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وَكَذَ ٰلِكَ فَتَنَّا بَعۡضَهُم بِبَعۡضࣲ لِّیَقُولُوۤا۟ أَهَـٰۤؤُلَاۤءِ مَنَّ ٱللَّهُ عَلَیۡهِم مِّنۢ بَیۡنِنَاۤۗ أَلَیۡسَ ٱللَّهُ بِأَعۡلَمَ بِٱلشَّـٰكِرِینَ ۝٥٣
wakadhālika fatannā baʿḍahum bibaʿḍin liyaqūlū ahāulāi manna l-lahu ʿalayhim min bayninā alaysa l-lahu bi-aʿlama bil-shākirīn
Cattle, Livestock / al-An`am (6:53)
Connections 3 multi-source 12 single-source 4 commentators
Single-source mentions (12) cited by only one commentator
By commentator who cites how many verses on this ayah

Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.

Abdel Haleem

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We have made some of them a test for others, to make the disbelievers say, ‘Is it these men that God has favoured among us?’ Does God not know best who are the grateful ones
wakadhālika fatannā baʿḍahum bibaʿḍin liyaqūlū ahāulāi manna l-lahu ʿalayhim min bayninā alaysa l-lahu bi-aʿlama bil-shākirīn

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Tafsir Commentary

The Messenger Neither has the Key to Allah's Treasures, Nor Knows the Unseen Allah said to His Messenger , قُل لاَّ أَقُولُ لَكُمْ عِندِى خَزَآئِنُ اللَّهِ (Say: "I don't tell you that with me are the treasures of Allah.") meaning, I do not own Allah's treasures or have any power over them, وَلا أَعْلَمُ الْغَيْبَ (nor (that) I know the Unseen,) and I do not say that I know the Unseen, because its knowledge is with Allah and I only know what He conveys of it to me. وَلا أَقُولُ لَكُمْ إِنِّى مَلَكٌ (nor I tell you that I am an angel.) meaning, I do not claim that I am an angel. I am only a human to whom Allah sends revelation, and He honored me with this duty and favored me with it. إِنْ أَتَّبِعُ إِلاَّ مَا يُوحَى إِلَىَّ (I but follow what is revealed to me.) and I never disobey the revelation in the least. قُلْ هَلْ يَسْتَوِى الاٌّعْمَى وَالْبَصِيرُ (Say: "Are the blind and the one who sees equal") meaning, `Is the one who is guided, following the truth, equal to the one misled' أَفَلاَ تَتَفَكَّرُونَ (Will you not then consider) In another Ayah, Allah said; أَفَمَن يَعْلَمُ أَنَّمَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكَ مِن رَبِّكَ الْحَقُّ كَمَنْ هُوَ أَعْمَى إِنَّمَا يَتَذَكَّرُ أُوْلُواْ الأَلْبَـبِ (Shall he then who knows that what has been revealed to you from your Lord is the truth, be like him who is blind But it is only the men of understanding that pay heed.) 13:19 Allah's statement, وَأَنذِرْ بِهِ الَّذِينَ يَخَافُونَ أَن يُحْشَرُواْ إِلَى رَبِّهِمْ لَيْسَ لَهُمْ مِّن دُونِهِ وَلِىٌّ وَلاَ شَفِيعٌ (And warn therewith those who fear that they will be gathered before their Lord, when there will be neither a protector nor an intercessor for them besides Him,) means, warn with this Qur'an, O Muhammad , الَّذِينَ هُم مِّنْ خَشْيةِ رَبِّهِمْ مُّشْفِقُونَ (Those who live in awe for fear of their Lord) 23:57, who, يَخْشَوْنَ رَبَّهُموَيَخَافُونَ سُوءَ الحِسَابِ (Fear their Lord, and dread the terrible reckoning.) 13:21, الَّذِينَ يَخَافُونَ أَن يُحْشَرُواْ إِلَى رَبِّهِمْ (those who fear that they will be gathered before their Lord,) on the Day of Resurrection, لَيْسَ لَهُمْ مِّن دُونِهِ وَلِىٌّ وَلاَ شَفِيعٌ (when there will be neither a protector nor an intercessor for them besides Him, ) for on that Day, they will have no relative or intercessor who can prevent His torment if He decides to punish them with it, لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَّقُونَ (so that they may have Taqwa.) Therefore, warn of the Day when there will be no judge except Allah, لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَّقُونَ (so that they may have Taqwa.) and thus work good deeds in this life, so that their good deeds may save them on the Day of Resurrection from Allah's torment, and so that He will grant them multiple rewards. Prohibiting the Messenger from Turning the Weak Away and the Order to Honor Them Allah said, وَلاَ تَطْرُدِ الَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ رَبَّهُمْ بِالْغَدَاةِ وَالْعَشِىِّ يُرِيدُونَ وَجْهَهُ (And turn not away those who invoke their Lord, morning and evening seeking His Face.) meaning, do not turn away those who have these qualities, instead make them your companions and associates. In another Ayah, Allah said; وَاصْبِرْ نَفْسَكَ مَعَ الَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ رَبَّهُم بِالْغَدَاةِ وَالْعَشِىِّ يُرِيدُونَ وَجْهَهُ وَلاَ تَعْدُ عَيْنَاكَ عَنْهُمْ تُرِيدُ زِينَةَ الْحَيَوةِ الدُّنْيَا وَلاَ تُطِعْ مَنْ أَغْفَلْنَا قَلْبَهُ عَن ذِكْرِنَا وَاتَّبَعَ هَوَاهُ وَكَانَ أَمْرُهُ فُرُطًا (And keep yourself patiently with those who call on their Lord morning and evening, seeking His Face, and let not your eyes overlook them, desiring the pomp and glitter of the life of the world; and obey not him whose heart We have made heedless of Our remembrance, one who follows his own lusts and whose affair (deeds) has been lost.)18:28 Allah's statement, يَدْعُونَ رَبَّهُمْ (invoke their Lord...) refers to those who worship Him and supplicate to Him, بِالْغَدَاةِ وَالْعَشِىِّ (morning and evening.) referring to the obligatory prayers, according to Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib, Mujahid, Al-Hasan and Qatadah. In another Ayah, Allah said; وَقَالَ رَبُّكُـمْ ادْعُونِى أَسْتَجِبْ لَكُمْ (And your Lord said, "Invoke Me, I will respond (to your invocation).") 40:60, I will accept your supplication. Allah said next, يُرِيدُونَ وَجْهَهُ (seeking His Face.) meaning, they seek Allah's Most Generous Face, by sincerity for Him in the acts of worship and obedience they perform. Allah said; مَا عَلَيْكَ مِنْ حِسَابِهِم مِّن شَىْءٍ وَمَا مِنْ حِسَابِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ مِّن شَىْءٍ (You are accountable for them in nothing, and they are accountable for you in nothing,) This is similar to the answer Nuh gave to his people when they said, أَنُؤْمِنُ لَكَ وَاتَّبَعَكَ الاٌّرْذَلُونَ (Shall we believe in you, when the meekest (of the people) follow you") 26:111. Nuh answered them, قَالَ وَمَا عِلْمِى بِمَا كَانُواْ يَعْمَلُونَ - إِنْ حِسَابُهُمْ إِلاَّ عَلَى رَبِّى لَوْ تَشْعُرُونَ (And what knowledge have I of what they used to do Their account is only with my Lord, if you could (but) know.) 26:112-113, meaning, their reckoning is for Allah not me, just as my reckoning is not up to them. Allah said here, فَتَطْرُدَهُمْ فَتَكُونَ مِنَ الظَّـلِمِينَ (that you may turn them away, and thus become of the wrongdoers.) meaning, you will be unjust if you turn them away. Allah's statement, وَكَذلِكَ فَتَنَّا بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ (Thus We have tried some of them with others) means, We tested, tried and checked them with each other, لِّيَقُولواْ أَهَـؤُلاءِ مَنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِم مِّن بَيْنِنَآ (That they might say: "Is it these (poor believers) that Allah has favored from amongst us") This is because at first, most of those who followed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ were the weak among the people, men, women, slaves, and only a few chiefs or noted men followed him. Nuh, was also addressed by his people وَمَا نَرَاكَ اتَّبَعَكَ إِلاَّ الَّذِينَ هُمْ أَرَاذِلُنَا بَادِىَ الرَّأْى (Nor do we see any follow you but the meekest among us and they (too) followed you without thinking.) 11:27 KHeraclius, emperor of Rome, asked Abu Sufyan, "Do the noblemen or the weak among people follow him (Muhammad )" Abu Sufyan replied, "Rather the weak among them." Heraclius commented, "Such is the case with followers of the Messengers." The idolators of Quraysh used to mock the weak among them who believed in the Prophet and they even tortured some of them. They used to say, "Are these the ones whom Allah favored above us," meaning, Allah would not guide these people, instead of us, to all that is good, if indeed what they embraced is good. Allah mentioned similar statements in the Qur'an from the disbelievers, لَوْ كَانَ خَيْراً مَّا سَبَقُونَآ إِلَيْهِ (Had it been a good thing, they (weak and poor) would not have preceded us to it!) 46:11, and, وَإِذَا تُتْلَى عَلَيْهِمْ ءَايَـتُنَا بِيِّنَـتٍ قَالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ لِلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ أَىُّ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ خَيْرٌ مَّقَاماً وَأَحْسَنُ نَدِيّاً (And when Our clear verses are recited to them, those who disbelieve say to those who believe: "Which of the two groups is best in position and station.") 19:73 Allah said in reply, وَكَمْ أَهْلَكْنَا قَبْلَهُمْ مِّن قَرْنٍ هُمْ أَحْسَنُ أَثَاثاً وَرِءْياً (And how many a generation (past nations) have We destroyed before them, who were better in wealth, goods and outward appearance) 19:74. Here, Allah answered the disbelievers when they said, أَهَـؤُلاءِ مَنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِم مِّن بَيْنِنَآ أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ بِأَعْلَمَ بِالشَّـكِرِينَ ("Is it these (poor believers) that Allah has favored from amongst us" Does not Allah know best those who are grateful) Meaning is not Allah more knowledgeable of those who thank and appreciate Him in statement, action and heart Thus Allah directs these believers to the ways of peace, transfers them from darkness to light by His leave, and guides them to the straight path. In another Ayah, Allah said; وَالَّذِينَ جَـهَدُواْ فِينَا لَنَهْدِيَنَّهُمْ سُبُلَنَا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَعَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ (As for those who strive hard for Us (Our cause), We will surely guide them to Our paths (i.e. Allah's religion). And verily, Allah is with the doers of good") 29:69. An authentic Hadith states, «إِنَّ اللهَ لَا يَنْظُرُ إِلَى صُوَرِكُمْ وَلَا إِلَى أَلْوَانِكُمْ، وَلَكِنْ يَنْظُرُ إِلَى قُلُوبِكُمْ وَأَعْمَالِكُم» (Allah does not look at your shapes or colors, but He looks at your heart and actions.) Allah's statement, وَإِذَا جَآءَكَ الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِـَايَـتِنَا فَقُلْ سَلَـمٌ عَلَيْكُمْ (When those who believe in Our Ayat come to you, say: "Salamun `Alaykum" (peace be on you);) means, honor them by returning the Salam and give them the good news of Allah's exclusive, encompassing mercy for them. So Allah said; كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ الرَّحْمَةَ (your Lord has written Mercy for Himself,) meaning, He has obliged His Most Honored Self to grant mercy, as a favor, out of His compassion and beneficence, أَنَّهُ مَن عَمِلَ مِنكُمْ سُوءًا بِجَهَالَةٍ (So that, if any of you does evil in ignorance...) as every person who disobeys Allah does it in ignorance, ثُمَّ تَابَ مِن بَعْدِهِ وَأَصْلَحَ (and thereafter repents and does righteous good deeds,) by repenting from the sins that he committed, intending not to repeat the sin in the future, but to perform righteous deeds, فَأَنَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (then surely, He is Oft-Forgiving Most Merciful.) Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, «لَمَّا قَضَى اللهُ الْخَلْقَ كَتَبَ فِي كِتَابٍ فَهُوَ عِنْدَهُ فَوْقَ الْعَرْشِ: إِنَّ رَحْمَتِي غَلَبَتْ غَضَبِي» (When Allah finished with the creation, He wrote in a Book that He has with Him above the Throne, `My mercy prevails over My anger'.) This Hadith was also recorded in the The Two Sahihs.
And even so We have tried We have tested some of them by others that is the noble one by the commoner the rich man by the poor man preferring the latter one by giving him precedence in attaining faith so that they the noble ones and the rich may say in disavowal ‘Are these the poor the ones whom God has favoured from among us?’ with guidance? In other words so that they may say if what they follow is true guidance they would not have preceded us in attaining it. God exalted be He says Is God not best aware of those who are thankful? to Him to guide them? Indeed He is.
And even so We have tried, that is, with the like of such tremendous trial and affliction, We have tried, some of them, who are the veiled, by others, for those who are veiled, seeing from those [others] nothing but their form and their evil state outwardly as well as their poverty and need and not seeing their worth and their [spiritual] level and their goodly state inwardly, despise them and their eyes scorn them with regard to what they enjoy of wealth, repute, comfort and an easy life, and so they say [the following] about them: 'Are these the ones whom God has favoured from among usḍ', with guidance, sarcastically, when by God these they are the ones whose living is the most wholesome, their state and their waystation the most exalted and their measure and level the most magnificent before God and before those who know them, as Noah, peace be upon him, said Nor do I say to those whom your eyes scorn that God will not give them any good [Q. 11:31]: nay indeed, good and nothing but good is what God has given them. Is God not best aware of those who are thankfulḍ, who are thankful to Him in reality by employing the grace of their existence, their attributes and their limbs and what He sustains them with in the way of provisions and sources of livelihood in acts of obedience to God. Thus they give thanks to Him in return for the outward grace by worshipping [Him] and conceptualising this [grace] as issuing from the Gracious One and expending it in acts that are pleasing to God; and in return for the grace of [having] limbs [they give thanks to Him] by using these [limbs] to worship Him and to wayfare upon His path, to actualise knowledge of Him and to know His attributes; and in return for the grace of attributes [they thank Him] by effacing them in God and by admitting their inability to [truly] know Him, thank Him and worship Him; and in return for the grace of existence [they thank Him] by means of annihilation in the source of presential vision such that God shows His appreciation of their effort by means of [granting them] existence bestowed from [His Name] the Truth and teaches them that He is the Appreciative One who is thanked for Himself by means of Himself, and that none except Him is able to [truly] thank Him. Hence they say, 'Glory be to You: we have not come to know You in the way You truly deserve. Glory be to You: we have not worshipped You as You truly deserve to be worshipped'. That is His knowledge of their gratitude and His recompense [of it] from Him.
And even so We have tried, that is, with the like of such tremendous trial and affliction, We have tried, some of them, who are the veiled, by others, for those who are veiled, seeing from those [others] nothing but their form and their evil state outwardly as well as their poverty and need and not seeing their worth and their [spiritual] level and their goodly state inwardly, despise them and their eyes scorn them with regard to what they enjoy of wealth, repute, comfort and an easy life, and so they say [the following] about them: 'Are these the ones whom God has favoured from among usḍ', with guidance, sarcastically, when by God these they are the ones whose living is the most wholesome, their state and their waystation the most exalted and their measure and level the most magnificent before God and before those who know them, as Noah, peace be upon him, said Nor do I say to those whom your eyes scorn that God will not give them any good [Q. 11:31]: nay indeed, good and nothing but good is what God has given them. Is God not best aware of those who are thankfulḍ, who are thankful to Him in reality by employing the grace of their existence, their attributes and their limbs and what He sustains them with in the way of provisions and sources of livelihood in acts of obedience to God. Thus they give thanks to Him in return for the outward grace by worshipping [Him] and conceptualising this [grace] as issuing from the Gracious One and expending it in acts that are pleasing to God; and in return for the grace of [having] limbs [they give thanks to Him] by using these [limbs] to worship Him and to wayfare upon His path, to actualise knowledge of Him and to know His attributes; and in return for the grace of attributes [they thank Him] by effacing them in God and by admitting their inability to [truly] know Him, thank Him and worship Him; and in return for the grace of existence [they thank Him] by means of annihilation in the source of presential vision such that God shows His appreciation of their effort by means of [granting them] existence bestowed from [His Name] the Truth and teaches them that He is the Appreciative One who is thanked for Himself by means of Himself, and that none except Him is able to [truly] thank Him. Hence they say, 'Glory be to You: we have not come to know You in the way You truly deserve. Glory be to You: we have not worshipped You as You truly deserve to be worshipped'. That is His knowledge of their gratitude and His recompense [of it] from Him.
وكذالك ابتلى الله تعالى بعض عباده ببعض بتباين حظوظهم من الأرزاق والأخلاق، فجعل بعضهم غنيًّا وبعضهم فقيرًا، وبعضهم قويًّا وبعضهم ضعيفًا، فأحوج بعضهم إلى بعض اختبارًا منه لهم بذلك؛ ليقول الكافرون الأغنياء: أهؤلاء الضعفاء مَنَّ الله عليهم بالهداية إلى الإسلام مِن بيننا؟ أليس الله تعالى بأعلم بمن يشكرون نعمته، فيوفقهم إلى الهداية لدينه؟
وقوله "وكذلك فتنا بعضهم ببعض" أي ابتلينا واختبرنا وامتحنا بعضهم ببعض "ليقولوا أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا" وذلك أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كان غالب من اتبعه في أول بعثته ضعفاء الناس من الرجال والنساء والعبيد والإماء ولم يتبعه من الأشراف إلا قليل كما قال قوم نوح لنوح "وما نراك اتبعك إلا الذين هم أراذلنا بادي الرأي" الآية وكما سأل هرقل ملك الروم أبا سفيان حين سأله عن تلك المسائل فقال له: فأشراف الناس يتبعونه أم ضعفاؤهم ؟ فقال: بل ضعفاؤهم. فقال هم أتباع الرسل. والغرض أن مشركي قريش كانوا يسخرون بمن آمن من ضعفائهم ويعذبون من يقدرون عليه منهم وكانوا يقولون أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا ؟ أي ما كان الله ليهدي هؤلاء إلى الخير لو كان ما صاروا إليه خيرا ويدعنا كقولهم "لو كان خيرا ما سبقونا إليه" وكقوله تعالى "وإذا تتلى عليهم آياتنا بينات قال الذين كفروا للذين آمنوا أي الفريقين خير مقاما وأحسن نديا" قال الله تعالى في جواب ذلك "وكم أهلكنا قبلهم من قرن هم أحسن أثاثا ورئيا" وقال في جوابهم حين قالوا "أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا أليس الله بأعلم بالشاكرين" أي أليس هو أعلم بالشاكرين له بأقوالهم وأفعالهم وضمائرهم فيوفقهم ويهديهم سبل السلام ويخرجهم من الظلمات إلى النور بإذنه ويهديهم إلى صراط مستقيم كما قال تعالى والذين جاهدوا فينا لنهدينهم سبلنا وإن الله لمع المحسنين "وفي الحديث الصحيح إن الله لا ينظر إلى صوركم ولا إلى ألوانكم ولكن ينظر إلى قلوبكم وأعمالكم" وقال ابن جرير: حدثنا القاسم حدثنا الحسين عن حجاج عن ابن جريج عن عكرمة في قوله "وأنذر به الذين يخافون أن يحشروا إلى ربهم" الآية قال: جاء عتبة بن ربيعة وشيبة بن ربيعة ومطعم بن عدي والحارث بن نوفل وقرظة بن عبد عمرو بن نوفل في أشراف من بني عبد مناف من أهل الكفر إلى أبي طالب فقالوا: يا أبا طالب لو أن ابن أخيك محمدا يطرد عنه موالينا وحلفاءنا فإنما هم عبيدنا وعتقاؤنا كان أعظم في صدورنا وأطوع له عندنا وأدنى لاتباعنا إياه وتصديقنا له قال فأتى أبو طالب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فحدثه بذلك فقال عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه: لو فعلت ذلك حتى تنظر ما الذي يريدون وإلى ما يصيرون من قولهم فأنزل الله عز وجل هذه الآية "وأنذر به الذين يخافون أن يحشروا إلى ربهم" إلى قوله "أليس الله بأعلم بالشاكرين" قال: وكانوا بلالا وعمار بن ياسر وسالما مولى أبي حذيفة وصبيحا مولى أسيد ومن الحلفاء ابن مسعود والمقداد بن عمرو ومسعود بن القارئ وواقد بن عبدالله الحنظلي وعمرو بن عبد عمرو وذو الشمالين ومرثد بن أبي مرثد وأبو مرثد الغنوي حليف حمزة بن عبدالمطلب وأشباههم من الحلفاء فنزلت في أئمة الكفر من قريش والموالي والحلفاء "وكذلك فتنا بعضهم ببعض ليقولوا أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا" الآية فلما نزلت أقبل عمر رضي الله عنه فأتي النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فاعتذر من مقالته;.
ثم قال تعالى : { وكذلك فَتَنَّا بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ ليقولوا أهؤلاء مَنَّ الله عَلَيْهِم مِّن بَيْنِنَآ أَلَيْسَ الله بِأَعْلَمَ بالشاكرين } .والمعنى : ومثل ذلك الفتن . أى الابتلاء والاختبار ، جعلنا بعض البشر فتنة لبعض ، ليترتب على هذه الفتن أن يقول المفتونون الأقوياء فى شأن الضعفاء : أهؤلاء الصعاليك خصهم الله بالإيمان من بيننا! وقد رد الله عليهم بقوله { أَلَيْسَ الله بِأَعْلَمَ بالشاكرين } أى : أليس هو بأعلم بالشاكرين له بأقوالهم وأفعالهم وضمائرهم فيوفقهم ويهديهم سبل السلام ويخرجهم من الظلمات إلى النور بإذنه ويهديهم إلى صراط مستقيم .والكاف فى قوله { وكذلك فَتَنَّا بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ } فى محل نصب على أنها نعت لمصدر محذوف والتقدير : ومثل ذلك الفتون المتقدم الذى فهم من سياق أخبار الأمم الماضية فتنا بعض هذه الأمم ببعض ، ومن مظاهر ذلك أننا ابتلينا الغنى بالفقير ، والفقير بالغنى ، فكل واحد مبتلى بضده ، فكان ابتلاء الأغنياء الشرفاء حسدهم لفقراء الصحابة على كونهم سبقوهم إلى الإسلام وتقدموا عليهم ، فامتنعوا عن الدخول فى الإسلام لذلك ، فكان ذلك فتنة وابتلاء لهم وأما فتنة الفقراء بالأغنياء فلما يرون من سعة رزقهم وخصب عيشهم . فكان ذلك فتنة لهم .واللام فى قوله { ليقولوا أهؤلاء مَنَّ الله عَلَيْهِم مِّن بَيْنِنَآ } تعليلية لأنها هى للباعث على الاختبار أى : ومثل ذلك الفتون فتنا ليقولوا هذه المقالة ابتلاء منا وامتحانا .والاستفهام فى قوله { أَلَيْسَ الله بِأَعْلَمَ بالشاكرين } للتقرير على أكمل وجه لأنه سبحانه محيط بكل صغير وكبير ودقيق وجليل .وكذلك تكون الآيات الكريمة قد قررت أن الفضل ليس بالغنى ولا بالجاه ولا بالقوة فى الدنيا ، ولكنه بمقدار شكر الله على ما أنعم ، وأنه سبحانه هو العالم وحده بمن يستحق الفضل علماً ليس فوقه علم .
القول في تأويل قوله : وَكَذَلِكَ فَتَنَّا بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لِيَقُولُوا أَهَؤُلاءِ مَنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ بَيْنِنَا أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ بِأَعْلَمَ بِالشَّاكِرِينَ (53)قال أبو جعفر: يعني تعالى ذكره بقوله: " وكذلك فتنا بعضهم ببعض "، وكذلك اختبرنا وابتلينا، كالذي:-13289 - حدثنا محمد بن عبد الأعلى قال، حدثنا محمد بن ثور, عن معمر = وحدثنا الحسين بن يحيى قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا معمر = عن قتادة: " وكذلك فتنا بعضهم ببعض "، يقول: ابتلينا بعضهم ببعض.* * *وقد دللنا فيما مضى من كتابنا هذا على معنى " الفتنة ", وأنها الاختبار والابتلاء, بما أغنى عن إعادته في هذا الموضع. (1)* * *وإنما فتنة الله تعالى ذكره بعضَ خلقه ببعضٍ, مخالفتُه بينهم فيما قسم لهم من الأرزاق والأخلاق, فجعل بعضًا غنيًّا وبعضًا فقيرًا، وبعضًا قويًّا، وبعضًا ضعيفًا, فأحوج بعضهم إلى بعض, اختبارًا منه لهم بذلك.* * *وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك قال جماعة من أهل التأويل.* ذكر من قال ذلك:13290 - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا عبد الله بن صالح قال، حدثني معاوية بن صالح, عن علي بن أبي طلحة, عن ابن عباس قوله: " وكذلك فتنا بعضهم ببعض " ، يعني أنه جعل بعضهم أغنياء وبعضهم فقراء, فقال الأغنياء للفقراء: " أهؤلاء منّ الله عليهم من بيننا "، يعني: هداهم الله. وإنما قالوا ذلك استهزاءً وسُخريًّا. (2)* * *وأما قوله: " ليقولوا أهؤلاء منّ الله عليهم من بيننا "، يقول تعالى: اختبرنا الناس بالغنى والفقر، والعزّ والذل، والقوة والضعف، والهدى والضلال, كي يقول من أضلّه الله وأعماه عن سبيل الحق، للذين هداهم الله ووفقهم: " أهؤلاء منّ الله عليهم "، بالهدى والرشد، وهم فقراء ضعفاء أذلاء (3) =" من بيننا "، ونحن أغنياء أقوياء؟ استهزاءً بهم, ومعاداةً للإسلام وأهله.يقول تعالى ذكره: " أليس الله بأعلم بالشاكرين " ، وهذا منه تعالى ذكره إجابة لهؤلاء المشركين الذين أنكروا أن يكون الله هدى أهل المسكنة والضعف للحق, وخذلهم عنه وهم أغنياء = وتقريرٌ لهم: أنا أعلم بمن كان من خلقي شاكرًا نعمتي، ممن هو لها كافر. فمنِّي على من مَنَنْتُ عليه منهم بالهداية، جزاء شكره إياي على نعمتي, وتخذيلي من خذلت منهم عن سبيل الرشاد، عقوبة كفرانه إياي نعمتي، لا لغنى الغني منهم ولا لفقر الفقير، لأن الثواب والعقاب لا يستحقه أحدٌ إلا جزاءً على عمله الذي اكتسبه، لا على غناه وفقره, لأن الغنى والفقر والعجز والقوة ليس من أفعال خلقي.-----------------الهوامش :(1) انظر تفسير"الفتنة" فيما سلف ص: 297 ، تعليق: 2 ، والمراجع هناك.(2) في المطبوعة: "سخرية" ، وأثبت ما في المخطوطة.(3) انظر تفسير"المن" فيما سلف 7: 369/9 : 71.
قوله عز وجل : ( وكذلك فتنا ) أي : ابتلينا ، ( بعضهم ببعض ) أراد ابتلاء الغني بالفقير والشريف بالوضيع ، وذلك أن الشريف إذا نظر إلى الوضيع قد سبقه بالإيمان امتنع من الإسلام بسببه فكان فتنة له فذلك قوله : ( ليقولوا أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا ) فقال الله تعالى : ( أليس الله بأعلم بالشاكرين ) فهو جواب لقوله ( أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا ) فهو استفهام بمعنى التقرير ، أي : الله أعلم بمن شكر الإسلام إذ هداه الله عز وجل .أخبرنا الإمام أبو علي الحسين بن محمد القاضي أنا أبو العباس عبد الله بن محمد بن هارون الطيسفوني أنا أبو الحسن محمد بن أحمد الترابي ثنا أبو بكر أحمد بن محمد بن عمرو بن بسطام ثنا أبو الحسن أحمد بن سيار القرشي أنا مسدد أنا جعفر بن سليمان عن المعلى بن زياد عن العلاء بن بشير المزني عن أبي الصديق الناجي عن أبي سعيد الخدري قال : جلست في نفر من ضعفاء المهاجرين وإن بعضهم ليستتر ببعض من العري ، وقارئ يقرأ علينا إذ جاء رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، فقام علينا ، فلما قام رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم سكت القارئ ، فسلم رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وقال : " ما كنتم تصنعون؟ قلنا يا رسول الله كان قارئ يقرأ علينا فكنا نستمع إلى كتاب الله تعالى ، فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " الحمد لله الذي جعل من أمتي من أمرني أن أصبر نفسي معهم " قال : ثم جلس وسطنا ليعدل نفسه فينا ثم قال بيده هكذا فتحلقوا ، وبرزت وجوههم له ، قال فما رأيت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عرف منهم أحدا غيري ، فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " أبشروا يا معشر صعاليك المهاجرين بالنور التام يوم القيامة تدخلون الجنة قبل أغنياء الناس بنصف يوم وذلك مقدار خمسمائة سنة " .
الواو استئنافية كما هي في نظائره . والجملة مستأنفة استئنافاً بيانياً لأنّ السامع لمَّا شعر بقصّة أومأ إليها قوله تعالى : { ولا تطرد الذين يدعون ربَّهم } [ الأنعام : 52 ] الآية يأخذه العجب من كبرياء عظماء أهل الشرك وكيف يرضَوْن البقاء في ضلالة تكبّراً عن غشيَان مجلس فيه ضعفاء الناس من الصالحين ، فأجيب بأنّ هذا الخلق العجيب فتنة لهم خلقها الله في نفوسهم بسوء خلُقهم .وقعت هذه الجملة اعتراضاً بين الجملتين المتعاطفتين تعجيلاً للبيان ، وقرنت بالواو للتنبيه على الاعتراض ، وهي الواو الاعتراضية ، وتسمَّى الاستئنافية؛ فبيَّن الله أنّ داعيهم إلى طلب طردهم هو احتقار في حسد؛ والحسد يكون أعظم ما يكون إذا كان الحاسد يرى نفسه أولى بالنعمة المحسود عليها ، فكان ذلك الداعي فتنة عظيمة في نفوس المشركين إذ جمعتْ كبراً وعُجباً وغروراً بما ليس فيهم إلى احتقار للأفاضل وحسد لهم ، وظلم لأصحاب الحق ، وإذ حالت بينهم وبين الإيمان والانتفاع بالقرب من مجلس الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلموالتشبيه مقصود منه التعجيب من المشبّه بأنَّه بلغ الغاية في العجب .واسم الإشارة عائد إلى الفتون المأخوذ من «فتنّا» كما يعود الضمير على المصدر في نحو { اعدلوا هو أقرب للتقوى } ، أي فتنّا بعضهم ببعض فتوناً يرغب السامع في تشبيهه وتمثيله لتقريب كنهه فإذا رام المتكلّم أن يقرّبه له بطريقة التشبيه لم يجد له شبيهاً في غرائبه وفظاعته إلاّ أن يشبّهه بنفسه إذ لا أعجب منه ، على حدّ قولهم : والسفاعة كاسمها .وليس ثمّة إشارة إلى شيء متقدّم مغاير للمشبّه . وجيء باسم إشارة البعيد للدلالة على عظم المشار إليه . وقد تقدّم تفصيل مثل هذا التشبيه عند قوله تعالى : { وكذلك جعلناكم أمّة وسطاً } في سورة [ البقرة : 143 ].والمراد بالبعض المنصوب المشركون فهم المفتونون ، وبالبعض المجرور بالباء المؤمنون ، أي فتنَّا عظماءَ المشركين في استمرار شركهم وشِرْك مقلِّديهم بحال الفقراء من المؤمنين الخالصين كما دلّ عليه قوله : { لِيَقولوا أهؤلاء منّ الله عليهم من بيننا } [ الأنعام : 53 ] فإنّ ذلك لا يقوله غير المشركين ، وكما يؤيِّده قوله تعالى في تذييله { أليس الله بأعلمَ بالشاكرين }.والقول يحتمل أن يكون قولاً منهم في أنفسهم أو كلاماً قالوه في مَلئهم . وأيّاً ما كان فهم لا يقولونه إلاّ وقد اعتقدوا مضمونه ، فالقائلون { أهؤلاء مَنّ الله عليهم } هم المشركون .واللام في قوله : { ليقولوا } لام التعليل ، ومدخولها هو أثرُ العلّة دالّ عليها بعد طيِّها على طريقة الإيجاز . والتقدير : فتنَّاهم ليَرَوْا لأنفسهم شفوفاً واستحقاقاً للتقدّم في الفضائل اغتراراً بحال الترفّه فيعجبوا كيف يُدعى أنّ الله يمنّ بالهدى والفضل على ناس يرونهم أحطّ منهم ، وكيف يُعَدّونهم دونَهم عند الله ، وهذا من الغرور والعُجب الكاذب . ونظيره في طيّ العلَّة والاقتصار على ذكر أثرها قول إياس بن قبيصة الطائي :وأقدمتُ والخَطِّيُّ يَخطِرُ بَيْنَنَا ... لأعْلَمَ مَنْ جَبَانُهَا من شُجاعهاأي ليظهر الجَبَان والشجاع فأعلَمَهُمَا .والاستفهام مستعمل في التعجّب والإنكار ، كما هو في قوله { أألقي الذكرُ عليه من بيننا } [ القمر : 25 ]. والإشارة مستعملة في التحقير أو التعجيب كما هي في قوله تعالى حكاية عن قول المشركين { أهذا الذي يذكر آلهتكم } في سورة [ الأنبياء : 36 ].وتقديم المسند إليه على الخبر الفعلي لقصد تقوية الخبر .وقولهم : مَنّ الله عليهم } قالوه على سبيل التهكّم ومجاراة الخصم ، أي حيث اعتقد المؤمنون أنّ الله منّ عليهم بمعرفة الحق وحَرم صناديد قريش ، فلذلك تعجَّب أولئك من هذا الاعتقاد ، أي كيف يُظنّ أنّ الله يمنّ على فقراء وعبيد ويترك سادة أهل الوادي . وهذا كما حكى الله عنهم { وقالوا لولا نُزّل هذا القرآن على رجل من القريتين عظيم } [ الزخرف : 31 ]. وهذه شنشنة معروفة من المستكبرين والطغاة . وقد حدث بالمدينة مثل هذا . روى البخاري أنّ الأقرع بن حابس جاء إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال : إنّما بايعَك سُرّاقُ الحجيج مِنْ أسْلَمَ وغِفار ومُزَيْنَة وجُهَيْنَة فقال له رسول الله : أرأيْتَ إنْ كانت أسْلَمُ وغِفَارُ ومزينةُ وجهينةُ خيراً من بني تميم وبني عامر وأسد وغطفانُ أخابوا وخسروا ( أي أخاب بنو تميم ومن عُطف عليهم ) فقال : نعم قال : فَوالذي نفسي بيده إنّهم لَخير منهم .وفي الآية معنى آخر ، وهو أن يكون القول مضمراً في النفس ، وضميرُ { ليقولوا } عائداً إلى المؤمنين الفقراء ، فيكونوا هم البعض المفتونين ، ويكون البعض المجرور بالباء صادقاً على أهل النعمة من المشركين ، وتكون إشارة { هؤلاء } راجعة إلى عظماء المشركين ويكون المراد بالمَنّ إعطاء المال وحُسْن حال العيش ، ويكون الاستفهام مستعملاً في التحيّر على سبيل الكناية ، والإشارةُ إلى المشركين معتبر فيها ما عرفوا به من الإشراك وسوء الاعتقاد في الله . والمعنى : وكذلك الفتوننِ الواقع لِعظماء المشركين ، وهو فتون الإعجاب والكبرياء حين ترفّعوا عن الدخول فيما دخل فيه الضعفاء والعبيد من تصديق محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وصحبته استكباراً عن مساواتهم ، كذلك كان فتون بعض آخر وهم بعض المؤمنين حين يشاهدون طيب عيش عظماء المشركين في الدنيا مع إشراكهم بربِّهم فيعجبون كيف منّ الله بالرزق الواسع على من يكفرون به ولم يمُنّ بذلك على أوليائه وهم أولى بنعمة ربِّهم . وقد أعرض القرآن عن التصريح بفساد هذا الخاطر النفساني اكتفاء بأنَّه سمَّاه فتنة ، فعلم أنّه خاطر غير حقّ ، وبأنّ قوله : { أليس الله بأعلم بالشاكرين } مشير إلى إبطال هذه الشبهة . ذلك بأنَّها شبهة خلطت أمر شيئين متفارقين في الأسباب ، فاشتبه عليهم الجزاء على الإيمان وما أعدّ الله لأهله من النعيم الخالد في الآخرة ، المترتِّب عليه ترتّب المسبّب على السبب المجعول عن حكمة الله تعالى ، بالرزق في الدنيا المترتِّب على أسباب دنيوية كالتجارة والغزو والإرث والهبات .فالرزق الدنيوي لا تسبّب بينه وبين الأحوال القلبية ولكنّه من مسبّبات الأحوال الماديَّة فالله أعلم بشكر الشاكرين ، وقد أعدّ لهم جزاء شكرهم ، وأعلمُ بأسباب رزق المرزوقين المحْظوظين . فالتخليط بين المقامين من ضعف الفكر العارض للخواطر البشرية والناشىء عن سوء النظر وترك التأمّل في الحقائق وفي العلل ومعلولاتها . وكثيراً ما عرضت للمسلمين وغيرهم شُبه وأغلاط في هذا المعنى صرفتهم عن تطلّب الأشياء من مظانّها وقعدت بهم عن رفْو أخْلالهم في الحياة الدنيا أو غرّتْهُم بالتفريط فيما يجب الاستعداد له كل ذلك للتخليط بين الأحوال الدينية الأخروية وبين السنن الكونية الدنيوية ، كما عرض لابن الراوندي من حيرة الجهل في قوله :كَمْ عالممٍ عَالم أعْيَتْ مذاهبُه ... وجَاهللٍ جاهللٍ تلقّاه مرزوقاًهَذا الذي ترك الأوْهَامَ حائِرَةً ... وصَيَّرَ العالم النِّحْرير زنديقاًولا شكّ أنّ الذين استمعوا القرآن ممّن أنزل عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم قد اهتدوا واستفاقوا ، فمن أجل ذلك تأهَّلوا لامتلاك العالم ولاَقُوا .و { مِنْ } في قوله { مِنْ بيننا } ابتدائية . و ( بين ) ظرف يدلّ على التوسّط ، أي مَنّ الله عليهم مختاراً لهم من وسطنا ، أي منّ عليهم وتركنا ، فيؤول إلى معنى من دوننا .وقوله : { أليس الله بأعلمَ بالشاكرين } تذييل للجملة كلّها ، فهو من كلام الله تعالى وليس من مقول القول ، ولذلك فصل . والاستفهام تقريري . وعديّ { أعلَمَ } بالباء لأنَّه بصيغة التفضيل صار قاصراً . والمعنى أنّ الله أعلم بالشاكرين من عباده فلذلك منّ على الذين أشاروا إليه بقولهم : { أهؤلاء مَنّ الله عليهم } بمنَّة الإيمان والتوفيق .ومعنى علمه تعالى بالشاكرين أنَّه أعلم بالذين جاءوا إلى الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم مستجيبين لدعوته بقريحة طالبين النجاة من الكفر راغبين في حسن العاقبة ، فهو يلطف بهم ويسهِّل لهم الإيمان ويحبِّبه إليهم ويزيّنه في قلوبهم ويزيدهم يوماً فيوماً تمكّناً منه وتوفيقاً وصلاحاً ، فهو أعلم بقلوبهم وصدقهم من الناس الذين يحسبون أنّ رثاثة حال بعض المؤمنين تطابق حالة قلوبهم في الإيمان فيأخذون الناس ببزّاتهم دون نيَّاتهم . فهذا التذييل ناظر إلى قوله : { إنّما يستجيب الذين يسمعون } [ الأنعام : 36 ].وقد عُلم من قوله : { أليس الله بأعلم بالشاكرين } أنَّه أيضاً أعلم بأضدادهم . ضدّ الشكر هو الكفر ، كما قال تعالى : { لئن شكرتم لأزيدنَّكم ولئن كفرتم إنّ عذابي لشديد } [ إبراهيم : 7 ] فهو أعلم بالذين يأتون الرسول عليه الصلاة والسلام مستهزئين متكبِّرين لا هَمّ لهم إلاّ تحقير الإسلام والمسلمين ، وقد استفرغوا وسعهم ولبّهم في مجادلة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم وتضليل الدهماء في حقيقة الدين . ففي الكلام تعريض بالمشركين .
{ وَكَذَلِكَ فَتَنَّا بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لِيَقُولُوا أَهَؤُلَاءِ مَنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ بَيْنِنَا } أي: هذا من ابتلاء الله لعباده، حيث جعل بعضهم غنيا؛ وبعضهم فقيرا، وبعضهم شريفا، وبعضهم وضيعا، فإذا مَنَّ الله بالإيمان على الفقير أو الوضيع؛. كان ذلك محل محنة للغني والشريف فإن كان قصده الحق واتباعه، آمن وأسلم، ولم يمنعه من ذلك مشاركه الذي يراه دونه بالغنى أو الشرف، وإن لم يكن صادقا في طلب الحق، كانت هذه عقبة ترده عن اتباع الحق. وقالوا محتقرين لمن يرونهم دونهم: { أَهَؤُلَاءِ مَنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ بَيْنِنَا } فمنعهم هذا من اتباع الحق، لعدم زكائهم، قال الله مجيبا لكلامهم المتضمن الاعتراض على الله في هداية هؤلاء، وعدم هدايتهم هم. { أَلَيْسَ اللَّهُ بِأَعْلَمَ بِالشَّاكِرِينَ } الذين يعرفون النعمة، ويقرون بها، ويقومون بما تقتضيه من العمل الصالح، فيضع فضله ومنته عليهم، دون من ليس بشاكر، فإن الله تعالى حكيم، لا يضع فضله عند من ليس له بأهل، وهؤلاء المعترضون بهذا الوصف، بخلاف من مَنَّ الله عليهم بالإيمان، من الفقراء وغيرهم فإنهم هم الشاكرون.
قوله تعالى : وكذلك فتنا بعضهم ببعض ليقولوا أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا أليس الله بأعلم بالشاكرين .قوله تعالى : وكذلك فتنا بعضهم ببعض أي : كما فتنا من قبلك كذلك فتنا هؤلاء . والفتنة الاختبار ; أي : عاملناهم معاملة المختبرين . ليقولوا نصب بلام كي ، يعني الأشراف والأغنياء . أهؤلاء يعني الضعفاء والفقراء . من الله عليهم من بيننا قال النحاس : وهذا من المشكل ; لأنه يقال : كيف فتنوا ليقولوا هذه الآية ؟ لأنه إن كان إنكارا فهو كفر منهم . وفي هذا جوابان : أحدهما : أن المعنى اختبر الأغنياء بالفقراء أن تكون مرتبتهم واحدة عند النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ، ليقولوا على سبيل الاستفهام لا على سبيل الإنكار أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا ، والجواب الآخر : أنهم لما اختبروا بهذا فآل عاقبته إلى أن قالوا هذا على سبيل الإنكار ، وصار مثل قوله : فالتقطه آل فرعون ليكون لهم عدوا وحزنا . أليس الله بأعلم بالشاكرين فيمن عليهم بالإيمان دون الرؤساء الذين علم الله منهم الكفر ، وهذا استفهام تقرير ، وهو جواب لقولهم : أهؤلاء من الله عليهم من بيننا وقيل : المعنى أليس الله بأعلم من يشكر الإسلام إذا هديته إليه .
Those who have achieved wealth and popularity prefer to give weightage to the considerations of their worldly interests, rather than support the pure and unadulterated call of Truth, because, according to them, supporting the Truth would amount to demolition of the entire structure of their vested interests. Moreover, when they see that Truth is upheld by people of ordinary status, their way of thinking is further strengthened. They feel that by associating with the Truth they will be lowering their own status. Instead of testing the Truth on the touchstone of Truth, they judge it by their own criteria, i.e. by their own private and personal touchstone, and when the Truth does not measure up to this, they ignore it.
Commentary In Islam there is No Distinction between Rich and Poor, High or Low As for people who failed to feel human despite being human, even touched the outer limit of rating human beings as one of the smartest animals of the world, who did not hesitate in harnessing other ` animals' in their service, what would they know about the purpose of creation other than taking the fulfillment of their immediate physical compulsions and needs, and acting in accordance with animal instincts as the purpose of their lives - very much like an animal would do. When this be the only purpose of life, then, it is also obvious that the criterion of recognizing good and bad, small or big, high or low, noble or mean can hardly be any other than whoever has more and better to eat and drink, wear and use up, and things and resources to live around with and hold on to, shall be successful, honourable and noble - and whoever has less of these shall be low life and doomed! The truth of the matter is that, given this view of life, talking about good morals and good deeds as a criterion of judging the nobility of human beings remains out of the question. In that case, only that deed will be good and that morality will be virtuous through which these animal objectives could be fully realized. Therefore, the first and the last lesson given by the blessed prophets and the religions they brought with them was that there is a life after this life, which will be eternal and uninterrupted. Its peace will be perfect and eternal, and so will be its pain, perfect and eternal. The life of the present world is not its own purpose. Instead of that, the real purpose of this transitory life is to get together everything which is going to come out handy in the other life - (delightfully summarized with a punch by an Urdu poet who said): رہا مرنے کی تیّاری میں مصروف مرا کام اور اس دنیا میں تھا کیا Remained busy getting ready to die - What else was that I had to do in this world? This is the line of distinction between human beings and animals - that animals have no concern for the next life, contrary to human beings whose greatest concern, at least in the sight of reasonable and far-sighted people, is to correct, nurse and build the prospects of the next life. Given this belief and point of view, the standard of nobility and menialness, honour and disgrace will obviously not be eating and drinking lavishly, living plentifully or qualitatively, or making and holding wealth and property greedily - instead, the standard will be good morals and righteous deeds on which depends the real honour of the Akhirah (Hereafter). Whenever people in this world have shifted away from the teachings of the prophets (علیہم السلام) and from belief in the Akhirah, the natural outcome was there for everyone to see. Money and things became the cold criterion of character and status. Those successful in this race were taken as high and classy, and whoever was left behind, or remained an under-achiever, was taken to be poor, honour-less, mean and low. Therefore, in all ages (including ours with the loudest claims to democracy and justice), people caught in the maze of worldly life have been practicing class distinction of rich and poor and high and low openly or secretly under a thousand guises whereby they would assign all virtues to the rich and influential and condemn the poor as low-life. This is what the people of Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) did. They criticized the believing poor following this standard, when they said that they would not sit with such lowly people. They said that if he wished them to hear his message, he should first turn those poor wretches out of his company. They even said: قَالُوا أَنُؤْمِنُ لَكَ وَاتَّبَعَكَ الْأَرْ‌ذَلُونَ ﴿111﴾ [ 26:111]. It means: ` How can it be that we are to believe in you while those following you are lowly people?' Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) answered their heart-rending remark in his own prophetic diction when he said: وَمَا عِلْمِي بِمَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ ، إِنْ حِسَابُهُمْ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ رَ‌بِّي ۖ لَوْ تَشْعُرُ‌ونَ [ 26:112]. It means: ` I do not know about what they do (which could help him decide whether they were high or low) so (the reality of everyone's deeds and) their accounting is the responsibility of none but my Lord (who is aware of the secrets of the hearts), if you understand.' By saying so, Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) brought these ignorant and arrogant people oblivious of the reality of human nobility and ignobility to see the truth of the matter - as they were the ones who used these terms without knowing what they really meant and just went ahead stamping the rich as noble and the poor as wretched, while money is no criterion of virtues and vices. The criterion is deeds and morals. At this occasion, Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) could have said that those people were nobler and more respectable than them as far as the standard of deeds and morals was concerned. But, his prophetic method of preaching and correcting did not permit him to say something like that lest his addressees are provoked adversely. Therefore, he thought it to be sufficient to say that lowliness depended on deeds and since he did not know about their deeds fully, he could not decide as to who was noble and who was not. The same thing has been happening in every age, after the age of Sayyidna Nuh (علیہ السلام) ، when poor people of successive times, no matter how noble and respectable in terms of their morals and deeds they may have been, were still down-graded as lowly by materialistic and arrogant people. Yet, these were the people who, guided by their far-sightedness and good morals, were the first ones to say yes to the call of prophets in one after the other age. In fact, for later scholars of religions and communities this became the proof of the veracity of a prophet that his early followers are the poor ones of the community. This was the reason why, when the letter of the Holy Prophet ﷺ reached the Byzantine ruler, Heracles (Hiraql) inviting him to embrace Islam, he wished to investigate into the veracity of his prophet-hood. For this purpose, he asked from people who knew the Prophet of Islam some questions. One of these questions was: Whether most of his followers were from among the rich, or the poor? When he was told that they were poor people, he said: These are usually the first followers of messengers and prophets. The same question rose again during the blessed time of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . Its answer appears in the present verses with particular instructions. Reports Ibn Kathir from Imam Ibn Jarir: Some chiefs of disbelievers from the tribe of Quraysh - ` Utbah, Shaybah, Ibn Rabi'ah, Mut'im ibn ` Adiyy, Harith ibn Nawfal and others - came to the Holy Prophet's uncle, Abu Ta1ib and said to him: One of the problems, which stops us from listening to and accepting what your nephew Muhammad tells us, is that people who surround him all the time are either our slaves who were set free by us, or they are people who were living at our mercy only. Now, with such lowly people around him, we cannot attend his sittings. You tell him, if he would ask these people to leave when it is time for us to come in, we could listen to him and think about it. When his uncle, Abu Talib reported this to the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ offered his advice by saying: What is wrong with it? Try this too for a few days. These people love us and they are not formal. When these chiefs are to come, they would move away from the sitting. . Thereupon, this verse was revealed in which the Holy Prophet ﷺ has been emphatically prohibited to do something like that. It was after the revelation of the verse that Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ had to apologize by admitting that his advice was wrong. And these poor people about whom this conversation took place were, at that time, no less a people than Sayyidna Bilal al-Habashi, Sayyidna Suhayb ar-Rumi, Sayyidna ` Ammar ibn Yasir, Sayyidna Salim Mawla Abi Hudhayfah, Sabih Mawla Usayd, Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn Masud, Sayyidna Miqdad ibn ` Amr, Sayyidna Masud Ibn al-Qari, Sayyidna Dhush-Shimalyn, and other noble Sahabah (may Allah be pleased with all of them) the testimonial of whose nobility and honour came from the heavens. And at another place in the Holy Qurran, the same subject was stressed upon in these words: وَاصْبِرْ‌ نَفْسَكَ مَعَ الَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ رَ‌بَّهُم بِالْغَدَاةِ وَالْعَشِيِّ يُرِ‌يدُونَ وَجْهَهُ ۖ وَلَا تَعْدُ عَيْنَاكَ عَنْهُمْ تُرِ‌يدُ زِينَةَ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا ۖ وَلَا تُطِعْ مَنْ أَغْفَلْنَا قَلْبَهُ عَن ذِكْرِ‌نَا وَاتَّبَعَ هَوَاهُ وَكَانَ أَمْرُ‌هُ فُرُ‌طًا ﴿28﴾ And hold yourself with those who call on their Lord morning and evening, seeking His pleasure only. And do not cast your eyes (for others) beyond them, seeking the embellishment of the present life. And do not obey the one whose heart We have made neglectful of Our remembrance, and who follows his own desires, and whose case is that of excess - 18:28. In the present verse, the quality of these poor people has been identified as: They call on their Lord morning and evening. Here, morning and evening refer to all times of the day and night according to usage. As for calling, it means ` Ibadah or worship. Also placed here is a restriction along with this ` Ibadah, at whichever time of the day and night it may be, that is يُرِ‌يدُونَ وَجْهَهُ :'seeking Him only.' This tells us that ` Ibadah (worship of Allah) without Ikhlas (absolute sincerity before Him) is not trustworthy. As for the saying: ` You are not responsible for what is in their account, and they are not responsible for anything in your account,' according to the interpretation of Ibn Atiyyah and Al-Zamakhshari and others, here the pronouns in: حِسَابِھِم (Hisabihim : their account) and (Alaihim : they are not responsible) refers to these chiefs of disbelievers, those who insisted on removing poor Muslims from the gathering at the sitting. So, Allah Ta` ala told the Holy Prophet ﷺ not to bother with them whether, or not, they enter the fold of faith - because he was not responsible for anything in their account, just as they were not responsible for anything in his account. If he were responsible for that, that is, he would have been questioned as to why these people did not become Muslims, then, in that situation, he could have removed the poor Muslims from his sitting just for the sake of the chiefs of the disbelievers. And now, when this is not so, removing them from the sitting was rank injustice. And if he were to do something like that, he would have become one of the unjust. In the second verse (53), it was said that this is how Allah had tested some of them through some others, so that these chiefs of the disbelievers should be able to see the great subduing power of Almighty Allah when poor Muslims, whom they took to be lowly, reached stations unimaginable and won signal honour and recognition both in this world and in the Akhirah, just because they chose to follow the Messenger of Allah. Then, let them go about saying: Were these poor people the only ones to deserve honours and rewards from Allah and to have been so blessed at the expense of us, the noble ones? According to Kashshaf and other classic commentaries, this saying of theirs is an outcome of their trial taken through poor and weak Muslims. They failed in this test. Rather than ponder over this great demonstration of Allah's absolute power and conclude there from that nobility does not depend on wealth or power, instead, it does on morals and deeds - they started blaming Allah for giving them the honour while they were the ones deserving of it. In answer, Allah Ta` ala once again pointed out to the reality behind it by saying: أَلَيْسَ اللَّـهُ بِأَعْلَمَ بِالشَّاكِرِ‌ينَ it not that Allah knows the grateful best?) It means that Allah knows best as to who has the taste for truth and aptitude for gratitude. In other words, in the real sense, a person of nobility and honour is he who recognizes the right of his Benefactor and is grateful to Him, and it is he who is deserving of all reward and honour - and definitely not the one who, day in and day out, despite being soaked with the blessings of his Provider and Benefactor, goes on disobeying Him. Some Injunctions and Instructions Given below are some injunctions and instructions which emerge from these verses: 1. No one has the right to look down upon anyone in tattered clothes or broken down condition. At times, there are people carrying those outward looks who happen to be very honourable and accepted in the sight of Allah. In ahadith, the Holy Prophet ﷺ is reported to have said: ` Many a broken-down, dust-stained people are such as are held dear by Allah. If they were to swear by Allah about something that it would be like that, Allah Ta` ala does honour their swearing by Him (and lets it be like that). 2. Taking material affluence as the criterion of nobility and lowliness is an insult to humanity. It really depends on good morals and deeds. 3. For a reformer and preacher of any nation, though a universal call which addresses everyone, ayes or nays, followers or dissenters, is necessary, yet, foremost is the right of those who own his teachings and follow it. Putting them as secondary, or ignoring them for the sake of others is not permissible. For example, in the case of Muslims, the education and reform of unaware Muslims should not be put off in favour of carrying the call to non-Muslims. 4. The rewards and blessings of Allah keep increasing in relation to the measure of gratitude. A person, who wishes an increase in Divine rewards, must make gratitude, expressed through word and deed, his way of life, a constant of personality.
(And even so) thus (do We try) test (some of them by others) the Arab by the client and the noble by the lowly person. This was revealed about 'Uyaynah Ibn Hisn al-Fazari, 'Utbah and Shaybah the sons of Rabi'ah, Umayyah Ibn Khalaf al-Jumahi, al-Walid Ibn al-Mughirah al-Makhzumi, Abu Jahl Ibn Hisham, Suhayl Ibn 'Amr and their likes among the leaders of the Quraysh who were tested by the clients, (that they) i.e. 'Uyaynah Ibn Hisn al-Fazari and his lot (say: Are these) i.e. Salman and his fellow believers (they whom Allah favoureth) with faith (among us? Is not Allah best aware of the thanksgivers) of the believers, those who deserve such favour?