاه هابيل بغيا وحسدا من النادمين على ما اقترف من فواحش تدل على جهله ، وبغيه ، وتمكن الحقد من نفسه .قال صاحب المنار : والندم الذي ندمه - قابيل - هو ما يعرض لكل إنسان عقب ما يصدر عنه من الخطأ في فعله فعله إذا ظهر له أن قفعله كان شرا له لا خيرا . وقد يكون الندم توبة إذا كان سببه الخوف من الله ، والتألم من تعدي حدوده ، وهذا هو المراد بحديث " الندم توبة " - رواه أحمد والبخاري في تاريخه والحاكم البيهقي .وأما الندم الطبيعي الذي أشرنا إليه فلا يعد وحده توبة . وفي حديث ابن مسعود في الصحيحين مرفوعا : " لا تقتل نفس ظلما إلا كان على ابن آدم كفل - أي نصيب - من دمها؛ لأنه أول من سن القتل " .
القول في تأويل قوله عز ذكره : فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الأَرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْأَةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَا وَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْأَةَ أَخِي فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّادِمِينَ (31)قال أبو جعفر: وهذا أيضًا أحدُ الأدلة على أن القول في أمر ابني آدم بخلاف ما رواه عمرو، عن الحسن، (139) لأن الرجلين اللذين وصف الله صفتهما في هذه الآية، لو كانا من بني إسرائيل، لم يجهل القاتلُ دفنَ أخيه ومواراة سوأة أخيه، ولكنهما كانا من ولد آدم لصلبه، ولم يكن القاتلُ منهما أخاه عَلِم سنّة الله في عبادِهِ الموتى، (140) ولم يدر ما يصنع بأخيه المقتول. فذكر أنه كان يحمله على عاتقه حينًا حتى أراحت جيفته، (141) فأحب الله تعريفَه السنة في موتى خلقه، فقيَّض له الغرابين اللذين وصف صفتهما في كتابه.* * *ذكر الأخبار عن أهل التأويل بالذي كان من فعل القاتل من ابني آدم بأخيه المقتول، بعد قتله إياه.11752 - حدثنا سفيان بن وكيع قال، حدثنا يحيى بن أبي روق الهمداني، عن أبيه، عن الضحاك، عن ابن عباس قال: مكث يحمل أخاه في جِرابٍ على رقبته سنًة، حتى بعث الله جل وعز الغُرَابين، فرآهما يبحثان، فقال: " أعجزتُ أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب "؟ فدفن أخاه. (142)11753 - حدثني محمد بن سعد قال، حدثني أبي قال، حدثني عمي قال، حدثني أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس: " فبعث الله غرابًا يبحث في الأرض ليريه كيف يواري سوأة أخيه "، بعث الله جل وعز غرابًا حيًّا، إلى غراب ميت، فجعل الغراب الحيُّ يواري سوأة الغراب الميت، فقال ابن آدم الذي قتل أخاه: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب " الآية.11754 - حدثني موسى بن هارون قال، حدثنا عمرو بن حماد قال، حدثنا أسباط، عن السدي فيما ذكر، عن أبي مالك= وعن أبي صالح، عن ابن عباس= وعن مرة، عن عبد الله= وعن ناس من أصحاب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: لما مات الغلام تَركه بالعراء، ولا يعلم كيف يَدْفن. فبعث الله جل وعزّ غرابين أخوين، فاقتتلا فقتل أحدهما صاحبه، فحفر له ثم حَثا عليه. فلما رآه قال: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي"، فهو قول الله: " فبعث الله غرابًا يبحث في الأرض ليريه كيف يواري سوأة أخيه ".11755 - حدثني محمد بن عمرو قال، حدثنا أبو عاصم قال، حدثنا عيسى، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد: " يبحث "، قال: بعث الله غرابًا حتى &; 10-226 &; حفر لآخر إلى جنبه ميت= وابن آدم القاتل ينظر إليه= ثم بحث عليه حتى غيَّبه. (143)11756 - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال، حدثنا شبل، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد: " غرابًا يبحث في الأرض "، حتى حفر لآخر ميت إلى جنبه، فغيّبه، وابن آدم القاتل ينظر إليه، حيث يبحثُ عليه حتى غيبه، فقال: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب "، الآية.11757 - حدثني الحارث قال، حدثنا عبد العزيز قال، حدثنا سفيان، عن منصور، عن مجاهد قوله: " فبعث الله غرابًا يبحث في الأرض "، قال: بعث الله غرابًا إلى غراب، فاقتتلا فقتل أحدهما صاحبه، فجعل يَحْثِي عليه التراب، (144) فقال: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي فأصبح من النادمين ".11758 - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثني عبد الله بن صالح قال، حدثني معاوية، عن علي، عن ابن عباس: " فبعث الله غرابًا يبحث في الأرض "، قال: جاء غراب إلى غراب ميّت، فحثَى عليه من التراب حتى واراه، فقال الذي قتل أخاه: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب "، الآية.11759 - حدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا عبيد الله بن موسى، عن فضيل بن مرزوق، عن عطية قال: لما قتله ندم، فضَّمه إليه حتى أروح، (145) وعكفت عليه الطير والسباع تنتظر متى يَرْمي به فتأكله.11760 - حدثنا بشر قال، حدثنا يزيد قال، حدثنا سعيد، عن قتادة &; 10-227 &; قوله: " فبعث الله غرابًا يبحث في الأرض ليريه "، أنه بعثه الله عز ذكره يبحثُ في الأرض، ذكر لنا أنهما غرابان اقتَتَلا فقتل أحدهما صاحبه، وذلك = يعني ابن آدم = ينظر، وجعل الحيّ يَحْثِي على الميت الترابَ، فعند ذلك قال ما قال: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب " الآية، إلى قوله: " من النادمين ".11761 - حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا معمر، عن قتادة قال: أما قوله: " فبعث الله غرابًا "، قال: قتل غرابٌ غرابًا، فجعل يحثُو عليه، فقال ابن آدم الذي قتل أخاه حين رآه: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي فأصبح من النادمين ".11762 - حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا جرير، عن ليث، عن مجاهد في قوله: " فبعث الله غرابًا يبحث في الأرض ليريه كيف يواري سوأة أخيه "، قال: وارى الغراب الغراب. قال: كان يحمله على عاتقه مائة سنة لا يدري ما يصنع به، يحمله ويضعه إلى الأرض، حتى رأى الغراب يدفن الغرابَ، فقال: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي فأصبح من النادمين ".11763 - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا معلَّى بن أسد قال، حدثنا خالد، عن حصين، عن أبي مالك في قول الله: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب "، قال: بعث الله عزّ وجل غرابًا، فجعل يَبْحَثُ على غراب ميت الترابَ. قال: فقال عند ذلك: " أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي فأصبح من النادمين ".11764 - حدثت عن الحسين بن الفرج قال، سمعت أبا معاذ قال، أخبرنا عبيد بن سليمان قال، سمعت الضحاك يقول في قوله: " فبعث الله غرابًا يبحث في الأرض "، بعث الله غرابًا حيًّا إلى غراب ميّت، فجعل الغراب الحيُّ يواري سوأة الغراب الميت، فقال ابن آدم الذي قتل أخاه: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب "، الآية.11765 - حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا سلمة، عن ابن إسحاق، فيما يذكر عن بعض أهل العلم بالكتاب الأوّل، قال: لما قتله سُقِط في يديه، ولم يَدْر كيف يواريه. وذلك أنه كان، فيما يزعمون، أوَّل قتيل من بني آدم وأوّل ميت= [قال]: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي" الآية= [إلى قوله: ثُمَّ إِنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنْهُمْ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فِي الأَرْضِ لَمُسْرِفُونَ ، قال]: (146) ويزعم أهل التوراة أن قابيل حين قتل أخاه هابيل قال له جل ثناؤه: يا قابيل، (147) أين أخوك هابيل؟ قال: ما أدري، ما كنت عليه رقيبًا! فقال الله جل وعز له: إنّ صوت دم أخيك لينادِيني من الأرض، الآن أنت ملعون من الأرضِ التي فتحت فاها فبلعت دم أخيك من يدك. فإذا أنت عملت في الأرض، فإنها لا تعود تعطيك حرثَها حتى تكون فزعًا تائهًا في الأرض. قال قابيل: عظمت خطيئتي من أن تغفرها! (148) قد أخرجتني اليوم عن وجه الأرض، وأتوارى من قُدَّامك، وأكون فزعًا تائهًا في الأرض، وكل من لقيني قتلني! فقال الله جل وعز: ليس ذلك كذلك، ولا يكون كل من قتل قتيلا يجزى بواحدٍ سبعة، ولكن من قتل قابيل يجزي سبعة، (149) وجعل الله في قابيل آية لئلا يقتله كل من وجده، وخرج قابيل من قدام الله عز وجل من شرقي عدن الجنة. (150)11766 - حدثنا أبو كريب قال، حدثنا جابر بن نوح قال، حدثنا الأعمش، عن خيثمة قال: لما قتل ابن آدم أخاه نَشِفت الأرض دمه، فلُعِنت فلم تَنْشَف الأرض دمًا بعدُ. (151)* * *قال أبو جعفر: فتأويل الكلام: فأثار الله للقاتل (152) =إذ لم يدر ما يصنع بأخيه المقتول=" غرابًا يبحث في الأرض "، يقول: يحفر في الأرض، فيثير ترابها=" ليريه كيف يواري سوأة أخيه "، يقول: ليريه كيف يواري جيفةَ أخيه.* * *وقد يحتمل أن يكون عُنِيَ بـ" السوأة "، الفرج، غير أن الأغلب من معناه ما ذكرت من الجيفة، بذلك جاء تأويل أهل التأويل.* * *قال أبو جعفر: وفي ذلك محذوفٌ ترك ذكره، استغناء بدلالة ما ذكر منه، وهو: " فأراه بأن بحث في الأرض لغراب آخر ميتٍ فواراه فيها "، فقال القاتل أخاه حينئذ: " يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب "، الذي وارى الغرابَ الآخر الميتَ=" فأواري سوأة أخي"، فواراه حينئذ=" فأصبح من النادمين "، على ما فرط منه، من معصية الله عز ذكره في قتله أخاه. (153)* * *وكل ما ذكر الله عز وجلّ في هذه الآيات، مثلٌ ضربه الله عز ذكره لبني آدم، وحرَّض به المؤمنين من أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم على استعمال العفوِ والصفح عن اليهود= الذين كانوا هموا بقتل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وقتلهم= من بني النضير، (154) إذ أتوهم يستعينونهم في دية قتيلي عمرو بن أمية الضمري، وعرَّفهم جل وعز رداءة سجيَّة أوائلهم، (155) وسوء استقامتهم على منهج الحق، مع كثرة أياديه وآلائه عندهم. وضرب مثلهم في غَدْرهم، (156) ومثل المؤمنين في الوفاء لهم والعفو عنهم، بابني آدم المقرِّبَين قرابينهما، (157) اللذين ذكرهما الله في هذه الآيات. ثم ذلك مثلٌ لهم على التأسِّي بالفاضل منهما دون الطالح. (158) وبذلك جاء الخبر عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم.11767 - حدثنا محمد بن عبد الأعلى قال، حدثنا المعتمر بن سليمان، عن أبيه قال، قلت لبكر بن عبد الله، أما بلغك أن نبيَّ الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: " إن الله جل وعز ضرب لكم ابني آدم مثلا فخذوا خيرَهما ودعوا شرَّهما "؟ قال: بلى.11768 - حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا معمر، عن الحسن قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: إن ابني آدم ضُرِبا مثلا لهذه الأمة، فخذوا بالخير منهما.11769 - حدثنا المثنى قال، حدثنا سويد بن نصر قال، أخبرنا ابن المبارك، عن عاصم الأحول، عن الحسن قال، قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: إن الله ضرب لكم ابني آدم مثلا فخذوا من خيرهم ودعوا الشر. (159)* * *---------------الهوامش :(139) يعني الأثر: 11719 ، وانظر ما سلف أيضًا في ص: 219.(140) في المخطوطة: "في عاده الموتى" ، وفي المطبوعة: "في عادة الموتى" ، وهذا كلام لا معنى له ، صواب قراءته ما أثبت.(141) "أراح اللحم" ، أنتن وسطعت له ريح خبيثة.(142) الأثر: 11752-"يحيى بن أبي روق" ، هو"يحيى بن عطية بن الحارث الهمداني الكوفي. ضعيف. قال يحيى بن معين"ليس بثقة". مترجم في لسان الميزان ، وابن أبي حاتم 4/2/180 وأبوه"أبو روق" هو"عطية بن الحارث الهمداني" ، ثقة ، لا بأس به. مضى برقم: 137 ، 9632.(143) "بحث عليه": يعني حفر التراب عليه وغطاه به.(144) "حثا عليه التراب يحثوه حثوًا" و"حثى عليه التراب يحثيه حثيًا": هاله. والثاني منهم أعلى من الأول وأفصح. وقد مضت: "حثا" ، وستأتي في الآثار التالية: "يحثو" ، فأغنانا ذكرها هنا عن ذكرها فيما سلف وما سيأتي.(145) "أروح اللحم ، وأراح". أنتن ، وانظر للتعليق السالف ص: 224 ، تعليق: 4.(146) زدت ما بين القوسين من تاريخ الطبري.(147) في المطبوعة والمخطوطة: "قابيل" ، وفي التاريخ مكان"قابيل" في كل موضع"قين" ، وانظر ص: 205 ، تعليق: 3.(148) في المخطوطة: "قال ومن عظمت خطيئتي" ، وصوابها"قال قين: عظمت..." كما في التاريخ ولكن المخطوطة جرت هنا على أن تضع"قابيل" مكان"قين" ، فوضع الناشر الأول للتفسير"قال قابيل" وهو حسن.(149) كانت هذه الجملة في المطبوعة: "ولا يكون كل قاتل قتيلا يجزي واحدا ، ولكن يجزي سبعة" وهي فاسدة كل الفساد ، صححتها من تاريخ الطبري ، ولكني سرت على نهج المخطوطة في وضع"قابيل" مكان"قين" ، فكتبت"من قتل قابيل".(150) الأثر: 11765- هذا الذي رواه ابن إسحق من قول أهل التوراة ، تجده في كتاب القوم في سفر التكوين ، في الإصحاح الرابع ، وهو ترجمة أخرى لهذه الفقرة من هذا الإصحاح. وانظر ما سلف ص: 183 ، تعليق: 2.(151) "نشفت الأرض الماء تنشفه نشفًا" (على وزن: علم يعلم): شربته.(152) انظر تفسير"بعث" فيما سلف 2: 84 ، 85/5: 457.(153) في المخطوطة: "في قتله أخيه" ، والصواب ما في المطبوعة ، أو تكون: "في قتل أخيه".(154) السياق: "... عن اليهود... من بني النضير".(155) في المخطوطة هكذا: "ردأ سجه أوائلهم" وغير منقوطة ، وما في المطبوعة مقارب للصواب.(156) في المطبوعة: "في عدوهم" ، لم يحسن قراءة المخطوطة ، لأنها غير منقوطة.(157) في المخطوطة والمطبوعة: "قرا بينهم" ، والصواب ما أثبت.(158) في المخطوطة: "دون الصالح" ، وهو خطأ محض. ولعل الأصل: "بالصالح منهما دون الطالح".(159) الآثار: 11767- 11769- هذه الثلاثة أخبار مرسلة ، لم أهتد إلى شيء منها في دواوين السنة.
( فبعث الله غرابا يبحث في الأرض ليريه كيف يواري سوأة أخيه ) فلما رأى قابيل ذلك قال : يا ويلتا ، كلمة تحسر فقيل لما رأى الدفن من الغراب أنه أكبر علما منه وأن ما فعله كان جهلا فندم وتحسر ( قال يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي ) أي : جيفته ، وقيل : عورته لأنه قد سلب ثيابه ، ( فأصبح من النادمين ) على حمله على عاتقه لا على قتله ، وقيل : على فراق أخيه ، وقيل : ندم لقلة النفع بقتله فإنه أسخط والديه ، وما انتفع بقتله شيئا ولم يكن ندمه على القتل وركوب الذنب .قال عبد المطلب بن عبد الله بن حنطب : لما قتل ابن آدم أخاه رجفت الأرض بما عليها سبعة أيام ثم شربت الأرض دمه كما يشرب الماء ، فناداه آدم أين أخوك هابيل؟ قال : ما أدري ما كنت عليه رقيبا ، فقال الله تعالى : إن دم أخيك ليناديني من الأرض ، فلم قتلت أخاك؟ قال : فأين دمه إن كنت قتلته؟ فحرم الله عز وجل على الأرض يومئذ أن تشرب دما بعده أبدا .وقال مقاتل بن سليمان عن الضحاك عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما : لما قتل قابيل هابيل وآدم عليه السلام بمكة اشتاك الشجر وتغيرت الأطعمة وحمضت الفواكه ، وأمر الماء واغبرت الأرض ، فقال آدم عليه السلام : قد حدث في الأرض حدث ، فأتى الهند فإذا قابيل قد قتل هابيل فأنشأ يقول وهو أول من قال الشعر :تغيرت البلاد ومن عليها فوجه الأرض مغبر قبيح تغير كل ذي لون وطعموقل بشاشة الوجه الصبيحوروي : المليح .وروي عن ميمون بن مهران عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما قال : من قال إن آدم عليه السلام قال شعرا فقد كذب ، إن محمدا صلى الله عليه وسلم والأنبياء كلهم عليهم السلام في النهي عن الشعر سواء ، ولكن لما قتل قابيل هابيل رثاه آدم وهو سرياني ، فلما قال آدم مرثيته قال لشيث : يا بني إنك وصي احفظ هذا الكلام ليتوارث فيرق الناس عليه ، لم يزل ينقل حتى وصل إلى يعرب بن قحطان ، وكان يتكلم بالعربية والسريانية وهو أول من خط بالعربية ، وكان يقول الشعر فنظر في المرثية فرد المقدم إلى المؤخر والمؤخر إلى المقدم ، فوزنه شعرا وزاد فيه أبياتا منها :وما لي لا أجود بسكب دمع وهابيل تضمنه الضريحأرى طول الحياة علي غما فهل أنا من حياتي مستريحفلما مضى من عمر آدم عليه السلام مائة وثلاثون سنة ، وذلك بعد قتل هابيل بخمس سنين ولدت له حواء شيثا ، وتفسيره : هبة الله ، يعني إنه خلف من هابيل علمه الله تعالى ساعات الليل والنهار ، وعلمه عبادة الخلق في كل ساعة منها ، وأنزل عليه خمسين صحيفة فصار وصي آدم وولي عهده ، وأما قابيل فقيل له اذهب طريدا شريدا فزعا مرعوبا لا تأمن من تراه ، فأخذ بيد أخته أقليما وهرب بها إلى عدن من أرض اليمن ، فأتاه إبليس فقال له إنما أكلت النار قربان هابيل لأنه كان يعبد النار فانصب أنت نارا أيضا تكون لك ولعقبك ، فبنى بيتا للنار فهو أول من عبد النار ، وكان لا يمر به أحد إلا رماه ، فأقبل ابن له أعمى ومعه ابن له ، فقال ابنه : هذا أبوك قابيل ، فرمى الأعمى أباه فقتله ، فقال ابن الأعمى : قتلت أباك؟ فرفع يده فلطم ابنه ، فمات فقال الأعمى : ويل لي قتلت أبي برميتي وقتلت ابني بلطمتي .وقال مجاهد : فعلقت إحدى رجلي قابيل إلى فخذها وساقها وعلقت من يومئذ إلى يوم القيامة ووجهه إلى الشمس ما دارت عليه ، في الصيف حظيرة من نار وفي الشتاء حظيرة من ثلج .قال : واتخذ أولاد قابيل آلات اللهو من اليراع والطبول والمزامير والعيدان والطنابير ، وانهمكوا في اللهو وشرب الخمر وعبادة النار والزنا والفواحش حتى غرقهم الله بالطوفان أيام نوح عليه السلام ، وبقي نسل شيث .أخبرنا عبد الواحد المليحي أنا أحمد بن عبد الله النعيمي أنا محمد بن يوسف ثنا محمد بن إسماعيل أنا عمر بن حفص بن غياث ثنا أبي ثنا الأعمش حدثني عبد الله بن مرة عن مسروق عن عبد الله بن مسعود رضي الله عنه قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " لا تقتل نفس ظلما إلا كان على ابن آدم الأول كفل من دمها لأنه أول من سن القتل " .
البعث هنا مستعمل في الإلهام بالطيران إلى ذلك المكان ، أي فألْهم الله غراباً ينزل بحيث يراه قابيل . وكأنّ اختيار الغراب لهذا العمل إمّا لأنّ الدفن حيلة في الغِربان من قبلُ ، وإمّا لأنّ الله اختاره لذلك لمناسبة ما يعتري الناظر إلى سواد لونه من الانقباض بما للأسيف الخاسر من انقباض النفس . ولعلّ هذا هو الأصل في تشاؤم العرب بالغراب ، فقالوا : غُراب البين .والضمير المستتر في «يُريَه» إن كان عائداً إلى اسم الجلالة فالتعليل المستفاد من اللام وإسناد الإرادة حقيقتان ، وإن كان عائداً إلى الغراب فاللام مستعملة في معنى فاء التفريع ، وإسناد الإرادة إلى الغراب مجاز ، لأنّه سبب الرؤية فكأنَّه مُرِيءٌ . و { كيف } يجوز أن تكون مجرّدة عن الاستفهام مراداً منها الكيفية ، أو للاستفهام ، والمعنى : ليريه جواب كيف يُواري .وَالسَّوْأة : مَا تَسُوء رؤيتُه ، وَهِي هنا تغيّر رائحة القتيل وتقطّع جسمه .وكلمة { يَا ويلتا } من صيّغ الاستغاثة المستعملة في التعجّب ، وأصله يا لَوَيْلَتِي ، فعوّضت الألف عن لام الاستغاثة نحو قولهم : يا عَجَباً ، ويجوز أن يجعل الألف عوضاً عن ياء المتكلم ، وهي لغة ، ويكون النّداء مجازاً بتنزيل الويلة منزلة ما يُنَادَى ، كقوله : { يَا حسرتى على ما فرّطتُ في جنب الله } [ الزمر : 56 ] . والاستفهام في { أعجزت } إنكاري .وهذا المشهد العظيم هو مشهد أوّل حضارة في البشر ، وهي من قبيل طلب سَتر المشاهد المكروهة . وهو أيضاً مشهد أوّللِ علممٍ اكتسبه البشر بالتّقليد وبالتَّجربة ، وهو أيضاً مشهد أوّل مظاهر تَلقّي البشر معارفه من عوالم أضعفَ منه كما تَشَبَّه النَّاس بالحيوان في الزينة ، فلبسوا الجُلُود الحسنة الملوّنة وتكلّلوا بالريش المُلوّن وبالزهور والحجارة الكريمة ، فكم في هذه الآية من عبرة للتَّاريخ والدّين والخُلُق .{ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النادمين } .القول فيه كالقول في { فأصبح من الخاسرين } [ المائدة : 30 ] . ومعنى { من النادمين } أصبح نادماً أشدّ ندامة ، لأنّ { من النادمين } أدلّ على تمكّن الندامة من نفسه ، من أن يقال «نادماً» . كما تقدّم عند قوله تعالى : { وكان من الكافرين } [ البقرة : 34 ] وقوله : { فتكونا من الظالمين في سورة البقرة ( 35 ) .والندم أسف الفاعل على فعل صدر منه؛ لم يتفطّن لما فيه عليه من مضرّة قال تعالى : { أن تصيبوا قوماً بجهالة فتصبحوا على ما فعلتم نادمين } [ الحجرات : 6 ] ، أي ندم على ما اقترف من قتل أخيه إذْ رأى الغراب يحتفل بإكرام أخيه الميّت ورأى نفسه يجترىء على قتل أخيه ، وما إسراعه إلى تقليد الغراب في دفن أخيه إلاّ مبدأ النّدامة وحُبِّ الكرامة لأخيه .ويحتمل أن هذا النّدم لم يكن ناشئاً عن خوف عذاب الله ولا قصد توبة ، فلذلك لم ينفعه . فجاء في الصّحيح " ما مِن نفس تُقْتَل ظُلماً إلاّ كان على ابننِ آدم الأوّل كِفْل من دمها ذلك لأنَّه أوّل من سَنّ القتل " ويحتمل أن يكون دليلاً لمن قالوا : إنّ القاتل لا تقبل توبته وهو مروي عن ابن عبّاس ، وقد تقدّم عند قوله تعالى : { ومن يقتل مؤمناً متعمّداً فجزاؤه جهنّم خالداً فيها } الآية من سورة النّساء ( 93 ) .
تفسير الآيات من 27 حتى 31 :ـ إلى آخر القصة أي: قص على الناس وأخبرهم بالقضية التي جرت على ابني آدم بالحق، تلاوة يعتبر بها المعتبرون، صدقا لا كذبا، وجدا لا لعبا، والظاهر أن ابني آدم هما ابناه لصلبه، كما يدل عليه ظاهر الآية والسياق، وهو قول جمهور المفسرين. أي: اتل عليهم نبأهما في حال تقريبهما للقربان، الذي أداهما إلى الحال المذكورة. { إِذْ قَرَّبَا قُرْبَانًا } أي: أخرج كل منهما شيئا من ماله لقصد التقرب إلى الله، { فَتُقُبِّلَ مِنْ أَحَدِهِمَا وَلَمْ يُتَقَبَّلْ مِنَ الْآخَرِ } بأن علم ذلك بخبر من السماء، أو بالعادة السابقة في الأمم، أن علامة تقبل الله لقربان، أن تنزل نار من السماء فتحرقه. { قَالَ } الابن، الذي لم يتقبل منه للآخر حسدا وبغيا { لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ } فقال له الآخر -مترفقا له في ذلك- { إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ } فأي ذنب لي وجناية توجب لك أن تقتلني؟ إلا أني اتقيت الله تعالى، الذي تقواه واجبة عليّ وعليك، وعلى كل أحد، وأصح الأقوال في تفسير المتقين هنا، أي: المتقين لله في ذلك العمل، بأن يكون عملهم خالصا لوجه الله، متبعين فيه لسنة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم. ثم قال له مخبرا أنه لا يريد أن يتعرض لقتله، لا ابتداء ولا مدافعة فقال: { لَئِن بَسَطْتَ إِلَيَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِي مَا أَنَا بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِيَ إِلَيْكَ لِأَقْتُلَكَ } وليس ذلك جبنا مني ولا عجزا. وإنما ذلك لأني { أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَالَمِينَ } والخائف لله لا يقدم على الذنوب، خصوصا الذنوب الكبار. وفي هذا تخويف لمن يريد القتل، وأنه ينبغي لك أن تتقي الله وتخافه. { إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ } أي: ترجع { بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ } أي: إنه إذا دار الأمر بين أن أكون قاتلا أو تقتلني فإني أوثر أن تقتلني، فتبوء بالوزرين { فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَاءُ الظَّالِمِينَ } دل هذا على أن القتل من كبائر الذنوب، وأنه موجب لدخول النار. فلم يرتدع ذلك الجاني ولم ينزجر، ولم يزل يعزم نفسه ويجزمها، حتى طوعت له قتل أخيه الذي يقتضي الشرع والطبع احترامه. { فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ } دنياهم وآخرتهم، وأصبح قد سن هذه السنة لكل قاتل. "ومن سن سنة سيئة، فعليه وزرها ووزر من عمل بها إلى يوم القيامة"". ولهذا ورد في الحديث الصحيح أنه ""ما من نفس تقتل إلا كان على ابن آدم الأول شطر من دمها، لأنه أول من سن القتل"". فلما قتل أخاه لم يدر كيف يصنع به؛ لأنه أول ميت مات من بني آدم { فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ } أي: يثيرها ليدفن غرابا آخر ميتا. { لِيُرِيَهُ } بذلك { كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْأَةَ أَخِيهِ } أي: بدنه، لأن بدن الميت يكون عورة { فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّادِمِينَ } وهكذا عاقبة المعاصي الندامة والخسارة."
قوله تعالى : فبعث الله غرابا يبحث في الأرض ليريه كيف يواري سوأة أخيه قال يا ويلتا أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوأة أخي فأصبح من النادمينفيه خمس مسائل :الأولى : قوله تعالى : فبعث الله غرابا يبحث في الأرض قال مجاهد : بعث الله غرابين فاقتتلا حتى قتل أحدهما صاحبه ثم حفر فدفنه ، وكان ابن آدم هذا أول من قتل ، وقيل : إن الغراب بحث الأرض على طعمه ليخفيه إلى وقت الحاجة إليه ; لأنه من عادة الغراب فعل ذلك ; فتنبه قابيل بذلك على مواراة أخيه . وروي أن قابيل لما قتل هابيل جعله في جراب ، [ ص: 97 ] ومشى به يحمله في عنقه مائة سنة ; قاله مجاهد ، وروى ابن القاسم عن مالك أنه حمله سنة واحدة ; وقاله ابن عباس ، وقيل : حتى أروح ولا يدري ما يصنع به إلى أن اقتدى بالغراب كما تقدم ، وفي الخبر عن أنس قال : سمعت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول : امتن الله على ابن آدم بثلاث بعد ثلاث بالريح بعد الروح فلولا أن الريح يقع بعد الروح ما دفن حميم حميما وبالدود في الجثة فلولا أن الدود يقع في الجثة لاكتنزتها الملوك وكانت خيرا لهم من الدراهم والدنانير وبالموت بعد الكبر وإن الرجل ليكبر حتى يمل نفسه ويمله أهله وولده وأقرباؤه فكان الموت أستر له ، وقال قوم : كان قابيل يعلم الدفن ، ولكن ترك أخاه بالعراء استخفافا به ، فبعث الله غرابا يبحث التراب على هابيل ليدفنه ، فقال عند ذلك : يا ويلتى أعجزت أن أكون مثل هذا الغراب فأواري سوءة أخي فأصبح من النادمين ، حيث رأى إكرام الله لهابيل بأن قيض له الغراب حتى واراه ، ولم يكن ذلك ندم توبة ، وقيل : إنما ندمه كان على فقده لا على قتله ، وإن كان فلم يكن موفيا شروطه . أو ندم ولم يستمر ندمه ; فقال ابن عباس : ولو كانت ندامته على قتله لكانت الندامة توبة منه ، ويقال : إن آدم وحواء أتيا قبره وبكيا أياما عليه . ثم إن قابيل كان على ذروة جبل فنطحه ثور فوقع إلى السفح وقد تفرقت عروقه . ويقال : دعا عليه آدم فانخسفت به الأرض ، ويقال : إن قابيل استوحش بعد قتل هابيل ولزم البرية ، وكان لا يقدر على ما يأكله إلا من الوحش ، فكان إذا ظفر به وقذه حتى يموت ثم يأكله . قال ابن عباس : فكانت الموقوذة حراما من لدن قابيل بن آدم ، وهو أول من يساق من الآدميين إلى النار ; وذلك قوله تعالى : ربنا أرنا الذين أضلانا من الجن والإنس الآية ، فإبليس رأس الكافرين من الجن ، وقابيل رأس الخطيئة من الإنس ; على ما يأتي بيانه في " حم فصلت " إن شاء الله تعالى ، وقد قيل : إن الندم في ذلك الوقت لم يكن توبة ، والله بكل ذلك أعلم وأحكم ، وظاهر الآية أن هابيل هو أول ميت من بني آدم ; ولذلك جهلت سنة المواراة ; وكذلك حكى الطبري عن ابن إسحاق عن بعض أهل العلم بما في كتب الأوائل ، وقوله يبحث معناه يفتش التراب بمنقاره ويثيره . ومن هذا سميت سورة " براءة " البحوث ; لأنها فتشت عن المنافقين ; ومن ذلك قول الشاعر :إن الناس غطوني تغطيت عنهم وإن بحثوني كان فيهم مباحثوفي المثل : لا تكن كالباحث على الشفرة ; قال الشاعر :فكانت كعنز السوء قامت برجلها إلى مدية مدفونة تستثيرها[ ص: 98 ] الثانية : بعث الله الغراب حكمة ; ليرى ابن آدم كيفية المواراة ، وهو معنى قوله تعالى : ثم أماته فأقبره ، فصار فعل الغراب في المواراة سنة باقية في الخلق ، فرضا على جميع الناس على الكفاية ، من فعله منهم سقط فرضه عن الباقين . وأخص الناس به الأقربون الذين يلونه ، ثم الجيرة ، ثم سائر المسلمين ، وأما الكفار فقد روى أبو داود عن علي قال : قلت للنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إن عمك الشيخ الضال قد مات ; قال : اذهب فوار أباك التراب ثم لا تحدثن شيئا حتى تأتيني فذهبت فواريته وجئته فأمرني فاغتسلت ودعا لي .الثالثة : ويستحب في القبر سعته وإحسانه ; لما رواه ابن ماجه عن هشام بن عامر رضي الله عنه قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : احفروا وأوسعوا وأحسنوا ، وروي عن الأدرع السلمي قال : جئت ليلة أحرس النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ; فإذا رجل قراءته عالية ، فخرج النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقلت : يا رسول الله : هذا مراء ; قال : فمات بالمدينة ففرغوا من جهازه فحملوا نعشه ، فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : ارفقوا به رفق الله به إنه كان يحب الله ورسوله . قال : وحضر حفرته فقال : أوسعوا له وسع الله عليه فقال بعض أصحابه : يا رسول الله لقد حزنت عليه ؟ فقال : أجل إنه كان يحب الله ورسوله ; أخرجه عن أبي بكر بن أبي شيبة عن زيد بن الحباب عن موسى بن عبيدة عن سعيد بن أبي سعيد . قال أبو عمر بن عبد البر : أدرع السلمي روى عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم حديثا واحدا ، وروى عنه سعيد بن أبي سعيد المقبري ; وأما هشام بن عامر بن أمية بن الحسحاس بن عامر بن غنم بن عدي بن النجار الأنصاري ، كان يسمى في الجاهلية شهابا فغير النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم اسمه فسماه هشاما ، واستشهد أبوه عامر يوم أحد . سكن هشام البصرة ومات بها ; ذكر هذا في كتاب الصحابة .الرابعة : ثم قيل : اللحد أفضل من الشق ; فإنه الذي اختاره الله لرسوله صلى الله عليه وسلم ; فإن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لما توفي كان بالمدينة رجلان أحدهما يلحد والآخر لا يلحد ; فقالوا : أيهما جاء أولا عمل عمله ، فجاء الذي يلحد فلحد لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ; ذكره مالك في الموطأ عن هشام بن عروة عن أبيه ، وأخرجه ابن ماجه عن أنس بن مالك وعائشة رضي الله عنهما ، والرجلان هما أبو طلحة وأبو عبيدة ; وكان أبو طلحة يلحد وأبو عبيدة يشق ، واللحد هو أن يحفر في جانب القبر إن كانت تربة صلبة ، يوضع فيه الميت ثم يوضع عليه اللبن ثم يهال التراب ; قال سعد بن أبي [ ص: 99 ] وقاص في مرضه الذي هلك فيه : ألحدوا لي لحدا وانصبوا علي اللبن نصبا كما صنع برسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم . أخرجه مسلم . وروى ابن ماجه وغيره عن ابن عباس قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : اللحد لنا والشق لغيرنا .الخامسة : روى ابن ماجه عن سعيد بن المسيب قال : حضرت ابن عمر في جنازة فلما وضعها في اللحد قال : بسم الله وفي سبيل الله وعلى ملة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، فلما أخذ في تسوية [ اللبن على ] اللحد قال : اللهم أجرها من الشيطان ومن عذاب القبر ، اللهم جاف الأرض عن جنبيها ، وصعد روحها ولقها منك رضوانا . قلت يا ابن عمر أشيء سمعته من رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أم قلته برأيك ؟ قال : إني إذا لقادر على القول ! بل شيء سمعته من رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، وروي عن أبي هريرة أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم صلى على جنازة ثم أتى قبر الميت فحثا عليه من قبل رأسه ثلاثا .فهذا ما تعلق في معنى الآية من الأحكام ، والأصل في يا ويلتى يا ويلتي ثم أبدل من الياء ألف ، وقرأ الحسن على الأصل بالياء ، والأول أفصح ; لأن حذف الياء في النداء أكثر ، وهي كلمة تدعو بها العرب عند الهلاك ; قاله سيبويه ، وقال الأصمعي : " ويل " بعد ، وقرأ الحسن : " أعجزت " بكسر الجيم . قال النحاس : وهي لغة شاذة ; إنما يقال عجزت المرأة إذا عظمت عجيزتها ، وعجزت عن الشيء عجزا ومعجزة ومعجزة ، والله أعلم .
Whatever a man receives in this world is bestowed by God. Therefore, one who, out of being jealous inflicts harm upon another who is better situated in life attempts, in effect, to nullify God’s plan. Such a person is to some extent given the scope to do whatever he likes in this world of trial, but in the eyes of God, he is the worst sinner. Abel drew the attention of his elder brother Cain to this fact. This created some hesitation in Cain’s mind. He realised that if he was bent on killing his younger brother, it was without any justification. But the feeling of jealousy in him did not cool down. He invented excuses to justify his action. Ultimately, his inner struggle resolved itself by returning to his self-devised justification and he proceeded to kill his brother. The voice of conscience is the voice of God. A question arising in a man’s conscience about any action of his amounts in fact to his facing a test. A man is successful if he gives a positive response to the voice of his conscience, but if, in taking the shelter of false excuses, he suppresses the voice of his conscience, then he has failed. It has been recorded in a tradition of the Prophet that transgression and the killing of kindred are sins for which punishment starts right here in this world. The punishment for the unjustified atrocity committed by Cain against his brother was given to him not only in the Hereafter but in this very world where he was immediately plunged into misery. It has come to us through Mujahid that Cain, after committing the murder, was afflicted by his lower leg becoming stuck to his thigh. He remained lying on the ground, unattended and uncared for, until he died in ignominy and distress. (Tafsir ibn Kathir). Cain was instructed by means of a crow how to bury the dead body under the ground. This points to the fact that man was less knowledgeable than the animals about the ways of nature. And, if he follows his emotions, there is no worse transgressor than he. Furthermore, it is implied that if, rather than committing a crime, a man buries the intention in his heart, he will not have to face the shame of it afterwards. A man should curb and bury his bad intentions in his heart and not allow them to emerge and become a reality. A man, before bringing his evil designs to fruition, has simply to bury the intention. If, not, he will be confronted with the problem of burying the dead body, which, even after burial, will be treated by God as not having been buried.
Commentary
The Story of Habil (Abel) and Qabil (Cain)
In these verses, Allah Ta` a1a has instructed the Holy Prophet ﷺ that he should relate the story of the two sons of Adam truthfully to the people of the Book, or to the whole Ummah.
People who are blessed with insight into the Holy Qur'an know that it is no book of folklore, fiction or history where the purpose is to relate an event from the beginning to the end. But, events of the past and accounts of earlier peoples carry many lessons and wise counsels within their fold. That is the real essence of history. Then, in them, there are such conditions and circumstances as form the basis of different religious injunctions. In view of these very beneficial considerations, the Qur'an employs a methodology of its own throughout the text. It would, when the occasion warrants, narrate an event. Most of-ten, it would not narrate the whole event in one sequence and at one place. In fact, preference is given to narrating a particular segment from it which bears some element of purpose and is relevant at the given place.
This story of the two sons of Adam (علیہ السلام) is being narrated here in the same style. It has many lessons and good counsels for the present and future generations; and under them, mention has been made of many religious injunctions.
We shall proceed by explaining the words used in the text of the Qur'an following which you will have an idea of the main story, and after that we shall be talking about injunctions and rulings contained therein.
In the previous verses, mentioned there was the command of Jihad given to the Bani Isra'il and how cowardly and evasive they turned out to be in response. Set in contrast, the present story condemns unjust killing and the destruction it brings in its wake. The purpose is to bring the people to adhere to moderation and balance in this matter, for the way it is an error to cringe and back out from fighting and killing to uphold the truth and put an end to falsehood, similarly, starting to kill and fight unjustly amounts to a stock destruction of one's material and spiritual life both in the present world and in the Hereafter.
As for the expression: ابْنَيْ آدَمَ (ibniy Adama: the two sons of Adam) appearing in the first verse (27), it can be said that, for that matter, every human being, man and woman, is from the progeny of Adam (علیہ السلام) and everyone can be identified as being from among the children of Adam. But, according to the judgment of the majority of authentic scholars of Tafsir, the expression: ابْنَيْ آدَمَ at this place means the two real sons of Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) that is, Habil and Qabil. It was to relate their story that it was said: وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَيْ آدَمَ بِالْحَقِّ (and recite to them the story of the two sons of Adam truthfully).
While Reporting Historical Accounts, Caution and Truth are Mandatory
Here, by adding the word: بِالْحَقِّ (bil-haqq: truthfully), stress has been placed on an important principle to be observed while reporting historical narratives. Great caution is mandatory in this matter. These narratives should have nothing false in them, nothing contrary to the truth, nothing dubious or deceptive, nor should there be any change, increase or decrease, of any kind, in the narration of the original event. (Ibn Kathir)
This is not the only place where the Holy Qur'an has identified this principle. There are other places too where similar instructions appear that it be observed. In Surah 'Al ` Imran, it was said: إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ (This is indeed the true narration - 3:62). In Surah Al-Kahf, it was said: نَّحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نَبَأَهُم بِالْحَقِّ (We narrate to you their story with truth - 18:13). An d in Surah Maryam, it was said: ذَٰلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ ۚ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ (That was ` Isa son of Maryam - a Word of Truth ... -19:34). At all these places, by including the key word of Al-Haqq or The Truth with historical narrations, the importance of observing truth in reporting events has been made mandatory. The large number of disorders in this world generated through reporting of events usually issue forth from lack of caution in handling it as it should be handled. A little change of word or mode could distort the reality of the event. The religious codes and laws of past communities were lost through this trap door of negligence and lack of caution leaving their religious books to become collections of stories devoid of reliable authority. So, by adding a single word: بِالْحَقِّ (truthfully) at this place in the verse, a clear signal was given towards this important objective.
In addition to what has been said above, through this very word, the addressees of the Holy Qur'an are also being chastened and guided to the fact that their noble prophet, on him be the peace and blessing of Allah, who is a total Ummiyy (untaught by any human being), yet he is describing the events which took place thousands of years ago, absolutely true and correct. When so, how else could it be explained but that it was divinely revealed to a Divinely ordained prophet?
After this introduction, the event relating to these two sons of Adam was put in the following words by the Holy Qur'an: اِذْ قَرَّبَا قُرْبَانًا فَتُقُبِّلَ مِنْ أَحَدِهِمَا وَلَمْ يُتَقَبَّلْ مِنَ الْآخَرِ that is, both of them offered their sacrifices for Allah Ta` ala, but it was accepted from one of them and was not accepted from the other.
The word: قربان (Qurban ), in terms of Arabic lexical usage, refers to whatever is made the medium of nearness to someone; and in Islamic legal terminology, it means the Dhabihah or sacrifice which is offered to seek nearness to Allah Ta` ala.
The event of offering this sacrifice which has been reported on the basis of sound and strong chains of authorities and which has been declared by Commentator Ibn Kathir as the unanimously agreed upon position of all earlier and later ` Ulama is given below.
When Sayyidna Adam and Hawwa' (علیہما السلام) came to live in the world and started having children, it so happened that they had twins from every pregnancy, one of the two being a boy, while the other, a girl. That was a time when, among the children of Adam (علیہ السلام) there was no one other than brothers and sisters - and brothers and sisters cannot be married to one another. So, Allah Jalla Sha'nuhu, in terms of the need of the time, had promulgated a special provision in the religious law given to Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) that, as for a boy and girl born out of one pregnancy, they shall be regarded as real brothers and sisters among themselves and marriage between them shall be considered forbidden. But, for a boy born in the second pregnancy, a girl born in the first one shall not be legally taken as a real sister and marriage between them would be permissible.
But, what happened was that the girl born with the first boy, Qabil, was beautiful while the girl born with the second boy, Habil, was ugly. When came the time of marriage, the ugly girl born with Habil fell to the lot of Qabil according to rules. This enraged Qabil. He turned hostile to Habil and started resisting that the girl born with him should be the one given in marriage to him. Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) ، in view of the legal rule of procedure, did not accept the demand. However, to remove the division between Habil and Qabil, he proposed that they should both offer their respective sacrifice for Allah. Whoever. has his sacrifice accepted will be the one to have that girl. The reason is that Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) was certain that the sacrifice to be accepted will be the sacrifice of the one who has the right to marry her, that is, the sacrifice of Habil.
In those days, an open sign of a sacrifice being accepted was that a fire would come from the sky and eat up the sacrifice; and the sacrifice which was not eaten up by the fire was the sign of its remaining unacceptable.
Now, the situation was that Habil was the owner of a flock of sheep and goats. He offered the sacrifice of a good spring lamb. Qabil was a farmer. He offered some grains as his sacrifice. As customary with them, a fire did come from the sky and ate up the sacrifice offered by Habil - and the sacrifice offered by Qabil remained lying where it was, untouched. Thereupon, hit by failure and disgrace, Qabil was further enraged. Unable to restrain it, he told his brother openly: لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ (I will kill you).
Habil did not respond to his angry remark with counter anger on the spot. He rather said something which was peaceful and principled. It even had an element of sympathetic concern for him: لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ (Allah accepts only from the God-fearing) that is, if you had been God-fearing, practicing Taqwa and piety, your sacrifice too would have been accepted. Since you did not do so, the sacrifice was not accepted. Why blame me for it?
Also mentioned within this statement is the cure for the envy (hasad) of the envier (hasid), that is, when the envier sees that Allah Ta` ala has given someone a particular blessing which has not been given to him, then, he should take his deprivation as a result of his own practical shortcomings and sins and think of repenting from them and correcting his or her behaviour - not that one starts wishing and worrying about ways through which the other person could be made to lose the blessing he has - because this would not bring him any gain, in fact, it will become the cause of some loss to him, for acceptability with Allah depends on Taqwa (fear of Allah). (Mazhari)
Acceptability of Deeds Depends on Ikhlas (Sincerity) and Taqwa (Fear of Allah)
There appears in this dialogue between Habil and Qabil a sentence which has the status of an important principle: The acceptability of one's deeds and acts of worship depends on Taqwa. The deed of a person who has no Taqwa in him is not accepted. For this reason, the learned among the righteous elders (salaf) have said that this verse is a shot in the arms of those who are devoted to acts of worship and do deeds in the hope of finding the pleasure of Allah. And this was the reason why Sayyidna ` Amir ibn ` Abdullah was crying at the time of his death. People around him asked: 'As for you, you have been busy doing your ` Ibadat (acts of worship) and good deeds throughout your life, why, then, would you weep?' He said, 'You are saying this and ringing in my ears is this saying of Allah Ta` ala: إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّـهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ (Allah accepts only from the God-fearing). I just do not know if any ` Ibadah of mine will be accepted, or not.'
Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn Masud ؓ said: 'If I become certain that Allah Ta` ala has accepted some deed of mine, then, I would not surrender this blessing even if the whole world were to turn into solid gold and pass into my possession, in fact, I would take it to be nothing as compared to that blessing.'
Similarly, said Sayyidna Abu Ad-Darda' 'If it stands settled that one Salah of mine has found acceptance with Allah Ta` ala, then, that is far more than a whole world full of blessings for me.'
Sayyidna ` Umar ibn ` Abd al-` Aziz, may Allah be pleased with him, gave the following good counsel to a person in a letter he wrote to him.
"I tell you to hold on to Taqwa without which no deed is accepted; and mercy is not shown to anyone except those who observe Taqwa; and without it there is no Divine reward on anything. There are many who preach it but there are very few who practice it."
And Sayyidna al-Murtada ؓ said: 'Even the smallest deed done with Taqwa is not small. And how a deed which has been accepted can be called small? (Ibn Kathir)
(Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground) turning up the ground to bury a dead raven, (to show him) Cain (how to hide his brother's naked corpse) in the ground. (He said: Woe unto me! Am I not able to be as this raven) in his ability (and so hide my brother's naked corpse) in the ground? (And he became repentant) he was repentant at not being able to cover his brother's naked corpse, but not repentant for having killed him.
The Story of Habil (Abel) and Qabil (Cain)
Allah describes the evil end and consequence of transgression, envy and injustice in the story of the two sons of Adam, Habil and Qabil. One of them fought against the other and killed him out of envy and transgression, because of the bounty that Allah gave his brother and because the sacrifice that he sincerely offered to Allah was accepted. The murdered brother earned forgiveness for his sins and was admitted into Paradise, while the murderer failed and earned a losing deal in both the lives. Allah said,
وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَىْ ءْادَمَ بِالْحَقِّ
(And recite to them the story of the two sons of Adam in truth;) meaning, tell these envious, unjust people, the brothers of swine and apes from the Jews and their likes among mankind, the story of the two sons of Adam, Habil and Qabil, as many scholars among the Salaf and later generations said. Allah's statement,
بِالْحَقِّ
(in truth;) means, clearly and without ambiguity, alteration, confusion, change, addition or deletion. Allah said in other Ayat,
إِنَّ هَـذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ
(Verily, this is the true narrative about the story of `Isa,)
نَحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نبَأَهُم بِالْحَقِّ
(We narrate unto you their story with truth, ) and,
ذلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ
(Such is `Isa, son of Maryam. (It is) a statement of truth.) Several scholars among the Salaf and the later generations said that Allah allowed Adam to marry his daughters to his sons because of the necessity of such action. They also said that in every pregnancy, Adam was given a twin, a male and a female, and he used to give the female of one twin, to the male of the other twin, in marriage. Habil's sister was not beautiful while Qabil's sister was beautiful, resulting in Qabil wanting her for himself, instead of his brother. Adam refused unless they both offer a sacrifice, and he whose sacrifice was accepted, would marry Qabil's sister. Habil's sacrifice was accepted, while Qabil's sacrifice was rejected, and thus what Allah told us about them occurred. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ibn `Abbas said -- that during the time of Adam -- "The woman was not allowed in marriage for her male twin, but Adam was commanded to marry her to any of her other brothers. In each pregnancy, Adam was given a twin, a male and a female. A beautiful daughter was once born for Adam and another one that was not beautiful. So the twin brother of the ugly daughter said, `Marry your sister to me and I will marry my sister to you.' He said, `No, for I have more right to my sister.' So they both offered a sacrifice. The sacrifice of the one who offered the sheep was accepted while the sacrifice of the other the twin brother of the beautiful daughter, which consisted of some produce, was not accepted. So the latter killed his brother." This story has a better than good chain of narration. The statement,
إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
("Verily, Allah accepts only from those who have Taqwa.) who fear Allah in their actions. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "If I become certain that Allah has accepted even one prayer from me, it will be better for me than this life and all that in it. This is because Allah says,
إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
(Verily, Allah accepts only from the those who have Taqwa.) The statement,
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَاْ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لاًّقْتُلَكَ إِنِّى أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
("If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you, for I fear Allah; the Lord of all that exists.") Qabil's brother, the pious man whose sacrifice was accepted because of his piety, said to his brother, who threatened to kill him without justification,
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَاْ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لاًّقْتُلَكَ
(If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you,) I will not commit the same evil act that you threaten to commit, so that I will not earn the same sin as you,
إِنِّى أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
(for I fear Allah; the Lord of the all that exists.) and, as a result, I will not commit the error that you threaten to commit. Rather, I will observe patience and endurance. `Abdullah bin `Amr said, "By Allah! Habil was the stronger of the two men. But, fear of Allah restricted his hand." The Prophet said in a Hadith recorded in the Two Sahihs,
«إِذَا تَوَاجَهَ الْمُسْلِمَانِ بِسَيْفَيهِمَا فَالْقَاتِلُ وَالْمَقْتُولُ فِي النَّار»
(When two Muslims fight (meet) each other with their swords, both the murderer as well as the murdered will go to the Hellfire.) They said, "O Allah's Messenger! It is all right for the murderer, but what about the victim" Allah's Messenger ﷺ replied,
«إِنَّه كَانَ حَرِيصًا عَلى قَتْلِ صَاحِبِه»
(He surely had the intention to kill his comrade.) Imam Ahmad recorded that, at the beginning of the calamity that `Uthman suffered from, Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas said, "I bear witness that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«إِنَّهَا سَتَكُونُ فِتْنَةٌ القَاعِدُ فِيهَا خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْقَائِمِ، وَالْقَائِمُ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْمَاشِي، وَالْمَاشِي خَيْرٌ مِنَ السَّاعِي»
(There will be a Fitnah, and he who sits idle during it is better than he who stands up, and he who stands up in it is better than he who walks, and he who walks is better than he who is walking at a fast pace.) When he was asked, `What if someone enters my home and stretched his hand to kill me' He said,
«كُنْ كَابْنِ آدَم»
(Be just like (the pious) son of Adam.)" At-Tirmidhi also recorded it this way, and said, "This Hadith is Hasan, and similar is reported on this subject from Abu Hurayrah, Khabbab bin Al-Aratt, Abu Bakr, Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Waqid and Abu Musa." The Qur'an continues,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـبِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظَّـلِمِينَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers.") Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Qatadah said that,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours...") means, the sin of murdering me, in addition to your previous sins. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Allah's statement,
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(So the soul of the other encouraged him and made fair-seeming to him the murder of his brother; he murdered him and became one of the losers.) means, his conscience encouraged him to kill his brother by making it seem like a sensible thing to do, so he killed him, even after his brother admonished him. Ibn Jarir said, "When he wanted to kill his brother, he started to twist his neck. So Shaytan took an animal and placed its head on a rock, then he took another rock, and similar is reported on this subject from Abu Hurayrah, Khabbab bin Al-Aratt, Abu Bakr, Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Waqid and Abu Musa." The Qur'an continues,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـبِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظَّـلِمِينَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers.") Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Qatadah said that,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours...") means, the sin of murdering me, in addition to your previous sins. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Allah's statement,
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(So the soul of the other encouraged him and made fair-seeming to him the murder of his brother; he murdered him and became one of the losers.) means, his conscience encouraged him to kill his brother by making it seem like a sensible thing to do, so he killed him, even after his brother admonished him. Ibn Jarir said, "When he wanted to kill his brother, he started to twist his neck. So Shaytan took an animal and placed its head on a rock, then he took another rock, and smashed its head with it until he killed it while the son of Adam was looking. So he did the same thing to his brother." Ibn Abi Hatim also recorded this. `Abdullah bin Wahb said that `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said that his father said, "Qabil held Habil by the head to kill him, so Habil laid down for him and Qabil started twisting Habil's head, not knowing how to kill him. Shaytan came to Qabil and said, `Do you want to kill him' He said, `Yes.' Shaytan said, `Take that stone and throw it on his head.' So Qabil took the stone and threw it at his brother's head and smashed his head. Shaytan then went to Hawwa' in a hurry and said to her, `O Hawwa'! Qabil killed Habil.' She asked him, `Woe to you! What does `kill' mean' He said, `He will no longer eat, drink or move.' She said, `And that is death' He said, `Yes it is.' So she started to weep until Adam came to her while she was weeping and said, `What is the matter with you' She did not answer him. He asked her two more times, but she did not answer him. So he said, `You and your daughters will inherit the practice of weeping, while I and my sons are free of it."' Ibn Abi Hatim recorded it. Allah's statement,
فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(And became one of the losers.) in this life and the Hereafter, and which loss is worse than this Imam Ahmad recorded that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«لَا تُقْتَلُ نَفْسٌ ظُلْمًا إِلَّا كَانَ عَلَى ابْنِ آدَمَ الْأَوَّلِ كِفْلٌ مِنْ دَمِهَا،لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ سَنَّ الْقَتْل»
(Any soul that is unjustly killed, then the first son of Adam will carry a burden of its shedding, for he was the first to practice the crime of murder.) The Group, with the exception of Abu Dawud, also recorded this Hadith. Ibn Jarir recorded that `Abdullah bin `Amr used to say, "The son of Adam, who killed his brother, will be the most miserable among men. There is no blood shed on earth since he killed his brother, until the Day of Resurrection, but he will carry a burden from it, for he was the first person to establish murder." Allah said,
فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ غُرَاباً يَبْحَثُ فِى الاٌّرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِى سَوْءَةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّـدِمِينَ
(Then Allah sent a crow who scratched the ground to show him how to hide the dead body of his brother. He (the murderer) said, "Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother" Then he became one of those who regretted.) As-Suddi said that the Companions said, "When his brother died, Qabil left him on the bare ground and did not know how to bury him. Allah sent two crows, which fought with each other until one of them killed the other. So it dug a hole and threw sand over the dead corpse (which it placed in the hole). When Qabil saw that, he said,
يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى
("Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother") `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "A crow came to the dead corpse of another crow and threw sand over it, until it hid it in the ground. He who killed his brother said,
يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى
(Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother)" Al-Hasan Al-Basri commented on the statement,
فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّـدِمِينَ
(Then he became one of those who regretted.) "Allah made him feel sorrow after the loss that he earned."
The Swift Punishment for Transgression and Cutting the Relations of the Womb
A Hadith states that the Prophet said,
«مَا مِنْ ذَنْبٍ أَجْدَرُ أَنْ يُعَجِّلَ اللهُ عُقُوبَتَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا مَعَ مَا يَدَّخِرُ لِصَاحِبهِ فِي الْآخِرَةِ مِنَ الْبَغْيِ وَقَطِيعَةِ الرَّحِم»
(There is no sin that is more worthy of Allah hastening its punishment in this life, in addition to what He has in store for its offender in the Hereafter, more than transgression and cutting the relations of the womb.) The act of Qabil included both of these. We are Allah's and to Him is our return.
Then God sent forth, the raven of covetousness, scratching into, the earth of the soul, to show him how he might hide the nakedness of his brother, meaning, estimation, because by its severing of the intellect from the light of guidance and its veiling of it from the journeying in the upper world to actualise perfection and to pursue the felicity of the end, becomes perplexed regarding itself, whereupon covetousness was sent forth and guided it in the wilderness of misguidance and showed it how to hide and bury its nakedness, that is, its slain corpse which estimation bore upon its shoulders until it had putrified. Thus the intellect of livelihood ended up under the soil of the earth, which is the form of the intellect that has been severed from the life of the spirit, blemished by estimation and caprice, veiled from its world in the darknesses of the earth of the soul, within which it lies buried as it is being consumed by the worms of the natural faculties which use it in order to actualise their pleasures and goals. He said, 'Woe to me! Am I not able to be as this raven, which has buried its youngling, that is, its herald or its perfection, in the earth of the soul by annihilating what can be actualised for it and suppressing it therein, and so hide my brother's nakednessḍ', by concealing it in the darkness of the soul and thus profit from it. And he became one of the remorseful, upon this loss and the resulting privation;
Then God sent forth, the raven of covetousness, scratching into, the earth of the soul, to show him how he might hide the nakedness of his brother, meaning, estimation, because by its severing of the intellect from the light of guidance and its veiling of it from the journeying in the upper world to actualise perfection and to pursue the felicity of the end, becomes perplexed regarding itself, whereupon covetousness was sent forth and guided it in the wilderness of misguidance and showed it how to hide and bury its nakedness, that is, its slain corpse which estimation bore upon its shoulders until it had putrified. Thus the intellect of livelihood ended up under the soil of the earth, which is the form of the intellect that has been severed from the life of the spirit, blemished by estimation and caprice, veiled from its world in the darknesses of the earth of the soul, within which it lies buried as it is being consumed by the worms of the natural faculties which use it in order to actualise their pleasures and goals. He said, 'Woe to me! Am I not able to be as this raven, which has buried its youngling, that is, its herald or its perfection, in the earth of the soul by annihilating what can be actualised for it and suppressing it therein, and so hide my brother's nakednessḍ', by concealing it in the darkness of the soul and thus profit from it. And he became one of the remorseful, upon this loss and the resulting privation;
Whatever a man receives in this world is bestowed by God. Therefore, one who, out of being jealous inflicts harm upon another who is better situated in life attempts, in effect, to nullify God’s plan. Such a person is to some extent given the scope to do whatever he likes in this world of trial, but in the eyes of God, he is the worst sinner. Abel drew the attention of his elder brother Cain to this fact. This created some hesitation in Cain’s mind. He realised that if he was bent on killing his younger brother, it was without any justification. But the feeling of jealousy in him did not cool down. He invented excuses to justify his action. Ultimately, his inner struggle resolved itself by returning to his self-devised justification and he proceeded to kill his brother. The voice of conscience is the voice of God. A question arising in a man’s conscience about any action of his amounts in fact to his facing a test. A man is successful if he gives a positive response to the voice of his conscience, but if, in taking the shelter of false excuses, he suppresses the voice of his conscience, then he has failed. It has been recorded in a tradition of the Prophet that transgression and the killing of kindred are sins for which punishment starts right here in this world. The punishment for the unjustified atrocity committed by Cain against his brother was given to him not only in the Hereafter but in this very world where he was immediately plunged into misery. It has come to us through Mujahid that Cain, after committing the murder, was afflicted by his lower leg becoming stuck to his thigh. He remained lying on the ground, unattended and uncared for, until he died in ignominy and distress. (Tafsir ibn Kathir). Cain was instructed by means of a crow how to bury the dead body under the ground. This points to the fact that man was less knowledgeable than the animals about the ways of nature. And, if he follows his emotions, there is no worse transgressor than he. Furthermore, it is implied that if, rather than committing a crime, a man buries the intention in his heart, he will not have to face the shame of it afterwards. A man should curb and bury his bad intentions in his heart and not allow them to emerge and become a reality. A man, before bringing his evil designs to fruition, has simply to bury the intention. If, not, he will be confronted with the problem of burying the dead body, which, even after burial, will be treated by God as not having been buried.
Commentary
The Story of Habil (Abel) and Qabil (Cain)
In these verses, Allah Ta` a1a has instructed the Holy Prophet ﷺ that he should relate the story of the two sons of Adam truthfully to the people of the Book, or to the whole Ummah.
People who are blessed with insight into the Holy Qur'an know that it is no book of folklore, fiction or history where the purpose is to relate an event from the beginning to the end. But, events of the past and accounts of earlier peoples carry many lessons and wise counsels within their fold. That is the real essence of history. Then, in them, there are such conditions and circumstances as form the basis of different religious injunctions. In view of these very beneficial considerations, the Qur'an employs a methodology of its own throughout the text. It would, when the occasion warrants, narrate an event. Most of-ten, it would not narrate the whole event in one sequence and at one place. In fact, preference is given to narrating a particular segment from it which bears some element of purpose and is relevant at the given place.
This story of the two sons of Adam (علیہ السلام) is being narrated here in the same style. It has many lessons and good counsels for the present and future generations; and under them, mention has been made of many religious injunctions.
We shall proceed by explaining the words used in the text of the Qur'an following which you will have an idea of the main story, and after that we shall be talking about injunctions and rulings contained therein.
In the previous verses, mentioned there was the command of Jihad given to the Bani Isra'il and how cowardly and evasive they turned out to be in response. Set in contrast, the present story condemns unjust killing and the destruction it brings in its wake. The purpose is to bring the people to adhere to moderation and balance in this matter, for the way it is an error to cringe and back out from fighting and killing to uphold the truth and put an end to falsehood, similarly, starting to kill and fight unjustly amounts to a stock destruction of one's material and spiritual life both in the present world and in the Hereafter.
As for the expression: ابْنَيْ آدَمَ (ibniy Adama: the two sons of Adam) appearing in the first verse (27), it can be said that, for that matter, every human being, man and woman, is from the progeny of Adam (علیہ السلام) and everyone can be identified as being from among the children of Adam. But, according to the judgment of the majority of authentic scholars of Tafsir, the expression: ابْنَيْ آدَمَ at this place means the two real sons of Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) that is, Habil and Qabil. It was to relate their story that it was said: وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَيْ آدَمَ بِالْحَقِّ (and recite to them the story of the two sons of Adam truthfully).
While Reporting Historical Accounts, Caution and Truth are Mandatory
Here, by adding the word: بِالْحَقِّ (bil-haqq: truthfully), stress has been placed on an important principle to be observed while reporting historical narratives. Great caution is mandatory in this matter. These narratives should have nothing false in them, nothing contrary to the truth, nothing dubious or deceptive, nor should there be any change, increase or decrease, of any kind, in the narration of the original event. (Ibn Kathir)
This is not the only place where the Holy Qur'an has identified this principle. There are other places too where similar instructions appear that it be observed. In Surah 'Al ` Imran, it was said: إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ (This is indeed the true narration - 3:62). In Surah Al-Kahf, it was said: نَّحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نَبَأَهُم بِالْحَقِّ (We narrate to you their story with truth - 18:13). An d in Surah Maryam, it was said: ذَٰلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ ۚ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ (That was ` Isa son of Maryam - a Word of Truth ... -19:34). At all these places, by including the key word of Al-Haqq or The Truth with historical narrations, the importance of observing truth in reporting events has been made mandatory. The large number of disorders in this world generated through reporting of events usually issue forth from lack of caution in handling it as it should be handled. A little change of word or mode could distort the reality of the event. The religious codes and laws of past communities were lost through this trap door of negligence and lack of caution leaving their religious books to become collections of stories devoid of reliable authority. So, by adding a single word: بِالْحَقِّ (truthfully) at this place in the verse, a clear signal was given towards this important objective.
In addition to what has been said above, through this very word, the addressees of the Holy Qur'an are also being chastened and guided to the fact that their noble prophet, on him be the peace and blessing of Allah, who is a total Ummiyy (untaught by any human being), yet he is describing the events which took place thousands of years ago, absolutely true and correct. When so, how else could it be explained but that it was divinely revealed to a Divinely ordained prophet?
After this introduction, the event relating to these two sons of Adam was put in the following words by the Holy Qur'an: اِذْ قَرَّبَا قُرْبَانًا فَتُقُبِّلَ مِنْ أَحَدِهِمَا وَلَمْ يُتَقَبَّلْ مِنَ الْآخَرِ that is, both of them offered their sacrifices for Allah Ta` ala, but it was accepted from one of them and was not accepted from the other.
The word: قربان (Qurban ), in terms of Arabic lexical usage, refers to whatever is made the medium of nearness to someone; and in Islamic legal terminology, it means the Dhabihah or sacrifice which is offered to seek nearness to Allah Ta` ala.
The event of offering this sacrifice which has been reported on the basis of sound and strong chains of authorities and which has been declared by Commentator Ibn Kathir as the unanimously agreed upon position of all earlier and later ` Ulama is given below.
When Sayyidna Adam and Hawwa' (علیہما السلام) came to live in the world and started having children, it so happened that they had twins from every pregnancy, one of the two being a boy, while the other, a girl. That was a time when, among the children of Adam (علیہ السلام) there was no one other than brothers and sisters - and brothers and sisters cannot be married to one another. So, Allah Jalla Sha'nuhu, in terms of the need of the time, had promulgated a special provision in the religious law given to Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) that, as for a boy and girl born out of one pregnancy, they shall be regarded as real brothers and sisters among themselves and marriage between them shall be considered forbidden. But, for a boy born in the second pregnancy, a girl born in the first one shall not be legally taken as a real sister and marriage between them would be permissible.
But, what happened was that the girl born with the first boy, Qabil, was beautiful while the girl born with the second boy, Habil, was ugly. When came the time of marriage, the ugly girl born with Habil fell to the lot of Qabil according to rules. This enraged Qabil. He turned hostile to Habil and started resisting that the girl born with him should be the one given in marriage to him. Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) ، in view of the legal rule of procedure, did not accept the demand. However, to remove the division between Habil and Qabil, he proposed that they should both offer their respective sacrifice for Allah. Whoever. has his sacrifice accepted will be the one to have that girl. The reason is that Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) was certain that the sacrifice to be accepted will be the sacrifice of the one who has the right to marry her, that is, the sacrifice of Habil.
In those days, an open sign of a sacrifice being accepted was that a fire would come from the sky and eat up the sacrifice; and the sacrifice which was not eaten up by the fire was the sign of its remaining unacceptable.
Now, the situation was that Habil was the owner of a flock of sheep and goats. He offered the sacrifice of a good spring lamb. Qabil was a farmer. He offered some grains as his sacrifice. As customary with them, a fire did come from the sky and ate up the sacrifice offered by Habil - and the sacrifice offered by Qabil remained lying where it was, untouched. Thereupon, hit by failure and disgrace, Qabil was further enraged. Unable to restrain it, he told his brother openly: لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ (I will kill you).
Habil did not respond to his angry remark with counter anger on the spot. He rather said something which was peaceful and principled. It even had an element of sympathetic concern for him: لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ (Allah accepts only from the God-fearing) that is, if you had been God-fearing, practicing Taqwa and piety, your sacrifice too would have been accepted. Since you did not do so, the sacrifice was not accepted. Why blame me for it?
Also mentioned within this statement is the cure for the envy (hasad) of the envier (hasid), that is, when the envier sees that Allah Ta` ala has given someone a particular blessing which has not been given to him, then, he should take his deprivation as a result of his own practical shortcomings and sins and think of repenting from them and correcting his or her behaviour - not that one starts wishing and worrying about ways through which the other person could be made to lose the blessing he has - because this would not bring him any gain, in fact, it will become the cause of some loss to him, for acceptability with Allah depends on Taqwa (fear of Allah). (Mazhari)
Acceptability of Deeds Depends on Ikhlas (Sincerity) and Taqwa (Fear of Allah)
There appears in this dialogue between Habil and Qabil a sentence which has the status of an important principle: The acceptability of one's deeds and acts of worship depends on Taqwa. The deed of a person who has no Taqwa in him is not accepted. For this reason, the learned among the righteous elders (salaf) have said that this verse is a shot in the arms of those who are devoted to acts of worship and do deeds in the hope of finding the pleasure of Allah. And this was the reason why Sayyidna ` Amir ibn ` Abdullah was crying at the time of his death. People around him asked: 'As for you, you have been busy doing your ` Ibadat (acts of worship) and good deeds throughout your life, why, then, would you weep?' He said, 'You are saying this and ringing in my ears is this saying of Allah Ta` ala: إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّـهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ (Allah accepts only from the God-fearing). I just do not know if any ` Ibadah of mine will be accepted, or not.'
Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn Masud ؓ said: 'If I become certain that Allah Ta` ala has accepted some deed of mine, then, I would not surrender this blessing even if the whole world were to turn into solid gold and pass into my possession, in fact, I would take it to be nothing as compared to that blessing.'
Similarly, said Sayyidna Abu Ad-Darda' 'If it stands settled that one Salah of mine has found acceptance with Allah Ta` ala, then, that is far more than a whole world full of blessings for me.'
Sayyidna ` Umar ibn ` Abd al-` Aziz, may Allah be pleased with him, gave the following good counsel to a person in a letter he wrote to him.
"I tell you to hold on to Taqwa without which no deed is accepted; and mercy is not shown to anyone except those who observe Taqwa; and without it there is no Divine reward on anything. There are many who preach it but there are very few who practice it."
And Sayyidna al-Murtada ؓ said: 'Even the smallest deed done with Taqwa is not small. And how a deed which has been accepted can be called small? (Ibn Kathir)