Meaning of `Inheriting Women Against Their Will
Al-Bukhari recorded that Ibn `Abbas said about the Ayah,
يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لاَ يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَرِثُواْ النِّسَآءَ كَرْهاً
(O you who believe! You are not permitted to inherit women against their will,) "Before, the practice was that when a man dies, his male relatives used to have the right to do whatever they wanted with his wife. If one of them wants, he would marry her, give her in marriage, or prevent her from marriage, for they had more right to her than her own family. Thereafter, this Ayah was revealed about this practice,
يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لاَ يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَرِثُواْ النِّسَآءَ كَرْهاً
(O you who believe! You are not permitted to inherit women against their will)."
Women Should not Be Treated with Harshness
Allah said,
وَلاَ تَعْضُلُوهُنَّ لِتَذْهَبُواْ بِبَعْضِ مَآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ
(nor to prevent them from marriage, in order to take part of what you have given them,) Allah commands: Do not treat the woman harshly so that she gives back all or part of the dowry that she was given, or forfeits one of her rights by means of coercion and oppression. Allah's statement,
إِلاَّ أَن يَأْتِينَ بِفَاحِشَةٍ مُّبَيِّنَةٍ
(unless they commit open Fahishah.) Ibn Mas`ud, Ibn `Abbas, Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib, Ash-Sha`bi, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Muhammad bin Sirin, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Mujahid, `Ikrimah, `Ata' Al-Khurasani, Ad-Dahhak, Abu Qilabah, Abu Salih, As-Suddi, Zayd bin Aslam and Sa`id bin Abi Hilal said that this refers to illicit sex. Meaning that if the wife commits adultery, you are allowed to take back the dowry you gave her. You are also allowed to annoy her, until she gives back the dowry in return for a Khula`." In Surat Al-Baqarah, Allah said,
وَلاَ يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَأْخُذُواْ مِمَّآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلاَّ أَن يَخَافَآ أَلاَّ يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ
(And it is not lawful for you (men) to take back (from your wives) any of what you have given them, except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah) 2:229. Ibn `Abbas, `Ikrimah and Ad-Dahhak said that Fahishah refers to disobedience and defiance. Ibn Jarir chose the view that it is general, encompasses all these meanings, adultery, disobedience, defiance, rudeness, and so forth. Meaning that he is allowed to annoy his wife when she does any of these acts until she forfeits all or part of her rights and he then separates from her, and this view is good, and Allah knows best.
Live With Women Honorably
Allah said,
وَعَاشِرُوهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ
(And live with them honorably), by saying kind words to them, treating them kindly and making your appearance appealing for them, as much as you can, just as you like the same from them. Allah said in another Ayah,
وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِى عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ
(And they have rights similar over them to what is reasonable) 2:228. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«خَيْرُكُمْ خَيْرُكُمْ لِأَهْلِهِ، وَأَنَا خَيْرُكُمْ لِأَهْلِي»
(The best among you is he who is the best with his family. Verily, I am the best one among you with my family.) It was the practice of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to be kind, cheerful, playful with his wives, compassionate, spending on them and laughing with them. The Messenger ﷺ used to race with `A'ishah, the Mother of the Faithful, as a means of kindness to her. `A'ishah said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ raced with me and I won the race. This occurred before I gained weight, and afterwards I raced with him again, and he won that race. He said,
«هذِهِ بِتِلْك»
(This victory is for that victory.)" When the Prophet was at the home of one of his wives, sometimes all of his wives would meet there and eat together, and they would then go back to their homes. He and his wife would sleep in the same bed, he would remove his upper garment, sleeping in only his lower garment. The Prophet used to talk to the wife whose night it was, after praying `Isha' and before he went to sleep. Allah said,
لَّقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ
(Indeed in the Messenger of Allah ﷺ you have a good example to follow) 33:21. Allah said,
فَإِن كَرِهْتُمُوهُنَّ فَعَسَى أَن تَكْرَهُواْ شَيْئاً وَيَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ خَيْراً كَثِيراً
(If you dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings through it a great deal of good.) Allah says that your patience, which is demonstrated by keeping wives whom you dislike, carries good rewards for you in this life and the Hereafter. Ibn `Abbas commented on this Ayah, "That the husband may feel compassion towards his wife and Allah gives him a child with her, and this child carries tremendous goodness." An authentic Hadith states,
«لَا يَفْرَكْ مُؤْمِنٌ مُؤْمِنَةً، إِنْ سَخِطَ مِنْهَا خُلُقًا، رَضِيَ مِنْهَا آخَر»
(No believing man should hate his believing wife. If he dislikes a part of her conduct, he would surely like another.)
The Prohibition of Taking Back the Dowry
Allah said,
وَإِنْ أَرَدْتُّمُ اسْتِبْدَالَ زَوْجٍ مَّكَانَ زَوْجٍ وَءَاتَيْتُمْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ قِنْطَاراً فَلاَ تَأْخُذُواْ مِنْهُ شَيْئاً أَتَأْخُذُونَهُ بُهْتَـناً وَإِثْماً مُّبِيناً
(But if you intend to replace a wife by another and you have given one of them a Qintar, take not the least bit of it back; would you take it wrongfully without a right and (with) a manifest sin) The Ayah commands: When one of you wants to divorce a wife and marry another one, he must not take any portion of the dowry he gave to the first wife, even if it were a Qintar of money. We mentioned the meaning of Qintar in the Tafsir of Surah Al `Imran. This Ayah is clear in its indication that the dowry could be substantial. `Umar bin Al-Khattab used to discourage giving a large dowry, but later on changed his view. Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Al-`Ajfa' As-Sulami said that he heard `Umar bin Al-Khattab saying, "Do not exaggerate with the dowry of women, had this practice been an honor in this world or a part of Taqwa, then the Prophet would have had more right to practice it than you. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ never gave any of his wives, nor did any of his daughters receive a dowry more than twelve Uwqiyah. A man used to pay a substantial dowry and thus conceal enmity towards his wife!" Ahmad and the collectors of Sunan collected this Hadith through various chains of narration, and At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Sahih". Al-Hafiz Abu Ya`la recorded that Masruq said, "`Umar bin Al-Khattab stood up on the Minbar of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said, `O people! Why do you exaggerate concerning the dowry given to women The Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his Companions used to pay up to four hundred Dirhams for a dowry, or less than that. Had paying more for a dowry been a part of Taqwa or an honor, you would not have led them in this practice. Therefore, I do not want to hear about a man who pays more than four hundred Dirhams for a dowry.' He then went down the Minbar, but a woman from Quraysh said to him, `O Leader of the Faithful! You prohibited people from paying more than four hundred Dirhams in a dowry for women' He said, `Yes.' She said, `Have you not heard what Allah sent down in the Qur'an' He said, `Which part of it' She said, `Have you not heard Allah's statement,
وَءَاتَيْتُمْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ قِنْطَاراً
(And you have given one of them a Qintar)' He said, `O Allah! Forgive me...' He then went back and stood up on the Minbar saying, `I had prohibited you from paying more than four hundred Dirhams in a dowry for women. So, let everyone pay what he likes from his money."' The chain of narration for this Hadith is strong.
وَكَيْفَ تَأْخُذُونَهُ وَقَدْ أَفْضَى بَعْضُكُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ
(And how could you take it (back) while you have gone in unto each other) how can you take back the dowry from the woman with whom you had sexual relations and she had sexual relations with you Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, As-Suddi and several others said that this means sexual intercourse. The Two Sahihs record that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said three times to the spouses who said the Mula`anah;
«اللهُ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّ أَحَدَكُمَا كَاذِبٌ، فَهَلْ مِنْكُمَا تَائِبٌ؟»
(Allah knows that one of you is a liar, so would any of you repent ) The man said, "O Messenger of Allah! My money," referring to the dowry that he gave his wife. The Messenger said ﷺ,
«لَا مَالَ لَكَ، إِنْ كُنْتَ صَدَقْتَ عَلَيْهَا فَهُوَ بِمَا اسْتَحْلَلْتَ مِنْ فَرْجِهَا، وَإِنْ كُنْتَ كَذَبْتَ عَلَيْهَا فَهُوَ أَبْعَدُ لَكَ مِنْهَا»
(You have no money. If you are the one who said the truth, the dowry is in return for the right to have sexual intercourse with her. If you are the one who uttered the lie, then this money is even farther from your reach.) Similarly Allah said;
وَكَيْفَ تَأْخُذُونَهُ وَقَدْ أَفْضَى بَعْضُكُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ وَأَخَذْنَ مِنكُم مِّيثَـقاً غَلِيظاً
(And how could you take it (back) while you have gone in unto each other and they have taken from you a firm and strong covenant) (Be kind with women, for you have taken them by Allah's covenant and earned the right to have sexual relations with them by Allah's Word.)
Marrying the Wife of the Father is Prohibited
Allah said,
وَلاَ تَنكِحُواْ مَا نَكَحَ ءَابَاؤُكُمْ مِّنَ النِّسَآءِ
(And marry not women whom your fathers married,) Allah prohibits marrying the women whom the father married, in honor and respect to the fathers, not allowing their children to have sexual relations with their wives after they die. A woman becomes ineligible for the son of her husband as soon as the marriage contract is conducted, and there is a consensus on this ruling. Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "During the time of Jahiliyyah, the people used to prohibit what Allah prohibits (concerning marriage), except marrying the stepmother and taking two sisters as rival wives. Allah sent down,
وَلاَ تَنكِحُواْ مَا نَكَحَ ءَابَاؤُكُمْ مِّنَ النِّسَآءِ
(And marry not women whom your fathers married,) and,
وَأَن تَجْمَعُواْ بَيْنَ الاٍّخْتَيْنِ
(and two sisters in wedlock at the same time) 4:23." Similar was reported from `Ata' and Qatadah. Therefore, the practice that the Ayah mentions is prohibited for this Ummah, being disgraced as an awful sin, r
إِنَّهُ كَانَ فَـحِشَةً وَمَقْتاً وَسَآءَ سَبِيلاً
(Indeed it was shameful and Maqtan, and an evil way.) Allah said in other Ayat,
وَلاَ تَقْرَبُواْ الْفَوَحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ
(Come not near to Al-Fawahish (shameful acts) whether committed openly or secretly) 6:151, and,
وَلاَ تَقْرَبُواْ الزِّنَى إِنَّهُ كَانَ فَاحِشَةً وَسَآءَ سَبِيلاً
(And come not near to unlawful sex. Verily, it is a Fahishah and an evil way.) 17:32 In this Ayah (4:22), Allah added,
وَمَقْتاً
(and Maqtan), meaning, offensive. It is a sin itself and causes the son to hate his father after he marries his wife. It is usual that whoever marries a woman dislikes those who married her before him. This is one reason why the Mothers of the Faithful were not allowed for anyone in marriage after the Messenger ﷺ. They are indeed the Mothers of the Faithful since they married the Messenger ﷺ , who is like the father to the believers. Rather, the Prophet's right is far greater than the right of a father, and his love comes before each person loving himself, may Allah's peace and blessings be on him. `Ata' bin Abi Rabah said that the Ayah,
وَمَقْتاً
(and Maqtan), means, Allah will hate him,
وَسَآءَ سَبِيلاً
(and an evil way), for those who take this way. Therefore, those who commit this practice will have committed an act of reversion from the religion and deserve capital punishment and confiscation of their property, which will be given to the Muslim Treasury. Imam Ahmad and the collectors of Sunan recorded that Al-Bara' bin `Azib said that his uncle Abu Burdah was sent by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to a man who married his stepmother to execute him and confiscate his money.
And if you desire to exchange a wife in place of another by divorcing the one and you have given to one of the spouses a hundredweight that is a large sum as dowry take of it nothing. Would you take it by way of calumny injustice and manifest sin? buhtānan ‘calumny’ and ithman ‘sin’ end in the accusative because they are circumstantial qualifiers; the interrogative here is meant as a rebuke and as a disavowal where He says
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another... This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, “Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.” Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, “The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.” They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, “Paltry goods from a departed lover!”
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another... This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, “Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.” Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, “The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.” They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, “Paltry goods from a departed lover!”
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another... This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, “Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.” Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, “The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.” They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, “Paltry goods from a departed lover!”
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another... This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, “Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.” Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, “The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.” They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, “Paltry goods from a departed lover!”
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another...This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, �Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.�Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, �The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.� They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, �Paltry goods from a departed lover!�
وإن أردتم استبدال زوجة مكان أخرى، وكنتم قد أعطيتم مَن تريدون طلاقها مالا كثيرًا مهرًا لها، فلا يحل لكم أن تأخذوا منه شيئًا، أتأخذونه كذبًا وافتراءً واضحًا؟
وقوله تعالى "وإن أردتم استبدال زوح مكان زوج وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا فلا تأخذوا منه شيئا أتأخذونه بهتانا وإثما مبينا" أي إذا أراد أحدكم أن يفارق امرأة ويستبدل مكانها غيرها فلا يأخذ مما كان أصدق الأولى شيئا ولو كان قنطارا من مال وقد قدمنا في سورة آل عمران الكلام على القنطار بما فيه كفاية عن إعادته ههنا. وفي هذه الآية دلالة على جواز الإصداق بالمال الجزيل وقد كان عمر بن الخطاب نهى عن كثرة الإصداق ثم رجع عن ذلك كما قال الإمام أحمد حدثنا إسماعيل حدثنا سلمة بن علقمة عن محمد بن سيرين قال: نبئت عن أبي العجفاء السلمي قال: سمعت عمر بن الخطاب يقول: ألا لا تغالوا في صداق النساء فإنها لو كانت مكرمة في الدنيا أو تقوى عند الله كان أولاكم بها النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ما أصدق رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم امرأة من نسائه ولا أصدقت امرأة من بناته أكثر من اثنتي عشرة أوقية وإن كان الرجل ليبتلى بصدقة امرأته حتى يكون لها عداوة في نفسه وحتى يقول كلفت إليك علق القربة ثم رواه الإمام أحمد وأهل السنن من طرق عن محمد بن سيربن عن أبي العجفاء واسمه هرم بن سيب البصري وقال الترمذي: هذا حديث حسن صحيح. " طريق أخرى عن عمر "قال الحافظ أبو يعلى: حدثنا أبو خيثمة حدثنا يعقوب بن إبراهيم حدثنا أبي عن ابن إسحاق حدثني محمد بن عبدالرحمن عن خالد بن سعيد عن الشعبي عن مسروق قال: ركب عمر بن الخطاب منبر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ثم قال: أيها الناس ما إكثاركم في صداق النساء وقد كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وأصحابه والصدقات فيما بينهم أربعمائة درهم فما دون ذلك ولو كان الإكثار في ذلك تقوى عند الله أو كرامة لم تسبقوهم إليها فلأعرفن ما زاد رجل في صداق امرأة على أربعمائة درهم قال: ثم نزل فاعترضته امرأة من قريش فقالت: يا أمير المؤمنين نهيت الناس أن يزيدوا في مهر النساء على أربعمائة درهم ؟ قال: نعم فقالت: أما سمعت ما أنزل الله في القرآن ؟ قال: وأي ذلك ؟ فقالت: أما سمعت الله يقول "وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا " الآية قال: فقال اللهم غفرا كل الناس أفقه من عمر ثم رجع فركب المنبر فقال: أيها الناس إنى كنت نهيتكم أن تزيدوا النساء في صدقاتهن على أربعمائة درهم فمن شاء أن يعطي من ماله ما أحب قال أبو يعلى: وأظنه قال: فمن طابت نفسه فليفعل إسناده جيد قوي " طريقة أخرى "قال ابن المنذر حدثنا إسحاق بن إبراهيم عن عبدالرزاق عن قيس بن ربيع عن أبي حصين عن أبي عبدالرحمن السلمي قال: قال عمر بن الخطاب لا تغالوا في مهور النساء فقالت امرأة: ليس ذلك لك يا عمر إن الله يقول "وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا " من ذهب - قال وكذلك هي في قراءة عبدالله بن مسعود - فلا يحل لكم أن تأخذوا منه شيئا فقال عمر: إن امرأة خاصمت عمر فخصمته " طريق أخرى عن عمر فيها انقطاع" قال الزبير بن بكار: حدثني عمي مصعب بن عبدالله عن جدي قال: قال عمر بن الخطاب: لا تزيدوا في مهور النساء وإن كانت بنت ذي القصة - يعني يزيد بن الحصين الحارثي - فمن زاد ألقيت الزيادة في بيت المال فقالت امرأة من صفة النساء طويلة- في أنفها فطس- ما ذاك لك قال: ولم ؟ قالت: إن الله قال "وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا " الآية فقال عمر: امرأة أصابت ورجل أخطأ ولهذا قال منكرا "وكيف تأخذونه وقد أفضى بعضكم إلى بعض " أي وكيف تأخذون الصداق من المرأة وقد أفضيت إليها وأفضيت إليك قال ابن عباس ومجاهد والسدي وغير واحد: يعني بذلك الجماع- وقد ثبت في الصحيحين أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال للمتلاعنين بعد فراغهما من تلاعنهما " الله يعلم أن أحدكما كاذب فهل منكما تائب " قالها ثلاثا فقال الرجل: يا رسول الله مالي -يعني ما أصدقها- قال " لا مال لك إن كنت صدقت فهو بما استحللت من فرجها وإن كنت كذبت عليها فهو أبعد لك منها " وفي سنن أبي داود وغيره عن نضرة بن أبي نضرة أنه تزوج امرأة بكرا في خدرها فإذا هي حامل من الزنا فأتى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فذكر ذلك له فقضى لها بالصداق وفرق بينهما وأمر بجلدها وقال " الولد عبد لك والصداق في مقابلة البضع ".
وبعد أن بين - سبحانه - أنه يجوز لرجل أن يأخذ من المرأة بعض ما أعاطاها من صداق إذا أتت بفاحشة مبينة . . عقب ذلك بببيان الحكم فيما إذا كان الفراق من جانب الزوج دون أن تكون المرأة قد أتت بفاحشة فقال - تعالى - ( وَإِنْ أَرَدْتُّمُ استبدال زَوْجٍ مَّكَانَ زَوْجٍ وَآتَيْتُمْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ قِنْطَاراً فَلاَ تَأْخُذُواْ مِنْهُ شَيْئاً ) والاستبدال : طلب البدل ، بأن يطلق الرجل امرأة ويتزوج بأخرى .والقنطار : أصله من قنطرت الشئ إذا رفعته . ومنه القنطرة ، لأنها بناء مرتفع مشيد . والمراد به هنا المال الكثيرة الذى هو أقصى ما يتصور من مهر يدفعه الرجل للمرأة .والمعنى : وإن أردتم أيها الأزواج ( استبدال زَوْجٍ ) أى تزوج امرأة ترغبون فيها " مكان زوج " أى مكان امرأة لا ترغبون فيها ، بل ترغبون فى طلاقها ( وَآتَيْتُمْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ قِنْطَاراً ) أى أعطى أحدكم إحدى الزوجات التى تريدون طلاقها مالا كثيراً على سبيل الصداق لها ( فَلاَ تَأْخُذُواْ مِنْهُ شَيْئاً ) أى فلا نأخذوا من المال الكثير الذى أعطيتموه لهن شيئا أياً كان هذا الشئ ، لأن فراقهن كان بسبب من جانبكم لا من جانبهن .وعبر - سبحانه - ب ( إِنْ ) التى تفيد الشك فى وقوع الفعل؛ للتنبيه على ان الإِرادة قد تكون غير سليمة ، وغير مبنية قوية ، فعلى الزوج أن يتريث ويتثبت ويحسن التدبر فى عواقب الأمور .والمراد بالزوج فى قوله ( استبدال زَوْجٍ مَّكَانَ زَوْجٍ ) الجنس الذى يصدق على جميع الأزواج .والمراد من الإِيتاء فى قوله ( وَآتَيْتُمْ ) الالتزام والضمان . أى : التزمتم وضمنتم أن تؤتوا إحداهن هذا المال الكثير .والجملة حالية بتقدير قد . أي : وإن أردتم استبدال زوج مكان زوج وحال أنكم قد آتيتم التى تريدون أن تطلقوها قنطاراً فلا تأخذونها منه شيئا .والاستفهام فى قوله ( أَتَأْخُذُونَهُ بُهْتَاناً وَإِثْماً مُّبِيناً ) للإِنكار والتوبيخ ، والبهتان : هو الكذب الذى يدهش ويحير لفظاعته . ويطلق على كل أمر كاذب يتحير العقل فى إدراك سببه أو لا يعرف مبررا لوقوعه ، كمن يعتدى على الناس ويتقول عليهم الأقاويل ، مع أنه ليست هناك عداوة سابقة بينه وبينهم .قال صاحب الكشاف : والبهتان : أن تستقبل الرجل بأمر قبيح تقذفه به وهو برئ منه ولأنه يبهت عند ذلك . أى يتحير .والإِثم : هو الذنب العظيم الذى يبعد صاحبه عن رضا الله - تعالى - ( والمبين ) هو الشئ الواضح الذى يعلن عن نفسه بدون لبس أو خفاء .
القول في تأويل قوله: وَإِنْ أَرَدْتُمُ اسْتِبْدَالَ زَوْجٍ مَكَانَ زَوْجٍ وَآتَيْتُمْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ قِنْطَارًا فَلا تَأْخُذُوا مِنْهُ شَيْئًاقال أبو جعفر: يعني جل ثناؤه بقوله: " وإن أردتم استبدال زوج مكان زوج "، وإن أردتم، أيها المؤمنون، نكاح امرأة مكان امرأة لكم تطلقونها (1) =" وآتيتم إحداهن "، يقول: وقد أعطيتم التي تريدون طلاقها من المهر (2) =" قنطارًا ".* * *= و " القنطار " المال الكثير. وقد ذكرنا فيما مضى اختلاف أهل التأويل في مبلغه، والصوابَ من القول في ذلك عندنا. (3)* * *=" فلا تأخذوا منه شيئًا "، يقول: فلا تضرُّوا بهن إذا أردتم طلاقهن ليفتدين منكم بما آتيتموهن، كما:-8912 - حدثني محمد بن عمرو قال، حدثنا أبو عاصم، عن عيسى، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد في قوله: " وإن أردتم استبدال زوج مكان زوج "، طلاق امرأة مكان أخرى، فلا يحل له من مال المطلقة شيء وإن كثر.8913 - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال، حدثنا شبل، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد مثله.* * *القول في تأويل قوله: أَتَأْخُذُونَهُ بُهْتَانًا وَإِثْمًا مُبِينًا (20)قال أبو جعفر: يعني بقوله تعالى ذكره: " أتأخذونه "، أتأخذون ما آتيتموهن من مهورهن =" بهتانا "، يقول: ظلمًا بغير حق =" وإثما مبينًا "، يعني: وإثمًا قد أبان أمرُ آخذه أنه بأخذه إياه لمن أخذَه منه ظالم. (4)----------------الهوامش :(1) انظر تفسير"الاستبدال" فيما سلف 2: 130 ، 494 / 7: 527.(2) انظر تفسير"الإيتاء" في فهارس اللغة ، فيما سلف.(3) انظر تفسير"القنطار" فيما سلف 6: 244-250.(4) انظر تفسير"مبين" فيما سلف 3: 300 / 4: 258 / 7: 370.
( وإن أردتم استبدال زوج مكان زوج ) أراد بالزوج الزوجة ولم يكن من قبلها نشوز ولا فاحشة ، ( وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا ) وهو المال الكثير ، صداقا ، ( فلا تأخذوا منه ) من القنطار ، ( شيئا أتأخذونه ) استفهام بمعنى التوبيخ ، ( بهتانا وإثما مبينا ) انتصابهما من وجهين أحدهما بنزع الخافض ، والثاني بالإضمار تقديره : تصيبون في أخذه بهتانا وإثماثم قال:
لا جرم أنّ الكراهية تعقبها إرادة استبدال المكروه بضدّه ، فلذلك عطف الشرط على الذي قبله استطراداً واستيفاء للأحكام .فالمراد بالاستبدال طلاق المرأة السابقة وتزوّج امرأة أخرى .والاستبدال : التبديل . وتقدّم الكلام عليه عند قوله تعالى : { قال أتستبدلون الذي هو أدنى بالذي هو خير } في سورة البقرة ( 61 ) أي إن لم يكن سبب للفراق إلاّ إرادة استبدال زوج بأخرى فيُلجِيء التي يريد فراقها ، حتّى تخالعه ، ليجد ما لا يعطيه مهراً للتي رغب فيها ، نهى عن أن يأخذوا شيئاً ممّا أعطوه أزواجهم من مهر وغيره والقنطار هنا مبالغة في مقدار الماللِ المُعطى صداقاً أي ما لا كثيراً ، كثرة غير متعارفة . وهذه المبالغة تدلّ على أنّ إيتاء القنطار مباح شرعاً لأنّ الله لا يمثّل بما لا يَرضى شرعه مثل الحرام ، ولذلك لمّا خطب عمر بن الخطاب فنهَى عن المغالاة في الصدُقات ، قالت له امرأة من قريش بعد أن نزل يا أمير المؤمنين كتاب الله أحقّ أن يُتبع أوْ قولك قال : بل كتاب الله بم ذَلك؟ قالت : إنّك نهيت الناس آنفاً أن يغالوا في صداق النساء ، والله يقول في كتابه { وآتيتم إحداهنّ قنطاراً فلا تأخذوا منه شيئاً } [ النساء : 20 ] فقال عمر «كلّ أحد أفقهُ من عُمر» . وفي رواية قال «امرأة أصَابتْ وأمير أخطَأ واللَّهُ المستعان» ثم رجع إلى المنبر فقال : «إنّي كنت نهيتكم أن تَغَالَوْا في صدقات النساء فليفعل كلّ رجل في ماله ما شاء» . والظاهر من هذه الرواية أنّ عمر رجع عن تحجير المباح لأنّه رآه ينافي الإباحة بمقتضى دلالة الإشارة وقد كان بَدَا له من قبل أنّ في المغالاة علّة تقتضي المنع ، فيمكن أن يكون نسي الآية بناء على أنّ المجتهد لا يلزمه البحث عن المعارض لدليللِ اجتهاده ، أو أن يكون حملها على قصد المبالغة فرأى أنّ ذلك لا يدلّ على الإباحة ، ثم رجع عن ذلك أو أن يكون رأى لنفسه أن يحجّر بعض المباح للمصلحة ثمّ عدل عنه لأنّه ينافي إذن الشرع في فعله أو نحو ذلك .وضمير : { إحداهن } راجع إلى النساء . وهذه هي المرأة التي يراد طلاقها .وتقدّم الكلام على القنطار عند تفسير قوله تعالى : { والقناطير المقنطرة من الذهب والفضة } في سورة آل عمران ( 14 ) .والاستفهام في أتأخذونه إنكاري .والبهتان مصدر كالشُّكران والغُفْران ، مصدر بهَتَه كمَنَعَه إذا قال عليه ما لم يَفْعَل ، وتقدّم البهت عند قوله تعالى : { فبهت الذي كفر } في سورة البقرة ( 258 ) .وانتصب بهتاناً على الحال من الفاعل في ( تأخذونه ) بتأويله باسم الفاعل ، أي مباهتين . وإنّما جعل هذا الأخذ بهتانا لأنّهم كان من عادتهم إذا كرهوا المرأة وأرادوا طلاقها ، رموها بسوء المعاشرة ، واختلقوا عليها ما ليس فيها ، لكي تخشى سوء السمعة فتبذل للزوج ما لا فداء ليطلّقها ، حكى ذاك فخر الدين الرازي ، فصار أخذ المال من المرأة عند الطلاق مظِنَّة بأنَّها أتت ما لا يُرضي الزوج ، فقد يصدّ ذلك الراغبين في التزوّج عن خطبتها ، ولذلك لمّا أذن الله للأزواج بأخذ المال إذا أتت أزواجهم بفاحشة ، صار أخذ المال منهنّ بدون ذلك يُوهم أنّه أخذه في محل الإذن بأخذه ، هذا أظهر الوجوه في جعل هذا الأخذ بهتاناً .وأمّا كونه إثماً مبّينا فقد جُعل هنا حالا بعد الإنكار ، وشأن مثل هذا الحال أن تكون معلومة الانتساب إلى صاحبها حتّى يصبح الإنكار باعتبارها ، فيحتمل أنّ كونها إثماً مبيّنا قد صار معلوماً للمخاطبين من قوله : { فلا تأخذوا منه شيئاً } ، أو من آية البقرة ( 229 ) { ولا يحل لكم أن تأخذوا مما آتيتموهن شيئاً إلا أن يخافا أن لا يقيما حدود الله } أو ممّا تقرّر عندهم من أنّ حكم الشريعة في الأموال أن لا تحلّ إلاّ عن طيب نفس .
بل متى { أَرَدْتُمُ اسْتِبْدَالَ زَوْجٍ مَكَانَ زَوْجٍ } أي: تطليقَ زوجة وتزوجَ أخرى. أي: فلا جناح عليكم في ذلك ولا حرج. ولكن إذا { آتَيْتُمْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ } أي: المفارقة أو التي تزوجها { قِنْطَارًا } أي: مالا كثيرا. { فَلَا تَأْخُذُوا مِنْهُ شَيْئًا } بل وفروه لهن ولا تمطلوا بهن. وفي هذه الآية دلالة على عدم تحريم كثرة المهر، مع أن الأفضل واللائق الاقتداءُ بالنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في تخفيف المهر. ووجه الدلالة أن الله أخبر عن أمر يقع منهم، ولم ينكره عليهم، فدل على عدم تحريمه [لكن قد ينهي عن كثرة الصداق إذا تضمن مفسدة دينية وعدم مصلحة تقاوم] ثم قال: { أَتَأْخُذُونَهُ بُهْتَانًا وَإِثْمًا مُبِينًا } فإن هذا لا يحل ولو تحيلتم عليه بأنواع الحيل، فإن إثمه واضح.
وإن أردتم استبدال زوج مكان زوج وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا فلا تأخذوا منه شيئا أتأخذونه بهتانا وإثما مبينافيه مسائل :الأولى : لما مضى في الآية المتقدمة حكم الفراق الذي سببه المرأة ، وأن للزوج أخذ المال منها عقب ذلك بذكر الفراق الذي سببه الزوج ، وبين أنه إذا أراد الطلاق من غير نشوز وسوء عشرة فليس له أن يطلب منها مالا .الثانية : واختلف العلماء إذا كان الزوجان يريدان الفراق وكان منهما نشوز وسوء عشرة ؛ فقال مالك رضي الله عنه : للزوج أن يأخذ منها إذا تسببت في الفراق ولا يراعى تسببه هو . وقال جماعة من العلماء : لا يجوز له أخذ المال إلا أن تنفرد هي بالنشوز وتطلبه في ذلك .الثالثة : قوله تعالى : وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا الآية فيها دليل على جواز المغالاة في المهور ؛ لأن الله تعالى لا يمثل إلا بمباح . وخطب عمر رضي الله عنه فقال : ألا لا تغالوا في صدقات النساء فإنها لو كانت مكرمة في الدنيا أو تقوى عند الله لكان أولاكم بها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ؛ ما أصدق قط امرأة من نسائه ولا بناته فوق اثنتي عشرة أوقية . فقامت إليه امرأة فقالت : يا عمر ، [ ص: 88 ] يعطينا الله وتحرمنا ! أليس الله سبحانه وتعالى يقول : وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا فلا تأخذوا منه شيئا ؟ فقال عمر : أصابت امرأة وأخطأ عمر . وفي رواية فأطرق عمر ثم قال : كل الناس أفقه منك يا عمر ! . وفي أخرى : امرأة أصابت ورجل أخطأ . وترك الإنكار . أخرجه أبو حاتم البستي في صحيح مسنده عن أبي العجفاء السلمي قال : خطب عمر الناس ، فذكره إلى قوله : اثنتي عشرة أوقية ، ولم يذكر : فقامت إليه امرأة . إلى آخره . وأخرجه ابن ماجه في سننه عن أبي العجفاء ، وزاد بعد قوله : أوقية . وإن الرجل ليثقل صدقة امرأته حتى تكون لها عداوة في نفسه ، ويقول : قد كلفت إليك علق القربة - أو عرق القربة ؛ وكنت رجلا عربيا مولدا ما أدري ما علق القربة أو عرق القربة . قال الجوهري : وعلق القربة لغة في عرق القربة . قال غيره : ويقال علق القربة عصامها الذي تعلق به . يقول كلفت إليك حتى عصام القربة . وعرق القربة ماؤها ؛ يقول : جشمت إليك حتى سافرت واحتجت إلى عرق القربة ، وهو ماؤها في السفر . ويقال : بل عرق القربة أن يقول : نصبت لك وتكلفت حتى عرقت عرق القربة ، وهو سيلانها . وقيل : إنهم كانوا يتزودون الماء فيعلقونه على الإبل يتناوبونه فيشق على الظهر ؛ ففسر به اللفظان : العرق والعلق . وقال الأصمعي : عرق القربة كلمة معناها الشدة . قال : ولا أدري ما أصلها . قال الأصمعي : وسمعت ابن أبي طرفة وكان من أفصح من رأيت يقول : سمعت شيخاننا يقولون : لقيت من فلان عرق القربة ، يعنون الشدة . وأنشدني لابن الأحمر :ليست بمشتمة تعد وعفوها عرق السقاء على القعود اللاغبقال أبو عبيد : أراد أنه يسمع الكلمة تغيظه وليست بشتم فيؤخذ صاحبها بها ، وقد أبلغت إليه كعرق القربة ، فقال : كعرق السقا لما لم يمكنه الشعر ؛ ثم قال : على القعود اللاغب ، وكان معناه أن تعلق القربة على القعود في أسفارهم . وهذا المعنى شبيه بما كان الفراء يحكيه ؛ زعم أنهم كانوا في المفاوز في أسفارهم يتزودون الماء فيعلقونه على الإبل يتناوبونه ؛ فكان في ذلك تعب ومشقة على الظهر . وكان الفراء يجعل هذا التفسير في علق القربة باللام . وقال قوم : لا تعطي الآية جواز المغالاة بالمهور ؛ لأن التمثيل بالقنطار إنما هو على جهة المبالغة ؛ كأنه قال : وآتيتم هذا القدر العظيم الذي لا يؤتيه أحد . وهذا كقوله صلى الله عليه وسلم : من بنى لله مسجدا ولو كمفحص قطاة بنى الله له بيتا في الجنة . ومعلوم أنه لا يكون مسجد كمفحص قطاة . وقد قال صلى الله عليه وسلم لابن أبي حدرد وقد جاء يستعينه في مهره ، فسأله عنه فقال : مائتين ؛ فغضب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وقال : كأنكم تقطعون الذهب والفضة من عرض الحرة أو جبل .[ ص: 89 ] فاستقرأ بعض الناس من هذا منع المغالاة بالمهور ؛ وهذا لا يلزم ، وإنكار النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم على هذا الرجل المتزوج ليس إنكارا لأجل المغالاة والإكثار في المهور ، وإنما الإنكار لأنه كان فقيرا في تلك الحال فأحوج نفسه إلى الاستعانة والسؤال ، وهذا مكروه باتفاق . وقد أصدق عمر أم كلثوم بنت علي من فاطمة رضوان الله عليهم أربعين ألف درهم . وروى أبو داود عن عقبة بن عامر أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال لرجل : أترضى أن أزوجك فلانة ؟ قال : نعم . وقال للمرأة : أترضين أن أزوجك فلانا ؟ قالت : نعم . فزوج أحدهما من صاحبه ؛ فدخل بها الرجل ولم يفرض لها صداقا ولم يعطها شيئا ، وكان ممن شهد الحديبية وله سهم بخيبر ؛ فلما حضرته الوفاة قال : إن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم زوجني فلانة ولم أفرض لها صداقا ولم أعطها شيئا ، وإني أشهدكم أني قد أعطيتها من صداقها سهمي بخيبر ؛ فأخذت سهمها فباعته بمائة ألف . وقد أجمع العلماء على ألا تحديد في أكثر الصداق ؛ لقوله تعالى : وآتيتم إحداهن قنطارا واختلفوا في أقله ، وسيأتي عند قوله تعالى : أن تبتغوا بأموالكم . ومضى القول في تحديد القنطار في " آل عمران " . وقرأ ابن محيصن " وآتيتم إحداهن " بوصل ألف إحداهن وهي لغة ؛ ومنه قول الشاعر :وتسمع من تحت العجاج لها ازملاوقول الآخر :إن لم أقاتل فالبسوني برقعاالرابعة : قوله تعالى : فلا تأخذوا منه شيئا قال بكر بن عبد الله المزني : لا يأخذ الزوج من المختلعة شيئا ؛ لقول الله تعالى : فلا تأخذوا ، وجعلها ناسخة لآية " البقرة " .وقال ابن زيد وغيره : هي منسوخة بقوله تعالى في سورة البقرة ولا يحل لكم أن تأخذوا مما آتيتموهن شيئا . والصحيح أن هذه الآيات محكمة وليس فيها ناسخ ولا منسوخ وكلها يبنى بعضها على بعض . قال الطبري : هي محكمة ، ولا معنى لقول بكر : إن أرادت هي العطاء ؛ فقد جوز النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لثابت أن يأخذ من زوجته ما ساق إليها .بهتانا : مصدر في موضع الحال ، وإثما : معطوف عليه ، مبينا : من نعته .
Undoubtedly, the successors of a deceased person have the right to inherit his property. But his widow is not to be treated as a part of the inheritance and exploited as the successors decide. Property is inanimate and therefore without feeling, and, as such is a proper object of inheritance, but human beings have sensate, independent existences, and therefore possess the right to decide their future according to their own choice. If there is any physical or temperamental shortcoming in a woman, it should be tolerated so that she may have the opportunity to use her other natural talents to play her part in the building up of the household. One should overlook the unpleasant aspects of her personality and try to adjust amicably. The secret of the progress and solidarity of any family or society is that its members should ignore the shortcomings and deficiencies of each other and give everyone the chance to exercise his or her abilities. Those who adopt the way of patience and tolerance in this world for the sake of God, are the people who will be granted admission to Paradise in the Hereafter. When one does not like one’s life companion and, rather than be tolerant, decides to separate, it often happens that one exaggerates the shortcomings of the other to justify one’s decision. Allegations are fabricated so that the weaker person should become nervous and leave. Similarly, while severing the marriage bond, trumped up reasons are presented to the other party. But these activities are against the covenant. A covenant is considered sacred by God and whether written or unwritten, it is essentially binding. It applies equally to both parties, leaving them no choice of their own.
The next two verses (20, 21) also enlarge upon this subject. Here it has been said that, should it be that the woman has just not shown any contumacy or immodesty, but the husband, following his own physical desire and pleasure, intends to marry another woman in her place, then again it will not be permissible for him to claim anything from her in exchange of divorce, even though he had given her a lot of wealth. Similarly, it will not be allowed for him to force her to forgo the dower due against him. This is because there is no fault of the woman and the cause which makes the dower due and payable has been vacated, that is, they have been married and have had their privacy with each other. Now, the husband has no right to take back what he has given her or make her forgo the dower.
That the taking back of this amount is an injustice and sin has been later on described in three stages.
First, it was said: أَتَأْخُذُونَهُ بُهْتَانًا وَإِثْمًا مُّبِينًا that is, 'do you want to take it through imputation and an open sin?"
This sentence refers back to the previous verse (19) where it was laid down that the husband has no right to take back the dower from his wife except when she has committed a shameful act. On the basis of this principle the present verse (20) says that if you take back the dower from your wife, it will mean that you are imputing her for a shameful act, because it is the only situation where your claim may be rightful. Since your wife has not committed a shameful act, your claim to the dower is a false imputation which is an open sin.
(And if ye wish to exchange one wife for another) He says: If you wish to marry a woman and divorce one you are already married to, or marry a woman in addition to the one you are already married to (and ye have given unto one of them a sum of money (however great)) a dowry, (take nothing from it) from the dowry. (Would ye take it) the dowry (by the way of calumny) as an unlawful possession (and open wrong?) a clear transgression.
Meaning of `Inheriting Women Against Their Will
Al-Bukhari recorded that Ibn `Abbas said about the Ayah,
يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لاَ يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَرِثُواْ النِّسَآءَ كَرْهاً
(O you who believe! You are not permitted to inherit women against their will,) "Before, the practice was that when a man dies, his male relatives used to have the right to do whatever they wanted with his wife. If one of them wants, he would marry her, give her in marriage, or prevent her from marriage, for they had more right to her than her own family. Thereafter, this Ayah was revealed about this practice,
يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لاَ يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَرِثُواْ النِّسَآءَ كَرْهاً
(O you who believe! You are not permitted to inherit women against their will)."
Women Should not Be Treated with Harshness
Allah said,
وَلاَ تَعْضُلُوهُنَّ لِتَذْهَبُواْ بِبَعْضِ مَآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ
(nor to prevent them from marriage, in order to take part of what you have given them,) Allah commands: Do not treat the woman harshly so that she gives back all or part of the dowry that she was given, or forfeits one of her rights by means of coercion and oppression. Allah's statement,
إِلاَّ أَن يَأْتِينَ بِفَاحِشَةٍ مُّبَيِّنَةٍ
(unless they commit open Fahishah.) Ibn Mas`ud, Ibn `Abbas, Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib, Ash-Sha`bi, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Muhammad bin Sirin, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Mujahid, `Ikrimah, `Ata' Al-Khurasani, Ad-Dahhak, Abu Qilabah, Abu Salih, As-Suddi, Zayd bin Aslam and Sa`id bin Abi Hilal said that this refers to illicit sex. Meaning that if the wife commits adultery, you are allowed to take back the dowry you gave her. You are also allowed to annoy her, until she gives back the dowry in return for a Khula`." In Surat Al-Baqarah, Allah said,
وَلاَ يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَأْخُذُواْ مِمَّآ ءَاتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلاَّ أَن يَخَافَآ أَلاَّ يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ
(And it is not lawful for you (men) to take back (from your wives) any of what you have given them, except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah) 2:229. Ibn `Abbas, `Ikrimah and Ad-Dahhak said that Fahishah refers to disobedience and defiance. Ibn Jarir chose the view that it is general, encompasses all these meanings, adultery, disobedience, defiance, rudeness, and so forth. Meaning that he is allowed to annoy his wife when she does any of these acts until she forfeits all or part of her rights and he then separates from her, and this view is good, and Allah knows best.
Live With Women Honorably
Allah said,
وَعَاشِرُوهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ
(And live with them honorably), by saying kind words to them, treating them kindly and making your appearance appealing for them, as much as you can, just as you like the same from them. Allah said in another Ayah,
وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِى عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ
(And they have rights similar over them to what is reasonable) 2:228. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«خَيْرُكُمْ خَيْرُكُمْ لِأَهْلِهِ، وَأَنَا خَيْرُكُمْ لِأَهْلِي»
(The best among you is he who is the best with his family. Verily, I am the best one among you with my family.) It was the practice of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to be kind, cheerful, playful with his wives, compassionate, spending on them and laughing with them. The Messenger ﷺ used to race with `A'ishah, the Mother of the Faithful, as a means of kindness to her. `A'ishah said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ raced with me and I won the race. This occurred before I gained weight, and afterwards I raced with him again, and he won that race. He said,
«هذِهِ بِتِلْك»
(This victory is for that victory.)" When the Prophet was at the home of one of his wives, sometimes all of his wives would meet there and eat together, and they would then go back to their homes. He and his wife would sleep in the same bed, he would remove his upper garment, sleeping in only his lower garment. The Prophet used to talk to the wife whose night it was, after praying `Isha' and before he went to sleep. Allah said,
لَّقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ
(Indeed in the Messenger of Allah ﷺ you have a good example to follow) 33:21. Allah said,
فَإِن كَرِهْتُمُوهُنَّ فَعَسَى أَن تَكْرَهُواْ شَيْئاً وَيَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ خَيْراً كَثِيراً
(If you dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings through it a great deal of good.) Allah says that your patience, which is demonstrated by keeping wives whom you dislike, carries good rewards for you in this life and the Hereafter. Ibn `Abbas commented on this Ayah, "That the husband may feel compassion towards his wife and Allah gives him a child with her, and this child carries tremendous goodness." An authentic Hadith states,
«لَا يَفْرَكْ مُؤْمِنٌ مُؤْمِنَةً، إِنْ سَخِطَ مِنْهَا خُلُقًا، رَضِيَ مِنْهَا آخَر»
(No believing man should hate his believing wife. If he dislikes a part of her conduct, he would surely like another.)
The Prohibition of Taking Back the Dowry
Allah said,
وَإِنْ أَرَدْتُّمُ اسْتِبْدَالَ زَوْجٍ مَّكَانَ زَوْجٍ وَءَاتَيْتُمْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ قِنْطَاراً فَلاَ تَأْخُذُواْ مِنْهُ شَيْئاً أَتَأْخُذُونَهُ بُهْتَـناً وَإِثْماً مُّبِيناً
(But if you intend to replace a wife by another and you have given one of them a Qintar, take not the least bit of it back; would you take it wrongfully without a right and (with) a manifest sin) The Ayah commands: When one of you wants to divorce a wife and marry another one, he must not take any portion of the dowry he gave to the first wife, even if it were a Qintar of money. We mentioned the meaning of Qintar in the Tafsir of Surah Al `Imran. This Ayah is clear in its indication that the dowry could be substantial. `Umar bin Al-Khattab used to discourage giving a large dowry, but later on changed his view. Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Al-`Ajfa' As-Sulami said that he heard `Umar bin Al-Khattab saying, "Do not exaggerate with the dowry of women, had this practice been an honor in this world or a part of Taqwa, then the Prophet would have had more right to practice it than you. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ never gave any of his wives, nor did any of his daughters receive a dowry more than twelve Uwqiyah. A man used to pay a substantial dowry and thus conceal enmity towards his wife!" Ahmad and the collectors of Sunan collected this Hadith through various chains of narration, and At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Sahih". Al-Hafiz Abu Ya`la recorded that Masruq said, "`Umar bin Al-Khattab stood up on the Minbar of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said, `O people! Why do you exaggerate concerning the dowry given to women The Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his Companions used to pay up to four hundred Dirhams for a dowry, or less than that. Had paying more for a dowry been a part of Taqwa or an honor, you would not have led them in this practice. Therefore, I do not want to hear about a man who pays more than four hundred Dirhams for a dowry.' He then went down the Minbar, but a woman from Quraysh said to him, `O Leader of the Faithful! You prohibited people from paying more than four hundred Dirhams in a dowry for women' He said, `Yes.' She said, `Have you not heard what Allah sent down in the Qur'an' He said, `Which part of it' She said, `Have you not heard Allah's statement,
وَءَاتَيْتُمْ إِحْدَاهُنَّ قِنْطَاراً
(And you have given one of them a Qintar)' He said, `O Allah! Forgive me...' He then went back and stood up on the Minbar saying, `I had prohibited you from paying more than four hundred Dirhams in a dowry for women. So, let everyone pay what he likes from his money."' The chain of narration for this Hadith is strong.
وَكَيْفَ تَأْخُذُونَهُ وَقَدْ أَفْضَى بَعْضُكُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ
(And how could you take it (back) while you have gone in unto each other) how can you take back the dowry from the woman with whom you had sexual relations and she had sexual relations with you Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, As-Suddi and several others said that this means sexual intercourse. The Two Sahihs record that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said three times to the spouses who said the Mula`anah;
«اللهُ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّ أَحَدَكُمَا كَاذِبٌ، فَهَلْ مِنْكُمَا تَائِبٌ؟»
(Allah knows that one of you is a liar, so would any of you repent ) The man said, "O Messenger of Allah! My money," referring to the dowry that he gave his wife. The Messenger said ﷺ,
«لَا مَالَ لَكَ، إِنْ كُنْتَ صَدَقْتَ عَلَيْهَا فَهُوَ بِمَا اسْتَحْلَلْتَ مِنْ فَرْجِهَا، وَإِنْ كُنْتَ كَذَبْتَ عَلَيْهَا فَهُوَ أَبْعَدُ لَكَ مِنْهَا»
(You have no money. If you are the one who said the truth, the dowry is in return for the right to have sexual intercourse with her. If you are the one who uttered the lie, then this money is even farther from your reach.) Similarly Allah said;
وَكَيْفَ تَأْخُذُونَهُ وَقَدْ أَفْضَى بَعْضُكُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ وَأَخَذْنَ مِنكُم مِّيثَـقاً غَلِيظاً
(And how could you take it (back) while you have gone in unto each other and they have taken from you a firm and strong covenant) (Be kind with women, for you have taken them by Allah's covenant and earned the right to have sexual relations with them by Allah's Word.)
Marrying the Wife of the Father is Prohibited
Allah said,
وَلاَ تَنكِحُواْ مَا نَكَحَ ءَابَاؤُكُمْ مِّنَ النِّسَآءِ
(And marry not women whom your fathers married,) Allah prohibits marrying the women whom the father married, in honor and respect to the fathers, not allowing their children to have sexual relations with their wives after they die. A woman becomes ineligible for the son of her husband as soon as the marriage contract is conducted, and there is a consensus on this ruling. Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "During the time of Jahiliyyah, the people used to prohibit what Allah prohibits (concerning marriage), except marrying the stepmother and taking two sisters as rival wives. Allah sent down,
وَلاَ تَنكِحُواْ مَا نَكَحَ ءَابَاؤُكُمْ مِّنَ النِّسَآءِ
(And marry not women whom your fathers married,) and,
وَأَن تَجْمَعُواْ بَيْنَ الاٍّخْتَيْنِ
(and two sisters in wedlock at the same time) 4:23." Similar was reported from `Ata' and Qatadah. Therefore, the practice that the Ayah mentions is prohibited for this Ummah, being disgraced as an awful sin, r
إِنَّهُ كَانَ فَـحِشَةً وَمَقْتاً وَسَآءَ سَبِيلاً
(Indeed it was shameful and Maqtan, and an evil way.) Allah said in other Ayat,
وَلاَ تَقْرَبُواْ الْفَوَحِشَ مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَمَا بَطَنَ
(Come not near to Al-Fawahish (shameful acts) whether committed openly or secretly) 6:151, and,
وَلاَ تَقْرَبُواْ الزِّنَى إِنَّهُ كَانَ فَاحِشَةً وَسَآءَ سَبِيلاً
(And come not near to unlawful sex. Verily, it is a Fahishah and an evil way.) 17:32 In this Ayah (4:22), Allah added,
وَمَقْتاً
(and Maqtan), meaning, offensive. It is a sin itself and causes the son to hate his father after he marries his wife. It is usual that whoever marries a woman dislikes those who married her before him. This is one reason why the Mothers of the Faithful were not allowed for anyone in marriage after the Messenger ﷺ. They are indeed the Mothers of the Faithful since they married the Messenger ﷺ , who is like the father to the believers. Rather, the Prophet's right is far greater than the right of a father, and his love comes before each person loving himself, may Allah's peace and blessings be on him. `Ata' bin Abi Rabah said that the Ayah,
وَمَقْتاً
(and Maqtan), means, Allah will hate him,
وَسَآءَ سَبِيلاً
(and an evil way), for those who take this way. Therefore, those who commit this practice will have committed an act of reversion from the religion and deserve capital punishment and confiscation of their property, which will be given to the Muslim Treasury. Imam Ahmad and the collectors of Sunan recorded that Al-Bara' bin `Azib said that his uncle Abu Burdah was sent by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to a man who married his stepmother to execute him and confiscate his money.
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another... This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, “Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.” Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, “The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.” They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, “Paltry goods from a departed lover!”
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another... This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, “Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.” Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, “The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.” They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, “Paltry goods from a departed lover!”
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another... This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, “Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.” Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, “The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.” They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, “Paltry goods from a departed lover!”
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another... This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, “Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.” Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, “The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.” They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, “Paltry goods from a departed lover!”
If you desire to exchange a wife in place of another...This is the realization of generosity in the religion of friendship and the smoothing of the founda- tion of chivalry. He is saying, �Do not join the cruelty of separation with taking back livelihood, for this is not the work of the generous and it is unworthy of the chevaliers! You have put the scar of separation in the poor woman's heart, so do not cut off the hand of her expenditures! If you take back what you gave, you will place a scar on her scar.�Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī had a wife whom he divorced, and then he sent her plentiful wealth. He said about her, �The tribulation of our separation is enough. I must not put upon her the suffering of neediness as well.� They say the wealth was 40,000 dirhams. The woman dumped that wealth on the ground and said, �Paltry goods from a departed lover!�
Undoubtedly, the successors of a deceased person have the right to inherit his property. But his widow is not to be treated as a part of the inheritance and exploited as the successors decide. Property is inanimate and therefore without feeling, and, as such is a proper object of inheritance, but human beings have sensate, independent existences, and therefore possess the right to decide their future according to their own choice. If there is any physical or temperamental shortcoming in a woman, it should be tolerated so that she may have the opportunity to use her other natural talents to play her part in the building up of the household. One should overlook the unpleasant aspects of her personality and try to adjust amicably. The secret of the progress and solidarity of any family or society is that its members should ignore the shortcomings and deficiencies of each other and give everyone the chance to exercise his or her abilities. Those who adopt the way of patience and tolerance in this world for the sake of God, are the people who will be granted admission to Paradise in the Hereafter. When one does not like one’s life companion and, rather than be tolerant, decides to separate, it often happens that one exaggerates the shortcomings of the other to justify one’s decision. Allegations are fabricated so that the weaker person should become nervous and leave. Similarly, while severing the marriage bond, trumped up reasons are presented to the other party. But these activities are against the covenant. A covenant is considered sacred by God and whether written or unwritten, it is essentially binding. It applies equally to both parties, leaving them no choice of their own.
The next two verses (20, 21) also enlarge upon this subject. Here it has been said that, should it be that the woman has just not shown any contumacy or immodesty, but the husband, following his own physical desire and pleasure, intends to marry another woman in her place, then again it will not be permissible for him to claim anything from her in exchange of divorce, even though he had given her a lot of wealth. Similarly, it will not be allowed for him to force her to forgo the dower due against him. This is because there is no fault of the woman and the cause which makes the dower due and payable has been vacated, that is, they have been married and have had their privacy with each other. Now, the husband has no right to take back what he has given her or make her forgo the dower.
That the taking back of this amount is an injustice and sin has been later on described in three stages.
First, it was said: أَتَأْخُذُونَهُ بُهْتَانًا وَإِثْمًا مُّبِينًا that is, 'do you want to take it through imputation and an open sin?"
This sentence refers back to the previous verse (19) where it was laid down that the husband has no right to take back the dower from his wife except when she has committed a shameful act. On the basis of this principle the present verse (20) says that if you take back the dower from your wife, it will mean that you are imputing her for a shameful act, because it is the only situation where your claim may be rightful. Since your wife has not committed a shameful act, your claim to the dower is a false imputation which is an open sin.
(And if ye wish to exchange one wife for another) He says: If you wish to marry a woman and divorce one you are already married to, or marry a woman in addition to the one you are already married to (and ye have given unto one of them a sum of money (however great)) a dowry, (take nothing from it) from the dowry. (Would ye take it) the dowry (by the way of calumny) as an unlawful possession (and open wrong?) a clear transgression.