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وَلَقَدۡ عَهِدۡنَاۤ إِلَىٰۤ ءَادَمَ مِن قَبۡلُ فَنَسِیَ وَلَمۡ نَجِدۡ لَهُۥ عَزۡمࣰا ۝١١٥
walaqad ʿahid'nā ilā ādama min qablu fanasiya walam najid lahu ʿazma
Ta Ha / Ta Ha (20:115)
Connections 6 multi-source 4 single-source 5 commentators
Single-source mentions (4) cited by only one commentator
By commentator who cites how many verses on this ayah

Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.

Abdel Haleem

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We also commanded Adam before you, but he forgot and We found him lacking in constancy
walaqad ʿahid'nā ilā ādama min qablu fanasiya walam najid lahu ʿazma

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Tafsir Commentary

The Story of Adam and Iblis Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "Verily, man was named Insan only because he was given a covenant, but he forgot it (Nasiya)." `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported the same from Ibn `Abbas. Mujahid and Al-Hasan said that he forgot means, "He abandoned it." Concerning Allah's statement, وَإِذْ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلَـئِكَةِ اسْجُدُواْ لاًّدَمَ (And when We said to the angels: "Prostrate yourselves to Adam.") He, Allah mentions how Adam was honored and what respect was given to him. He mentions how He favored him over many of those whom He created. A discussion of this story has already preceded in Surat Al-Baqarah, Surat Al-A`raf, Surat Al-Hijr and Surat Al-Kahf. It will also be mentioned again at the end of Surah Sad. In this story, Allah mentions the creation of Adam and that He commanded the angels to prostrate to Adam as a sign of honor and respect. He also explains the enmity of Iblis for the Children of Adam and for their father, Adam, before them. Due to this Allah says, فَسَجَدُواْ إِلاَّ إِبْلِيسَ أَبَى (They prostrated themselves (all) except Iblis; he refused.) This means that he refrained from prostrating and became arrogant. فَقُلْنَا يـَادَمُ إِنَّ هَـذَا عَدُوٌّ لَّكَ وَلِزَوْجِكَ (Then We said: "O Adam! Verily, this is an enemy to you and to your wife...") here wife refers to Hawwa'. فَلاَ يُخْرِجَنَّكُمَا مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ فَتَشْقَى (So let him not get you both out of Paradise, so that you will be distressed.) meaning, `Do not be hasty in doing something that will get you expelled from Paradise, or else you will be fatigued, discomforted and worried, seeking your sustenance. But here, in Paradise, you live a life of ease with no burdens and no difficulties.' إِنَّ لَكَ أَلاَّ تَجُوعَ فِيهَا وَلاَ تَعْرَى (Verily, you will never be hungry therein nor naked.) The reason that Allah combined hunger and nakedness is because hunger is internal humiliation, while nakedness is external humiliation. وَأَنَّكَ لاَ تَظْمَؤُا فِيهَا وَلاَ تَضْحَى (And you (will) suffer not from thirst therein nor from the sun's heat.) These two characteristics are also opposites. Thirst is the internal heat and being parched from lack of water, while the suns heat is the external heat. فَوَسْوَسَ إِلَيْهِ الشَّيْطَـنُ قَالَ يـَادَمُ هَلْ أَدُلُّكَ عَلَى شَجَرَةِ الْخُلْدِ وَمُلْكٍ لاَّ يَبْلَى (Then Shaytan whispered to him, saying: "O Adam! Shall I lead you to the Tree of Eternity and to a kingdom that will never waste away") It has already been mentioned that he caused them to fall through deception. وَقَاسَمَهُمَآ إِنِّي لَكُمَا لَمِنَ النَّـصِحِينَ (And he swore by Allah to them both: "Verily, I am one of the sincere well-wishers for you both.") 7:21 It has already preceded in our discussion that Allah took a promise from Adam and his wife that although they could eat from every fruit, they could not come near a specific tree in Paradise. However, Iblis did not cease prodding them until they both had eaten from it. It was the Tree of Eternity (Shajarat Al-Khuld). This meant that anyone who ate from it would live forever and always remain. A Hadith has been narrated which mentions this Tree of Eternity. Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi reported from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, «إِنَّ فِي الْجَنَّةِ شَجَرَةً يَسِيرُ الرَّاكِبُ فِي ظِلِّهَا مِائَةَ عَامٍ مَا يَقْطَعُهَا، وَهِيَ شَجَرَةُ الْخُلْد» (Verily, in Paradise there is a tree which a rider can travel under its shade for one hundred years and still not have passed it. It is the Tree of Eternity.) Imam Ahmad also recorded this narration. Concerning Allah's statement, فَأَكَلاَ مِنْهَا فَبَدَتْ لَهُمَا سَوْءَتُهُمَا (Then they both ate of the tree, and so their private parts became manifest to them,) Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ubayy bin Ka`b said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, «إِنَّ اللهَ خَلَقَ آدَمَ رَجُلًا طُوَالًا كَثِيرَ شَعْرِ الرَّأْسِ، كَأَنَّهُ نَخْلَةُ سَحُوقٍ،فَلَمَّا ذَاقَ الشَّجَرَةَ سَقَطَ عَنْهُ لِبَاسُهُ، فَأَوَّلُ مَا بَدَا مِنْهُ عَوْرَتُهُ، فَلَمَّا نَظَرَ إِلَى عَوْرَتِهِ جَعَلَ يَشْتَدُّ فِي الْجَنَّةِ، فَأَخَذَتْ شَعْرَهُ شَجَرَةٌ فَنَازَعَهَا، فَنَادَاهُ الرَّحْمَنُ: يَا آدَمُ مِنِّي تَفِرُّ، فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ كَلَامَ الرَّحْمَنِ قَالَ: يَا رَبِّ لَا، وَلَكِنِ اسْتِحْيَاءً، أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ تُبْتُ وَرَجَعْتُ أَعَائِدِي إِلَى الْجَنَّةِ؟ قَالَ: نَعَم» (Verily, Allah created Adam as a tall man with an abundance of hair on his head. He looked like a clothed palm tree. Then, when he tasted (the fruit of) the tree, his clothes fell off of him. The first thing that became exposed was his private parts. So when he noticed his nakedness, he tried to run back into Paradise. However, in the process a tree caught hold of his hair (i.e. his hair was tangled in a tree), so he ripped his hair out. Then, the Most Beneficent called out to him saying, "O Adam, are you fleeing from me" When he heard the Words of the Most Beneficent, he said, "No my Lord, but I am ashamed. If I repent and recant would You let me return to Paradise" Allah replied, "Yes.") This is the meaning of Allah's statement, فَتَلَقَّى ءَادَمُ مِن رَّبِّهِ كَلِمَاتٍ فَتَابَ عَلَيْهِ a(Then Adam received from his Lord Words. And his Lord pardoned him.) 2:37 However, this narration has a break in the chain of transmission between Al-Hasan and Ubayy bin Ka`b. Al-Hasan did not hear this Hadith from Ubayy. It is questionable as to whether this narration can be correctly attributed to the Prophet . Allah said, وَطَفِقَا يَخْصِفَانِ عَلَيْهِمَا مِن وَرَقِ الْجَنَّةِ (And they began to cover themselves with the leaves of the Paradise for their covering. ) Mujahid said, "They patched the leaves on themselves in the form of a garment." Qatadah and As-Suddi both said the same. Concerning Allah's statement, فَأَكَلاَ مِنْهَا فَبَدَتْ لَهُمَا سَوْءَتُهُمَا وَطَفِقَا يَخْصِفَانِ عَلَيْهِمَا مِن وَرَقِ الْجَنَّةِ وَعَصَى ءَادَمُ رَبَّهُ فَغَوَى - ثُمَّ اجْتَبَـهُ رَبُّهُ فَتَابَ عَلَيْهِ وَهَدَى (Thus Adam disobeyed his Lord, so he went astray. Then his Lord chose him, and turned to him with forgiveness, and gave him guidance.) Al-Bukhari recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Prophet said, «حَاجَّ مُوسَى آدَمَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: أَنْتَ الَّذِي أَخْرَجْتَ النَّاسَ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ بِذَنْبِكَ وَأَشْقَيْتَهُمْ؟ قَالَ آدَمُ: يَا مُوسَى، أَنْتَ الَّذِي اصْطَفَاكَ اللهُ بِرِسَالَاتِهِ وَبِكَلَامِهِ، أَتَلُومُنِي عَلَى أَمْرٍ كَتَبَهُ اللهُ عَلَيَّ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَنِي أَوْ قَدَّرَهُ اللهُ عَلَيَّ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَنِي؟ قال رسول اللهصلى الله عليه وسلّم: فَحَجَّ آدَمُ مُوسَى» (Musa argued with Adam and he said to him, "Are you the one who got mankind expelled from Paradise because of your sin and you caused them grief!" Adam replied, "Are you the one whom Allah chose for His Divine Messages and His direct Speech Are you blaming me for a matter that Allah wrote upon me before He created me") Then, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, (Thus, Adam defeated Musa.) This Hadith has various routes of transmission in the Two Sahihs as well as the Musnad collections.
And We made a covenant with Adam We enjoined him not to eat of the tree before that is before he ate of it but he forgot he disregarded Our covenant and We did not find in him any constancy any resoluteness or patience in abiding by what We forbade him from.
And We made covenant with Adam before, but he forgot, and We found in him no resoluteness. Until the end of this section is the story of Adam and the compact of his vicegerency. First he was addressed by awesomeness. He saw the whip of rebuke, and he stepped into the street of fear and wept. Then he was sat down on gentleness. The beginningless solicitude arrived, he saw the crown of chosenness, and he was happy on the carpet of hope. Yes, it was a work already done, a decree made ready in the Beginningless. Adam had not yet slipped when the tailor of gentleness sewed the waistcoat of his repentance, and Iblis had not yet stepped into disobedience when the druggist of severity mixed the draft of the poison of his curse. The beginning of the traces of the beginningless solicitude for Adam was that the exalted majesty of the Unity Itself in Its perfect self-sufficiency took a handful of dust from the earth: “Surely God created Adam from a handful taken from the entire surface of the earth.” Then He placed it in the mold of the stature, as He said: “Surely We created man in the most beautiful stature” [95:4]. Then He brought him into the ferment of bringing to be: “He fermented the clay of Adam in His hand for forty days.” Then He sat the spirit-king on the royal seat of his makeup: “I have blown into him of My spirit” [15:29]. Then He read out the edict of his vicegerency and sultanate in the kingdom of the beginningless: “Surely I am setting in the earth a vicegerent” [2:30]. He recorded the names of all existent things with the pen of the gentleness of Eternity on the tablet of his heart: “And He taught Adam the names, all of them” [2:31]. He commanded the glorifiers and hallowers of the Holy Pali-sades and the Gardens of Intimacy to prostrate themselves before the throne of his good fortune: “And when We said to the angels, 'Prostrate yourselves before Adam'” [2:34]. Know that this level, distinction, and rank was not for the clay. Rather, it belonged to the sultan of the heart. In the core of Adam's heart He deposited one of the divine subtleties, royal secrets, and unseen meanings, a secret concealed by the curtain of Say: “The spirit is of the command of my Lord” [17:85].
And We made covenant with Adam before, but he forgot, and We found in him no resoluteness. Until the end of this section is the story of Adam and the compact of his vicegerency. First he was addressed by awesomeness. He saw the whip of rebuke, and he stepped into the street of fear and wept. Then he was sat down on gentleness. The beginningless solicitude arrived, he saw the crown of chosenness, and he was happy on the carpet of hope. Yes, it was a work already done, a decree made ready in the Beginningless. Adam had not yet slipped when the tailor of gentleness sewed the waistcoat of his repentance, and Iblis had not yet stepped into disobedience when the druggist of severity mixed the draft of the poison of his curse. The beginning of the traces of the beginningless solicitude for Adam was that the exalted majesty of the Unity Itself in Its perfect self-sufficiency took a handful of dust from the earth: “Surely God created Adam from a handful taken from the entire surface of the earth.” Then He placed it in the mold of the stature, as He said: “Surely We created man in the most beautiful stature” [95:4]. Then He brought him into the ferment of bringing to be: “He fermented the clay of Adam in His hand for forty days.” Then He sat the spirit-king on the royal seat of his makeup: “I have blown into him of My spirit” [15:29]. Then He read out the edict of his vicegerency and sultanate in the kingdom of the beginningless: “Surely I am setting in the earth a vicegerent” [2:30]. He recorded the names of all existent things with the pen of the gentleness of Eternity on the tablet of his heart: “And He taught Adam the names, all of them” [2:31]. He commanded the glorifiers and hallowers of the Holy Pali-sades and the Gardens of Intimacy to prostrate themselves before the throne of his good fortune: “And when We said to the angels, 'Prostrate yourselves before Adam'” [2:34]. Know that this level, distinction, and rank was not for the clay. Rather, it belonged to the sultan of the heart. In the core of Adam's heart He deposited one of the divine subtleties, royal secrets, and unseen meanings, a secret concealed by the curtain of Say: “The spirit is of the command of my Lord” [17:85].
And We made covenant with Adam before, but he forgot, and We found in him no resoluteness. Until the end of this section is the story of Adam and the compact of his vicegerency. First he was addressed by awesomeness. He saw the whip of rebuke, and he stepped into the street of fear and wept. Then he was sat down on gentleness. The beginningless solicitude arrived, he saw the crown of chosenness, and he was happy on the carpet of hope. Yes, it was a work already done, a decree made ready in the Beginningless. Adam had not yet slipped when the tailor of gentleness sewed the waistcoat of his repentance, and Iblis had not yet stepped into disobedience when the druggist of severity mixed the draft of the poison of his curse. The beginning of the traces of the beginningless solicitude for Adam was that the exalted majesty of the Unity Itself in Its perfect self-sufficiency took a handful of dust from the earth: “Surely God created Adam from a handful taken from the entire surface of the earth.” Then He placed it in the mold of the stature, as He said: “Surely We created man in the most beautiful stature” [95:4]. Then He brought him into the ferment of bringing to be: “He fermented the clay of Adam in His hand for forty days.” Then He sat the spirit-king on the royal seat of his makeup: “I have blown into him of My spirit” [15:29]. Then He read out the edict of his vicegerency and sultanate in the kingdom of the beginningless: “Surely I am setting in the earth a vicegerent” [2:30]. He recorded the names of all existent things with the pen of the gentleness of Eternity on the tablet of his heart: “And He taught Adam the names, all of them” [2:31]. He commanded the glorifiers and hallowers of the Holy Pali-sades and the Gardens of Intimacy to prostrate themselves before the throne of his good fortune: “And when We said to the angels, 'Prostrate yourselves before Adam'” [2:34]. Know that this level, distinction, and rank was not for the clay. Rather, it belonged to the sultan of the heart. In the core of Adam's heart He deposited one of the divine subtleties, royal secrets, and unseen meanings, a secret concealed by the curtain of Say: “The spirit is of the command of my Lord” [17:85].
And We made covenant with Adam before, but he forgot, and We found in him no resoluteness. Until the end of this section is the story of Adam and the compact of his vicegerency. First he was addressed by awesomeness. He saw the whip of rebuke, and he stepped into the street of fear and wept. Then he was sat down on gentleness. The beginningless solicitude arrived, he saw the crown of chosenness, and he was happy on the carpet of hope. Yes, it was a work already done, a decree made ready in the Beginningless. Adam had not yet slipped when the tailor of gentleness sewed the waistcoat of his repentance, and Iblis had not yet stepped into disobedience when the druggist of severity mixed the draft of the poison of his curse. The beginning of the traces of the beginningless solicitude for Adam was that the exalted majesty of the Unity Itself in Its perfect self-sufficiency took a handful of dust from the earth: “Surely God created Adam from a handful taken from the entire surface of the earth.” Then He placed it in the mold of the stature, as He said: “Surely We created man in the most beautiful stature” [95:4]. Then He brought him into the ferment of bringing to be: “He fermented the clay of Adam in His hand for forty days.” Then He sat the spirit-king on the royal seat of his makeup: “I have blown into him of My spirit” [15:29]. Then He read out the edict of his vicegerency and sultanate in the kingdom of the beginningless: “Surely I am setting in the earth a vicegerent” [2:30]. He recorded the names of all existent things with the pen of the gentleness of Eternity on the tablet of his heart: “And He taught Adam the names, all of them” [2:31]. He commanded the glorifiers and hallowers of the Holy Pali-sades and the Gardens of Intimacy to prostrate themselves before the throne of his good fortune: “And when We said to the angels, 'Prostrate yourselves before Adam'” [2:34]. Know that this level, distinction, and rank was not for the clay. Rather, it belonged to the sultan of the heart. In the core of Adam's heart He deposited one of the divine subtleties, royal secrets, and unseen meanings, a secret concealed by the curtain of Say: “The spirit is of the command of my Lord” [17:85].
And We made covenant with Adam before, but he forgot, and We found in him no resoluteness.Until the end of this section is the story of Adam and the compact of his vicegerency. First he was addressed by awesomeness. He saw the whip of rebuke, and he stepped into the street of fear and wept. Then he was sat down on gentleness. The beginningless solicitude arrived, he saw the crown of chosenness, and he was happy on the carpet of hope. Yes, it was a work already done, a decree made ready in the Beginningless. Adam had not yet slipped when the tailor of gentleness sewed the waistcoat of his repentance, and Iblis had not yet stepped into disobedience when the druggist of severity mixed the draft of the poison of his curse.The beginning of the traces of the beginningless solicitude for Adam was that the exalted majesty of the Unity Itself in Its perfect self-sufficiency took a handful of dust from the earth: �Surely God created Adam from a handful taken from the entire surface of the earth.� Then He placed it in the mold of the stature, as He said: �Surely We created man in the most beautiful stature� [95:4]. Then He brought him into the ferment of bringing to be: �He fermented the clay of Adam in His hand for forty days.� Then He sat the spirit-king on the royal seat of his makeup: �I have blown into him of My spirit� [15:29]. Then He read out the edict of his vicegerency and sultanate in the kingdom of the beginningless: �Surely I am setting in the earth a vicegerent� [2:30]. He recorded the names of all existent things with the pen of the gentleness of Eternity on the tablet of his heart: �And He taught Adam the names, all of them� [2:31]. He commanded the glorifiers and hallowers of the Holy Pali-sades and the Gardens of Intimacy to prostrate themselves before the throne of his good fortune: �And when We said to the angels, 'Prostrate yourselves before Adam'� [2:34].Know that this level, distinction, and rank was not for the clay. Rather, it belonged to the sultan of the heart. In the core of Adam's heart He deposited one of the divine subtleties, royal secrets, and unseen meanings, a secret concealed by the curtain of Say: �The spirit is of the command of my Lord� [17:85].
ولقد وصينا آدم مِن قَبلِ أن يأكل من الشجرة، ألا يأكل منها، وقلنا له: إن إبليس عدو لك ولزوجك، فلا يخرجنكما من الجنة، فتشقى أنت وزوجك في الدنيا، فوسوس إليه الشيطان فأطاعه، ونسي آدم الوصية، ولم نجد له قوة في العزم يحفظ بها ما أُمر به.
قال ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا أحمد بن سنان حدثنا أسباط بن محمد حدثنا الأعمش عن سعيد بن جبير عن ابن عباس قال: إنما سمي الإنسان لأنه عهد إليه فنسي وكذا رواه علي بن أبي طلحة عنه وقال مجاهد والحسن ترك.
ثم ساق - سبحانه - جانبا من قصة آدم - عليه السلام - فذكر لنا كيف أنه نسى عهد ربه له ، فأكل من الشجرة التى نهاه الله - تعالى - عن الأكل منها ، ومع ذلك فقد قبل - سبحانه - توبته ، وغسل حوبته . . . قال - تعالى - : ( وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَآ . . . ) .اللام فى قوله - تعالى - : ( وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَآ . . . ) هى الموطئة للقسم ، والمعهود محذوف ، وهو النهى عن الأكل من شجرة معينة ، كما وضحه فى آيات أخرى منها قوله - تعالى - : ( وَلاَ تَقْرَبَا هذه الشجرة فَتَكُونَا مِنَ الظالمين ) أى : والله لقد عهدنا إلى آدم - عليه السلام - وأوصيناه ألا يقرب تلك الشجرة ( مِن قَبْلُ ) أن يخالف أمرنا فيقربها ويأكل منها ، أو من قبل أن نخبرك بذلك - أيها الرسول الكريم - .والفاء فى قوله ( فَنَسِيَ ) للتعقيب ، والمفعول محذوف . أى : فنسى العهد الذى أخذناه عليه بعدم الأكل منها .والنسيان هنا يرى بعضهم أنه بمعنى الترك ، وقد ورد النسيان بمعنى الترك فى كثير من آيات القرآن الكريم . ومن ذلك قوله - تعالى - : ( وَقِيلَ اليوم نَنسَاكُمْ كَمَا نَسِيتُمْ لِقَآءَ يَوْمِكُمْ هذا ) أى : نترككم كما تركتم لقاء يومكم هذا وهو يوم القيامة .وعليه يكون المعنى : ولقد عهدنا إلى آدم من قبل بعدم الأكل من الشجرة فترك الوفاء بعهدنا وخالف ما أمرناه به .وعلى هذا التفسير فلا إشكال فى وصف الله - تعالى - له بقوله : ( ءَادَمُ رَبَّهُ فغوى ) لأن آدم بمخالفته لما نهاه الله - تعالى - عنه وهو الأكل من الشجرة - صار عاصيا لأمر ربه .ومن العلماء من يرى أن النسيان هنا على حقيقته ، أى : أنه ضد التذكر فيكون المعنى : ولقد عهدنا إلى آدم من قبل فنسى ما عاهدناه عليه ، وغاب عن ذهنه ما نهيناه عنه ، وهو الأكل من الشجرة .فإن قيل : إن الناسى معذور . فكيف قال الله - تعالى - فى حقه : ( وعصى ءَادَمُ رَبَّهُ فغوى ) فالجواب : أن آدم - عليه السلام - لم يكن معذورا بالنسيان ، لأن الذر بسبب الخطأ والنسيان والإكراه . من خصائص هذه الأمة الإسلامية ، بدليل قوله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - : " إن الله تجاوز لى عن أمتى الخطأ والنسيان وما استكرهوا عليه " .قال القرطبى ما ملخصه : قوله - تعالى - : ( وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَآ إلى ءَادَمَ مِن قَبْلُ فَنَسِيَ . . ) . للنسيان معنيان : أحدهما : الترك ، أى ترك الأمر والعهد ، وهذا قول مجاهد وأكثر المفسرين ، ومنه ( نَسُواْ الله فَنَسِيَهُمْ ) وثانيهما : قال ابن عباس : " نسى " هنا من السهو والنسيان ، وإنما أخذ الإنسان من أنه عهد إليه فنسى . . . وعلى هذا القول يحتمل أن يكون آدم فى ذلك الوقت مؤاخذا بالنسيان ، وإن كان النسيان عنا اليوم مرفوعا .والمراد تسلية النبى - صلى الله عليه وسلم - أى : أن طاعة بنى آدم للشيطان أمر قديم أى : إن نقَض هؤلاء - المشركون - العهد ، فإن آدم - أيضا - عهدنا إليه فنسى . . . " .وقوله : ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْماً ) مقرر لما قبله من غفلة آدم عن الوفاء بالعهد .قال الجمل : وقوله : ( نَجِدْ ) يحتمل أنه من الوجدان بمعنى العلم ، فينصب مفعولين ، وهما " له " و " عزما " ويحتمل أنه من الوجود الذى هو ضد العدم فينصب مفعولا وهو ( عَزْماً ) والجار والمجرور متعلق بنجد .والعزم : توطين النفس على الفعل ، والتصميم عليه ، والمضى فى التنفيذ للشىء . .أى : فنسى آدم عهدنا ، ولم نجد له ثبات قدم فى الأمور ، يجعله يصبر على عدم الأكل من الشجرة بل لانت عريكته وفترت همته بسبب خديعة الشيطان له .
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَا إِلَى آدَمَ مِنْ قَبْلُ فَنَسِيَ وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا (115)يقول تعالى ذكره: وإن يضيع يا محمد هؤلاء الذين نصرّف لهم في هذا القرآن من الوعيد عهدي، ويخالفوا أمري، ويتركوا طاعتي، ويتبعوا أمر عدّوهم إبليس، ويطيعوه في خلاف أمري، فقديما ما فعل ذلك أبوهم آدم ( وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَا إِلَى ) يقول: ولقد وصينا آدم وقلنا له إِنَّ هَذَا عَدُوٌّ لَكَ وَلِزَوْجِكَ فَلا يُخْرِجَنَّكُمَا مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ ووسوس إليه الشيطان فأطاعه، وخالف أمري، فحلّ به من عقوبتي ما حلّ.وعنى جلّ ثناؤه بقوله (مِنْ قَبْلُ) هؤلاء الذين أخبر أنه صرَّف لهم الوعيد في هذا القرآن، وقوله (فَنَسِيَ) يقول: فترك عهدي.كما حدثني عليّ، قال: ثنا أبو صالح، قال: ثني معاوية، عن عليّ، عن ابن عباس، في قوله ( وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَا إِلَى آدَمَ مِنْ قَبْلُ فَنَسِيَ ) يقول: فترك.حدثنا الحسن، قال: أخبرنا عبد الرزاق، قال: أخبرنا معمر، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد، في قوله (فَنَسِيَ) قال: ترك أمر ربه.حدثني يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد، في قوله ( وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَا إِلَى آدَمَ مِنْ قَبْلُ فَنَسِيَ وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) قال: قال له يَا آدَمُ إِنَّ هَذَا عَدُوٌّ لَكَ وَلِزَوْجِكَ فَلا يُخْرِجَنَّكُمَا مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ فَتَشْقَى فقرأ حتى بلغ لا تَظْمَأُ فِيهَا وَلا تَضْحَى وقرأ حتى بلغ وَمُلْكٍ لا يَبْلَى قال: فنسي ما عهد إليه في ذلك، قال: وهذا عهد الله إليه، قال: ولو كان له عزم ما أطاع عدوّه الذي حسده، وأبي أن يسجد له مع من سجد له إبليس، وعصى الله الذي كرّمه وشرّفه، وأمر ملائكته فسجدوا له.حدثنا ابن المثنى وابن بشار قالا ثنا يحيى بن سعيد، وعبد الرحمن، ومؤمل، قالوا: ثنا سفيان، عن الأعمش، عن مسلم البطين، عن سعيد بن جُبير، عن ابن عباس، قال: إنما سمي الإنسان لأنه عهد إليه فنسي.وقوله ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) اختلف أهل التأويل في معنى العزم هاهنا، فقال بعضهم: معناه الصبر.* ذكر من قال ذلك:حدثنا بشر، قال: ثنا يزيد، قال: ثنا سعيد، عن قَتادة، قوله: ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) أي صبرا.حدثنا محمد بن بشار، قال: ثنا محمد بن جعفر، قال: ثنا شعبة، عن قتادة ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) قال: صبرا.حدثنا إبراهيم بن يعقوب الجوزجاني، قال: ثنا أبو النضر، قال: ثنا شعبة، عن قَتادة، مثله.وقال آخرون: بل معناه: الحفظ، قالوا: ومعناه: ولم نجد له حفظا لما عهدنا إليه.* ذكر من قال ذلك:حدثني أبو السائب، قال: ثنا ابن إدريس، عن أبيه، عن عطية ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) قال: حفظا لما أمرته.حدثني يعقوب بن إبراهيم، قال: ثنا هاشم بن القاسم، عن الأشجعي، عن سفيان، عن عمرو بن قيس، عن عطية، في قوله ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) قال: حفظا.حدثنا عباد بن محمد، قال: ثنا قبيصة، عن سفيان، عن عمرو بن قيس، عن عطية، في قوله ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) قال: حفظا لما أمرته به.حدثني محمد بن سعد، قال: ثني أبي، قال: ثني عمي، قال: ثني أبي، عن أبيه، عن ابن عباس، قوله ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) يقول: لم نجد له حفظا.حدثني يونس، قال: أخبرنا ابن وهب، قال: قال ابن زيد، في قوله ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) قال: العزم: المحافظة على ما أمره الله تبارك وتعالى بحفظه والتمسك به.حدثني عليّ، قال: ثنا أبو صالح، قال: ثني معاوية، عن عليّ، عن ابن عباس، في قوله ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) يقول: لم نجعل له عزما.حدثني القاسم، قال: ثنا الحسين، قال: ثنا الحجاج بن فضالة، عن لقمان بن عامر، عن أبي أمامة قال: لو أن أحلام بني آدم جمعت منذ يوم خلق الله تعالى آدم إلى يوم الساعة، ووضعت في كفة ميزان. ووضع حلم آدم في الكفة الأخرى، لرجح حلمه بأحلامهم، وقد قال الله تعالى ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ).قال أبو جعفر: وأصل العزم اعتقاد القلب على الشيء، يقال منه: عزم فلان على كذا: إذا اعتقد عليه ونواه، ومن اعتقاد القلب: حفظ الشيء، ومنه الصبر على الشيء، لأنه لا يجزع جازع إلا من خور قلبه وضعفه ، فإذا كان ذلك كذلك، فلا معنى لذلك أبلغ مما بينه الله تبارك وتعالى، وهو قوله ( وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا ) فيكون تأويله: ولم نجد له عزم قلب، على الوفاء لله بعهده، ولا على حفظ ما عهد إليه.
قوله تعالى : ( ولقد عهدنا إلى آدم من قبل ) يعني : أمرناه وأوحينا إليه أن لا يأكل من الشجرة من قبل هؤلاء الذين نقضوا عهدك وتركوا الإيمان بي ، وهم الذين ذكرهم الله في قوله تعالى : " لعلهم يتقون " ، ( فنسي ) فترك الأمر ، والمعنى أنهم نقضوا العهد ، فإن آدم أيضا عهدنا إليه فنسي ، ( ولم نجد له عزما ) قال الحسن لم نجد له صبرا عما نهي عنه . وقال عطية العوفي : حفظا لما أمر به .وقال ابن قتيبة : رأيا معزوما حيث أطاع عدوه إبليس الذي حسده وأبى أن يسجد له . و " العزم " في اللغة : هو توطين النفس على الفعل .قال أبو أمامة الباهلي : لو وزن حلم آدم بحلم جميع ولده لرجح حلمه ، وقد قال الله : " ولم نجد له عزما " .فإن قيل : أتقولون إن آدم كان ناسيا لأمر الله حين أكل من الشجرة ؟ .قيل : يجوز أن يكون نسي أمره ، ولم يكن النسيان في ذلك الوقت مرفوعا عن الإنسان ، بل كان مؤاخذا به ، وإنما رفع عنا .وقيل : نسي عقوبة الله وظن أنه نهي تنزيها .
وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَا إِلَى آَدَمَ مِنْ قَبْلُ فَنَسِيَ وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا (115)لما كانت قصة موسى عليه السلام مع فرعون ومع قومه ذات عبرة للمكذبين والمعاندين الذين كذبوا النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وعاندوه ، وذلك المقصود من قَصَصها كما أشرنا إليه آنفاً عند قوله { كذلك نقص عليك من أنباء ما قد سبق وقد آتيناك من لدنا ذكراً من أعرض عنه فإنه يحمل يوم القيامة وزراً } [ طه : 99 ، 100 ] فكأن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم استحب الزيادة من هذه القِصص ذات العبرة رجاء أن قومه يفيقون من ضلالتهم كما أشرنا إليه قريباً عند قوله { ولا تعجل بالقرآن من قبل أن يقضى إليك وحيه } [ طه : 114 ] ؛ أعقبت تلك القصة بقصة آدم عليه السلام وما عرّض له به الشيطان ، تحقيقاً لفائدة قوله { وقل رب زدني علماً } [ طه : 114 ]. فالجملة عطف قصة على قصة والمناسبة ما سمعتَ .والكلام معطوف على جملة { كذلك نقص عليك من أنباء ما قد سبق }. وافتتاح الجملة بحرف التحقيق ولام القسم لمجرد الاهتمام بالقصة تنبيهاً على قصد التنظير بين القصتين في التفريط في العهد ، لأن في القصة الأولى تفريط بني إسرائيل في عهد الله ، كما قال فيها { ألم يعدكم ربكم وعداً حسناً أفطال عليكم العهد } [ طه : 86 ] ، وفي قصة آدم تفريطاً في العهد أيضاً . وفي كون ذلك من عمل الشيطان كما قال في القصة الأولى { وكذلك سولت لي نفسي } [ طه : 96 ] وقال في هذه { فوسوس إليه الشيطان } [ طه : 120 ]. وفي أن في القصتين نسياناً لما يجب الحفاظ عليه وتذكره فقال في القصة الأولى { فَنَسِيَ } [ طه : 16 ] وقال في هذه القصة { فنسي ولم نجد له عزماً }.وعليه فقوله { من قبلُ } حُذف ما أضيف إليه ( قبلُ ). وتقديره : من قبل إرسال موسى أو من قبل ما ذكر ، فإن بناء ( قبلُ ) على الضم علامة حذف المضاف إليه ونيّة معناه . والذي ذكر : إما عهد موسى الذي في قوله تعالى : { وأنا اخترتك فاستمع لما يوحى } [ طه : 13 ] وقوله { فلا يصدنك عنها من لا يؤمن بها واتبع هواه فتردى } [ طه : 16 ] ؛ وإما عهد الله لبني إسرائيل الذي ذكّرهم به موسى عليه السلام لما رجع إليهم غضبان أسفاً ، وهو ما في قوله { أفطال عليكم العهد } [ طه : 86 ] الآية .والمراد بالعهد إلى آدم : العهد إليه في الجنّة التي أنسي فيها .والنسيان : أطلق هنا على إهمال العمل بالعهد عمداً ، كقوله في قصة السامري { فَنَسي } ، فيكون عصياناً ، وهو الذي يقتضيه قوله تعالى : { وقال ما نهاكما ربكما عن هذه الشجرة إلا أن تكونا ملكين أو تكونا من الخالدين وقاسمهما إني لكما لمن الناصحين } الآية ، وقد مضت في سورة الأعراف ( 20 ، 21 ). وهذا العهد هو المُبيّن في الآية بقوله { فقلنا يا آدم إن هذا عدو لك ولزوجك } [ طه : 117 ] الآية .والعزم : الجزم بالفعل وعدم التردد فيه ، وهو مغالبة ما يدعو إليه الخاطر من الانكفاف عنه لعسر عمله أو إيثار ضده عليه . وتقدم قوله تعالى : { وإن عزموا الطلاق } في سورة البقرة ( 227 ). والمراد هنا : العزم على امتثال الأمر وإلغاءُ ما يحسِّن إليه عدمَ الامتثال ، قال تعالى : { فإذا عزمت فتوكل على الله } [ آل عمران : 159 ] ، وقال { فاصبر كما صبر أولوا العزم من الرسل } [ الأحقاف : 35 ] ، وهم نوح ، وإبراهيم ، وإسماعيل ، ويعقوب ، ويوسف ، وأيوب ، وموسى ، وداوود ، وعيسى عليهم السلام .واستعمل نفي وجدان العزم عند آدم في معنى عدم وجود العزم من صفته فيما عهد إليه تمثيلاً لحال طلب حصوله عنده بحال الباحث على عزمه فلم يجده عنده بعد البحث .
أي: ولقد وصينا آدم وأمرناه، وعهدنا إليه عهدا ليقوم به، فالتزمه، وأذعن له وانقاد، وعزم على القيام به، ومع ذلك نسي ما أمر به، وانتقضت عزيمته المحكمة، فجرى عليه ما جرى، فصار عبرة لذريته، وصارت طبائعهم مثل طبيعته، نسي آدم فنسيت ذريته، وخطئ فخطئوا، ولم يثبت على العزم المؤكد، وهم كذلك، وبادر بالتوبة من خطيئته، وأقر بها واعترف، فغفرت له، ومن يشابه أباه فما ظلم.
قوله تعالى : ولقد عهدنا إلى آدم من قبل فنسي ولم نجد له عزماقوله تعالى : ولقد عهدنا إلى آدم من قبل فنسي قرأ الأعمش باختلاف عنه ( فنسي ) بإسكان الياء وله معنيان أحدهما : ترك ؛ أي ترك الأمر والعهد ؛ وهذا قول مجاهد وأكثر المفسرين ومنه نسوا الله فنسيهم . وثانيهما : قال ابن عباس ( نسي ) هنا من السهو والنسيان ، وإنما أخذ الإنسان منه لأنه عهد إليه فنسي . قال ابن زيد نسي ما عهد الله إليه في ذلك ، ولو كان له عزم ما أطاع عدوه إبليس . وعلى هذا القول يحتمل أن يكون آدم - عليه السلام - في ذلك الوقت مأخوذا بالنسيان ، وإن كان النسيان عنا اليوم مرفوعا . ومعنى من قبل أي من قبل أن يأكل من الشجرة ؛ لأنه نهي عنها . والمراد تسلية النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - ؛ أي طاعة بني آدم الشيطان أمر قديم ؛ أي إن نقض هؤلاء العهد فإن آدم أيضا عهدنا إليه فنسي ؛ حكاه القشيري وكذلك الطبري . أي وإن يعرض يا محمد هؤلاء الكفرة عن آياتي ، ويخالفوا رسلي ، ويطيعوا إبليس فقدما فعل ذلك أبوهم آدم . قال ابن عطية : وهذا التأويل ضعيف ، وذلك كون آدم مثالا للكفار الجاحدين بالله ليس بشيء وآدم إنما عصى بتأويل ، ففي هذا غضاضة عليه - صلى الله عليه وسلم - ؛ وإنما الظاهر في الآية إما أن يكون ابتداء قصص لا تعلق له بما قبله ، وإما أن يجعل تعلقه أنه لما عهد إلى محمد - صلى الله عليه وسلم - ألا يعجل بالقرآن ، مثل له بنبي قبله عهد إليه فنسي فعوقب ؛ ليكون أشد في التحذير ، وأبلغ في العهد إلى محمد - صلى الله عليه وسلم - ؛ والعهد هاهنا في معنى الوصية ؛ ( ونسي ) معناه ترك ؛ ونسيان الذهول لا يمكن هنا ؛ لأنه لا يتعلق بالناسي عقاب . والعزم المضي على المعتقد في أي شيء كان ؛ وآدم - عليه السلام - قد كان يعتقد ألا يأكل من الشجرة لكن لما وسوس إليه [ ص: 164 ] إبليس لم يعزم على معتقده . والشيء الذي عهد إلى آدم هو ألا يأكل من الشجرة ، وأعلم مع ذلك أن إبليس عدو له .واختلف في معنى قوله : ولم نجد له عزما فقال ابن عباس وقتادة : لم نجد له صبرا عن أكل الشجرة ، ومواظبة على التزام الأمر . قال النحاس وكذلك هو في اللغة ؛ يقال : لفلان عزم أي صبر وثبات على التحفظ من المعاصي حتى يسلم منها ، ومنه فاصبر كما صبر أولوا العزم من الرسل . وعن ابن عباس أيضا وعطية العوفي : حفظا لما أمر به ؛ أي لم يتحفظ مما نهيته حتى نسي وذهب عن علم ذلك بترك الاستدلال ؛ وذلك أن إبليس قال له : إن أكلتها خلدت في الجنة يعني عين تلك الشجرة ، فلم يطعه فدعاه إلى نظير تلك الشجرة مما دخل في عموم النهي وكان يجب أن يستدل عليه فلم يفعل ، وظن أنها لم تدخل في النهي فأكلها تأويلا ، ولا يكون ناسيا للشيء من يعلم أنه معصية . وقال ابن زيد : عزما محافظة على أمر الله . وقال الضحاك : عزيمة أمر . ابن كيسان : إصرارا ولا إضمارا للعود إلى الذنب . قال القشيري : والأول أقرب إلى تأويل الكلام ؛ ولهذا قال قوم : آدم لم يكن من أولي العزم من الرسل ؛ لأن الله تعالى قال : ولم نجد له عزما . وقال المعظم : كل الرسل أولو العزم ، وفي الخبر ( ما من نبي إلا وقد أخطأ أو هم بخطيئة ما خلا يحيى بن زكريا ) فلو خرج آدم بسبب خطيئته من جملة أولي العزم لخرج جميع الأنبياء سوى يحيى . وقد قال أبو أمامة : لو أن أحلام بني آدم جمعت منذ خلق الله الخلق إلى يوم القيامة ، ووضعت في كفة ميزان ، ووضع حلم آدم في كفة أخرى لرجحهم ؛ وقد قال الله تبارك وتعالى : ولم نجد له عزما .
To adhere steadfastly to God’s commandments, unwavering determination is essential. If a man is influenced by irrelevant factors, he will undoubtedly deviate from the path of God. In order to remain steadfastly on the path of God, it is not enough to know what His commandment is; it is also absolutely necessary to have the will to resist all that goes against His commandment, and not to let himself be influenced by it. When God ordered that all should kneel down before Adam, the angels immediately dropped to their knees. But Satan did not do so. The reason for this difference in behaviour was that the angels treated this matter as pertaining to God, whereas Satan, on the contrary, saw it as the affair of a mere mortal. When an issue concerns God, man has no option but to bow to His wishes. But when it is treated as relating to a human being, the person in question will appraise the human being before him. If the latter is comparatively stronger, he will kneel down; otherwise he will refuse to kneel down, even if such an action be the demand of truth and justice.
Commentary _ And now we come to the story of Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) which has been related earlier in Surah Al-Baqarah and Al-A` raf and partly in Surah Hijr and Al-Kahf, and will also appear later in Surah Sad. The link of the story with the preceding verses has been variously explained by the commentators. The most obvious of these explanations is the one which refers to an earlier verse كَذَٰلِكَ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ مِنْ أَنبَاءِ مَا قَدْ سَبَقَ (Thus We narrate to you certain events of what has passed- 20:99) in which Allah informed the Holy Prophet ﷺ that the stories of the past prophets were revealed to him as evidence and confirmation of his own prophethood and in order that his own followers be warned against committing the sins for which the earlier generations were punished. The first, and in some ways, the most instructive story was that of Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) in which there was a clear warning for the followers of the Holy Prophet ﷺ that Shaitan was an old enemy of mankind who by his flattery and show of sympathy tricked Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) into committing an error for which both he and his wife were expelled from Paradise and the clothes which they wore there were taken away from them. Later their prayer for forgiveness was accepted by Allah and Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) was elevated to the status of prophethood. وَلَقَدْ عَهِدْنَا إِلَىٰ آدَمَ مِن قَبْلُ فَنَسِيَ وَلَمْ نَجِدْ لَهُ عَزْمًا (And earlier We had given a directive to 'Adam, then he forgot, and We did not find in him a firm resolve. - 20:115) Here the word 6 has been used in the sense of اَمَرنَا or وَصَّینَا (A1-Bahr ul-Muhit), and the meaning of the verse is that long before the time of the Holy Prophet ﷺ Allah had assigned a particular tree and enjoined upon Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) to shun it and not to eat any yield from it, and that barring this tree and its yields he was free to use the fruits of all the trees and all the other gifts from Allah which were abundantly available in Paradise. And, as will follow, he was also warned that the Shaitan was his enemy against whose wiles he must at all times remain on his guard and that any lapse on his part would land him in serious trouble. But he forgot and was found wanting in resolution. Here two words have been used, namely of نِسیَان (nisyan) which means to forget or to be unmindful, the other word is عَزم (` azm) which means to be resolute in the performance of some task. In order to fully comprehend the meanings of these two words it is well to bear in mind that Sayyidna 'Adam علیہ السلام was one of those prophets who were endowed by Allah with constancy and determination, and that prophets, by virtue of their status are infallible. The first word suggests that Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) was overtaken by نِسیَان . (forgetting) and since forgetting something is beyond one's control and volition it does not constitute sin. There is a Hadith which says رَفَعَ عَن اُمَّتِی الخَطَأ وَالنِسیَان (My followers will not be held liable for mistakes and unmindfulness). Then there is the general pronouncement in the Qur'an لَا يُكَلِّفُ اللَّـهُ نَفْسًا إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا (Allah does not obligate anyone beyond his capacity - 2:286). At the same time it has to be remembered that there are ways and means which if adopted will prevent people from forgetting things. And since the prophets stand high in the favour of Allah a special responsibility rests upon them to adopt such ways and means to avoid even mistakes and refrain even from forgetting something, therefore, they may well be held liable for not using the means which were available to them in order to avoid forgetfulness. The well known Sufi Junaid Al-Baghdadi (رح) has expressed this idea in the following words: حَسَنَات الابرار سَیَّٔات اَلمُقَرّبِین (The good deeds of ordinary virtuous men are often regarded as sinful and evil when performed by those who stand high in Allah's favour). The episode under reference occurred before Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) was granted prophethood and according to some Sunni Scholars sins committed in the prior period do not militate against the concept of the prophet's immunity from sin. Also it was a case of forgetfulness which cannot be considered as a sin, but in view of the high position of Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) as a prophet of Allah this too was regarded as a lapse for which he was admonished and as a warning to him his lapse was described as عِصیَان ; as (Disobedience). The second word is عَزم ` azm (firm resolve) and the same verse says that Sayyidna 'Adam (علیہ السلام) was found wanting in عَزم ` azm. As a matter of fact he was fully determined to comply with the commands of Allah but the intrigues of Shaitan weakened his resolve and unmindfulness made him lose his grip on it.
(And verily We made a covenant of old) before he ate from the tree; it is also said that this means: before the advent of Muhammad (pbuh) (with Adam) We commanded him not to eat from the tree, (but he forgot) he left what he was commanded to do, (and We found no constancy in him) We found in him no firmness or resoluteness.