The Coming of the Angels to Ibrahim and Their Glad Tidings to Him of Ishaq and Ya`qub
Allah, the Exalted, says,
وَلَقَدْ جَآءَتْ رُسُلُنَآ
(And verily, there came Our messengers) The word "messengers" here means angels.
إِبْرَهِيمَ بِالْبُشْرَى
(to Ibrahim with the glad tidings.) It has been said that the word "the glad tidings" means, "Receive the glad tidings of Ishaq." Others have said that it means, "The destruction of the people of Prophet Lut." The proof of the correctness of the first view is in Allah's statement,
فَلَمَّا ذَهَبَ عَنْ إِبْرَهِيمَ الرَّوْعُ وَجَآءَتْهُ الْبُشْرَى يُجَـدِلُنَا فِى قَوْمِ لُوطٍ
(Then when the fear had gone away from (the mind of) Ibrahim, and the glad tidings had reached him, he began to plead with Us for the people of Lut.)11:74
قَالُواْ سَلَـماً قَالَ سَلَـمٌ
(They said: "Salaman." He answered, "Salamun.") This means, "Upon you." The scholars of explanation have said, "Ibrahim's reply of `Salamun' was better than that with which they had greeted him with, because the subjective case (Salamun instead of Salaman) alludes to affirmation and eternity. "
فَمَا لَبِثَ أَن جَآءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ
(and he hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf.) This means that he (Ibrahim) left with haste in order to bring them food, as a host. The food that he brought was a calf. The word Hanidh means roasted upon heated stones. This meaning has been reported from Ibn `Abbas, Qatadah and others. This is as Allah has said in another verse,
فَرَاغَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ فَجَآءَ بِعِجْلٍ سَمِينٍ - فَقَرَّبَهُ إِلَيْهِمْ قَالَ أَلاَ تَأْكُلُونَ
(Then he turned to his household, and brought out a roasted calf. And placed it before them (saying): "Will you not eat")51:26-27 This verse contains many aspects of the etiquettes of hosting guests.
فَلَمَّا رَأَى أَيْدِيَهُمْ لاَ تَصِلُ إِلَيْهِ نَكِرَهُمْ
(But when he saw their hands went not towards it (the meal), he mistrusted them,) This means that he felt estranged from them.
وَأَوْجَسَ مِنْهُمْ خِيفَةً
(and conceived a fear of them.) This is because angels are not concerned with food. They do not desire it, nor do they eat it. Therefore, when Ibrahim saw them reject the food that he had brought them, without tasting any of it at all, he felt a mistrust of them.
وَأَوْجَسَ مِنْهُمْ خِيفَةً
(and conceived a fear of them. ) As-Suddi said, "When Allah sent the angels to the people of Lut, they set out walking in the form of young men, until they came to Ibrahim and they were hosted by him. When Ibrahim saw them, he rushed to host them.
فَرَاغَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ فَجَآءَ بِعِجْلٍ سَمِينٍ
(Then he turned to his household, and brought out a roasted calf.)51:26 He slaughtered it (the calf), roasted it on hot stones and brought it to them. Then, he sat down with them. when he placed it before them. (saying): `Will you not eat' They said, `O Ibrahim! Verily, we do not eat food without a price.' Ibrahim then said, `Verily, this food has a price.' They said, `What is its price' He said, `You must mention the Name of Allah over it before eating it and praise Allah upon finishing it.' Jibril then looked at Mika'il and said, `This man has the right that his Lord should take him as an intimate friend.'
فَلَمَّا رَأَى أَيْدِيَهُمْ لاَ تَصِلُ إِلَيْهِ نَكِرَهُمْ
(But when he saw their hands went not towards it (the meal), he mistrusted them,) When Ibrahim saw that they were not eating, he became scared and frightened by them. Then, when Sarah looked and saw that he was honoring them, she began to serve them and she was laughing. She said, `What amazing guests we have. We serve them ourselves, showing them respect and they do not eat our food."' Then, concerning Allah's statement about the angels,
قَالُواْ لاَ تَخَفْ
(They said: "Fear not,") They were saying, "Do not be afraid of us. Verily, we are angels sent to the people of Lut in order to destroy them." Then, Sarah laughed in delight of the good news of their destruction. This is because they had caused much corruption and their disbelief was severe. For this reason, she was rewarded with the glad tidings of a son, even after her despair. Concerning Allah's statement,
وَمِن وَرَآءِ إِسْحَـقَ يَعْقُوبَ
(and after Ishaq, of Ya`qub.) This means that the son that she was going to have would have a son (her grandson) who would succeed him and beget many children. For verily, Ya`qub was the son of Ishaq, just as Allah says in Surat Al-Baqarah,
أَمْ كُنتُمْ شُهَدَآءَ إِذْ حَضَرَ يَعْقُوبَ الْمَوْتُ إِذْ قَالَ لِبَنِيهِ مَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن بَعْدِى قَالُواْ نَعْبُدُ إِلَـهَكَ وَإِلَـهَ آبَآئِكَ إِبْرَهِيمَ وَإِسْمَـعِيلَ وَإِسْحَـقَ إِلَـهًا وَاحِدًا وَنَحْنُ لَهُ مُسْلِمُونَ
(Or were you witnesses when death approached Ya'qub When he said unto his sons, "What will you worship after me" They said, "We shall worship your God, the God of your fathers, Ibrahim, Isma`il, Ishaq, One God, and to him we submit.") 2:133 From this point in this verse there is an evidence for those who say that Isma`il was the son of Ibrahim who was to be sacrificed. It could not have been Ishaq, because the glad tidings were given that he would have a son born to him named Ya`qub. So how could Ibrahim be commanded to sacrifice him when he was a small child and there had not been born to him a child yet, named Ya`qub, who was promised The promise of Allah is true and there is no breaking of Allah's promise. Therefore, it is not possible that Ibrahim was to sacrifice this child (Ishaq) with the condition being as it was. This makes it clear that Isma`il was the son that was to be sacrificed and this is the best, most correct and clearest evidence of that. And all praise is due to Allah. 9
قَالَتْ يوَيْلَتَا ءَأَلِدُ وَأَنَاْ عَجُوزٌ وَهَـذَا بَعْلِى شَيْخًا
(She said (in astonishment): "Woe unto me! Shall I bear a child while I am an old woman, and here is my husband an old man") Allah speaks of her statement in this verse, just as He spoke of her action in another verse.
فَأَقْبَلَتِ امْرَأَتُهُ فِى صَرَّةٍ فَصَكَّتْ وَجْهَهَا وَقَالَتْ عَجُوزٌ عَقِيمٌ
(Then his wife came forward with a loud voice: she smote her face, and said: "A barren old woman!")51:29 This was the custom of the women in their speech and actions when they were expressing amazement.
قَالُواْ أَتَعْجَبِينَ مِنْ أَمْرِ اللَّهِ
(Then said: "Do you wonder at the decree of Allah") This means that the angels were saying to her, "Do not be amazed at the command of Allah, for verily, whenever He wants something, He merely says `Be' and it is. So do not be amazed at this, even though you are old and barren and your husband is a very old man. Verily, Allah is able to do whatever He wills."
رَحْمَتُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَـتُهُ عَلَيْكُمْ أَهْلَ الْبَيْتِ إِنَّهُ حَمِيدٌ مَّجِيدٌ
(The mercy of Allah and His blessing be on you, O the family (of Ibrahim). Surely, He (Allah) is All-Praiseworthy, All-Glorious.) This means that He is the Most Praiseworthy in all of His actions and statements. He is praised and glorified in His Attributes and His Self. For this reason, it is confirmed in the two Sahihs that they (the Prophet's Companions) said, "Verily, we already know how to greet you with Salam (peace), but how do we send Salah (prayer) upon you, O Messenger of Allah" He said,
«قُولُوا: اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَآلِ إبْرَاهِيمَ، وَبَارِكْ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَى آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيد»
(Say, "O Allah, send prayers upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, just as You have sent prayers upon Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim. And bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, just as You have blessed the family of Ibrahim. Truly, You are the All-Praiseworthy, All-Glorious.")
And verily Our messengers came to Abraham with good tidings of the birth of Isaac and after him Jacob. They said ‘Peace!’ salāman is a verbal noun. He said ‘Peace!’ be upon you and did not delay to bring a roasted calf.
And verily Our messengers came to Abraham with good tidings, to the end of this [verse]: noble human souls possess connections with higher disengaged principles and the holy spirits of the celestial spheres in the way of the vanquishing intellectual lights and the heavenly governing souls and [they also enjoy] mixing with the higher council of the inhabitants of the realm of [divine] invincibility (jabarūt) and ingressions into the realm of dominion (malakūt). For each soul, depending on its primordial nature, there is a principle that corresponds to it from the realm of invincibility and a governor that nurtures it from the realm of dominion. From the former [the principle] it derives the effusion of knowledge and light, while from the latter [the governor] it derives its supply of strength and deeds, as alluded to by His words and every soul will come accompanied by a driver and a witness [Q. 50:21]. And [for each soul] there is also an original resting-place to which it resorts from the Side of the realm of the Divine Essence (lāhūt) should it disengage, as he [the Prophet] said, 'The spirits of martyrs shelter in lanterns of light that hang from below the Throne'. Every time that it [a soul] is attracted to the lower aspect by inclining to natural physical pleasures, it is veiled by the subsequent coverings from that [Divine] Side and is cut off from the supplies that it receives from that aspect in the way of the lights of invincibility and the angelic faculties. As such it becomes weaker in its perception, since it has become veiled from the reception of those irradiations and [weaker] in vigour and strength, cut off as it is from those supplies [provided] by that [angelic] faculty. But each time that it orients itself towards the higher aspect by rising above corporeal configurations and disengaging from material garments and drawing closer to God, the Principle of all principles and the Light of all lights, exalted be He, by [acts of] renunciation and worship and by adhering to these principles with cleanliness and probity, with his [this person's] deeds bound to sincerity of intention and devoted conscience, God will reinforce that person, by virtue of his correspondence with the residents of His presence, from their world with the reinforcement of light and power so that it [that soul] will know what no one else knows from among those of its own genus and will have the power to do what no one else will have the power to do from among those of its own species; it will also have moments in which it penetrates that [world] by detaching itself from its body and other moments where it will be remote therefrom depending on what afflicts it from [its] governance of its body.
And verily Our messengers came to Abraham with good tidings, to the end of this [verse]: noble human souls possess connections with higher disengaged principles and the holy spirits of the celestial spheres in the way of the vanquishing intellectual lights and the heavenly governing souls and [they also enjoy] mixing with the higher council of the inhabitants of the realm of [divine] invincibility (jabarūt) and ingressions into the realm of dominion (malakūt). For each soul, depending on its primordial nature, there is a principle that corresponds to it from the realm of invincibility and a governor that nurtures it from the realm of dominion. From the former [the principle] it derives the effusion of knowledge and light, while from the latter [the governor] it derives its supply of strength and deeds, as alluded to by His words and every soul will come accompanied by a driver and a witness [Q. 50:21]. And [for each soul] there is also an original resting-place to which it resorts from the Side of the realm of the Divine Essence (lāhūt) should it disengage, as he [the Prophet] said, 'The spirits of martyrs shelter in lanterns of light that hang from below the Throne'. Every time that it [a soul] is attracted to the lower aspect by inclining to natural physical pleasures, it is veiled by the subsequent coverings from that [Divine] Side and is cut off from the supplies that it receives from that aspect in the way of the lights of invincibility and the angelic faculties. As such it becomes weaker in its perception, since it has become veiled from the reception of those irradiations and [weaker] in vigour and strength, cut off as it is from those supplies [provided] by that [angelic] faculty. But each time that it orients itself towards the higher aspect by rising above corporeal configurations and disengaging from material garments and drawing closer to God, the Principle of all principles and the Light of all lights, exalted be He, by [acts of] renunciation and worship and by adhering to these principles with cleanliness and probity, with his [this person's] deeds bound to sincerity of intention and devoted conscience, God will reinforce that person, by virtue of his correspondence with the residents of His presence, from their world with the reinforcement of light and power so that it [that soul] will know what no one else knows from among those of its own genus and will have the power to do what no one else will have the power to do from among those of its own species; it will also have moments in which it penetrates that [world] by detaching itself from its body and other moments where it will be remote therefrom depending on what afflicts it from [its] governance of its body.
ولقد جاءت الملائكة إبراهيم يبشرونه هو وزوجته بإسحاق، ويعقوبَ بعده، فقالوا: سلامًا، قال ردًّا على تحيتهم: سلام، فذهب سريعًا وجاءهم بعجل سمين مشويٍّ ليأكلوا منه.
يقول تعالى "ولقد جاءت رسلنا" وهم الملائكة إبراهيم بالبشرى قيل تبشره بإسحاق وقيل بهلاك قوم لوط ويشهد للأول قوله تعالى "ولما ذهب عن إبراهيم الروع وجاءته البشرى يجادلنا في قوم لوط" "قالوا سلاما قال سلام" أي عليكم قال علماء البيان: هذا أحسن مما حيوه به لأن الرفع يدل على الثبوت والدوام "فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ" أي ذهب سريعا فأتاهم بالضيافة وهو عجل فتى البقر حنيذ: مشوي على الرضف وهي الحجارة المحماة. هذا معنى ما روي عن ابن عباس وقتادة وغير واحد كما قال في الآية الأخرى "فراغ إلى أهله فجاء بعجل سمين فقربه إليهم قال ألا تأكلون" وقد تضمنت هذه الآية آداب الضيافة من وجوه كثيرة.
ثم ساقت السورة الكريمة جانباً من قصة إبراهيم - عليه السلام - مع الملائكة ، الذين جاءوه بالبشارة ، فقال - تعالى - :( وَلَقَدْ جَآءَتْ رُسُلُنَآ إِبْرَاهِيمَ . . . ) .هذه قصة إبراهيم - عليه السلام - مع الملائكة الذين جاءوا لبشارته بابنه إسحاق ، وبإخباره بإهلاك قوم لوط - عليه السلام - .وقد ودرت هذه القصة فى سور أخرى منها سورة الحجر فى قوله - تعالى - : ( وَنَبِّئْهُمْ عَن ضَيْفِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ . إِذْ دَخَلُواْ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالُواْ سَلاماً قَالَ إِنَّا مِنْكُمْ وَجِلُونَ . . . ) ومنها سورة الذاريات فى قوله - تعالى - ( هَلْ أَتَاكَ حَدِيثُ ضَيْفِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ المكرمين . إِذْ دَخَلُواْ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالُواْ سَلاَماً قَالَ سَلاَمٌ قَوْمٌ مُّنكَرُونَ . . . ) والمراد بالرسل فى قوله - تعالى - ( وَلَقَدْ جَآءَتْ رُسُلُنَآ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بالبشرى ) جماعة من الملائكة الذين أرسلهم الله - تعالى - لتبشير إبراهيم بابنه إسحاق .وقد اختلفت الروايات فى عددهم فعن ابن عباس أنهم ثلاثة وهم : جبريل وميكائيل وإسرافيل ، وعن الضحاك أنهم كانوا تسعة ، وعن السدى أنهم كانوا أحد عشر ملكاً . .والحق أنه لم يرد فى عددهم نقل صحيح يعتمد عليه ، فلنفوض معرفة عددهم إلى الله - تعالى - .والبشرى : اسم للتبشير والبشارة وهى الخبر السار ، فهى أخص من الخبر ، وسميت بذلك لأن آثارها تظهر على بشرة الوجه أى : جلده .وجاءت هذه الجملة الكريمة بصيغة التأكيد للاهتمام بمضمونها ، وللرد على مشركى قريش وغيرهم ممن كان ينكر هذه القصة وأمثالها .والباء فى قوله - سبحانه - ( بالبشرى ) للمصاحبة والملابسة ، أى : جاءوا مصاحبين وملتبسين بالبشرى .وقوله : ( قَالُواْ سَلاَماً قَالَ سَلاَمٌ ) حكاية لتحيتهم له ولرده عليهم .( وسلاما ) منصوب بفعل محذوف . أى قالوا نسلم عليك سلاما .( وسلام ) مرفوع على أنه خبر لمبتدأ محذوف . أى قال أمرى سلام .وقرأ حمزة والكسائى : قال سلم وهو اسم للمسألمة .ثم بين - سبحانه - ما فعل إبراهيم مع هؤلاء الرسل من مظاهر الحفاوة والتكريم فقال : ( فَمَا لَبِثَ أَن جَآءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ ) .و " ما " فى قوله ( فَمَا لَبِثَ ) نافية ، والفاء للتعقيب ، واللبث فى المكان معناه : عدم الانتقال عنه . والعجل : الصغير من البقر .أى : فما أبطأ وما تأخر إبراهيم - عليه السلام - عن إكرامهم ، بل بمجرد أن انتهى من رد التحية عليهم ، أسرع إلى أهله فجاءهم بعجل حنيذ . . .وهذا الفعل منه - عليه السلام - يدل على سعة جوده ، وعظيم سخائه ، فإن من آداب الضيافة ، تعجيل القرى للضيف .قال أبو حيان : والأقرب فى إعراب ( فَمَا لَبِثَ أَن جَآءَ . . . ) أن تكون ( ما ) نافية ، ولبث معناه تأخر وأبطأ و ( أَن جَآءَ ) فاعل لبث والتقدير؛ فما تأخر مجيئه . .ويجوز أن يكون فاعل لبث ضمير إبراهيم ، وأن جاء على إسقاط حرف الجر ، أى فما تأخر فى أن جاء بعجل حينذ . .
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَلَقَدْ جَاءَتْ رُسُلُنَا إِبْرَاهِيمَ بِالْبُشْرَى قَالُوا سَلامًا قَالَ سَلامٌ فَمَا لَبِثَ أَنْ جَاءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ (69)قال أبو جعفر : يقول تعالى ذكره: (ولقد جاءت رسلنا) ، من الملائكة وهم فيما ذكر ، كانوا جبريل وملكين آخرين. وقيل : إن الملكين الآخرين كان ميكائيل وإسرافيل معه ، (إبراهيم) ، يعني: إبراهيم خليل الله ، (بالبشرى) ، يعني: بالبشارة. (26)* * *واختلفوا في تلك البشارة التي أتوه بها.فقال بعضهم: هي البشارة بإسحاق.وقال بعضهم: هي البشارة بهلاك قوم لوط.* * *، (قالوا سلاما) ، يقول: فسلموا عليه سلامًا.* * *ونصب " سلامًا " بإعمال " قالوا " فيه، كأنه قيل: قالوا قولا وسلَّموا تسليمًا.* * *، (قال سلام) ، يقول: قال إبراهيم لهم: سلام ، فرفع " سلامٌ"، بمعنى : عليكم السلام ، أو بمعنى : سلام منكم .* * *وقد ذكر عن العرب أنها تقول: " سِلْمٌ" بمعنى السلام ، كما قالوا: " حِلٌّ وحلالٌ"، " وحِرْم وحرام ". وذكر الفرَّاء أن بعض العرب أنشده: (27)مَرَرْنَــا فَقُلْنَـا إِيـهِ سِـلْمٌ فَسَـلَّمَتْكَمَـا اكْتَـلَّ بِـالَبْرقِ الغَمَـامُ الَّلـوَائِحُ (28)بمعنى سلام. وقد روي " كما انكلّ".* * *وقد زعم بعضهم أن معناه إذا قرئ كذلك: نحن سِلْمٌ لكم ، من " المسالمة " التي هي خلاف المحاربة.وهذه قراءة عامَّة قراء الكوفيين.* * *وقرأ ذلك عامة قراء الحجاز والبصرة ، ( قَالُوا سَلامًا قَالَ سَلامٌ ) ، على أن الجواب من إبراهيم صلى الله عليه وسلم لهم، بنحو تسليمهم: عليكم السلام.* * *والصواب من القول في ذلك عندي: أنهما قراءتان متقاربتا المعنى، لأن " السلم " قد يكون بمعنى " السلام " على ما وصفت، و " السلام " بمعنى " السلم "، لأن التسليم لا يكاد يكون إلا بين أهل السّلم دون الأعداء، فإذا ذكر تسليم من قوم على قوم ، ورَدُّ الآخرين عليهم، دلّ ذلك على مسالمة بعضهم بعضًا. وهما مع ذلك قراءتان قد قرأ بكل واحدة منهما أهل قدوة في القراءة، فبأيَّتهما قرأ القارئ فمصيبٌ الصوابَ.* * *وقوله: (فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ) .* * *، وأصله " محنوذ "، صرف من " مفعول " إلى " فعيل ".* * *وقد اختلف أهل العربية في معناه، فقال بعض أهل البصرة منهم (29) معنى " المحنوذ ": المشويّ، قال: ويقال منه: " حَنَذْتُ فرسي"، بمعنى سخَّنته وعرَّقته. واستشهد لقوله ذلك ببيت الراجز: (30)*ورَهِبَا مِنْ حَنْذِهِ أَنْ يَهْرَجَا* (31)* * *وقال آخر منهم: " حنذ فرسه ": أي أضمره، وقال: قالوا حَنَذه يحنِذُه حَنْذًا: أي: عرَّقه.* * *وقال بعض أهل الكوفة: كل ما انشوَى في الأرض ، إذا خَدَدت له فيه ، فدفنته وغممته ، فهو " الحنيذ " و " المحنوذ ". قال: والخيل تُحْنَذ ، إذا القيت عليها الجِلال بعضُها على بعض لتعرق. قال: ويقال: " إذا سَقَيْتَ فَأحْنِذْ" ، يعني : أخْفِسْ، يريد: أقلَّ الماء، وأكثر النبيذ.* * *وأما [أهل ] التأويل، فإنهم قالوا في معناه ما أنا ذاكره، وذلك ما:-18297- حدثني به المثنى قال ، حدثنا عبد الله بن صالح قال، حدثني معاوية، عن علي، عن ابن عباس قوله: (بعجل حنيذ) ، يقول: نضيج18298- حدثني المثنى قال ، حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال ، حدثنا شبل، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد: (بعجل حنيذ) قال: " بعجل " ، (32) حَسِيل البقر، ، و " الحنيذ " : المشوي النضيج.18299- حدثنا القاسم قال ، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج، عن مجاهد قوله: (ولقد جاءت رسلنا إبراهيم بالبشرى) إلى (بعجل حنيذ) ، (33) قال: نضيج ، سُخِّن ، أنضج بالحجارة.18300- حدثنا بشر قال ، حدثنا يزيد قال ، حدثنا سعيد، عن قتادة: (فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ) ، و " الحنيذ ": النضيج.18301- حدثنا محمد بن عبد الأعلى قال ، حدثنا محمد بن ثور، عن معمر، عن قتادة: (بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: نضيج. قال: [وقال الكلبي]: و " الحنيذ ": الذي يُحْنَذُ في الأرض. (34)18302- حدثنا ابن حميد قال ، حدثنا يعقوب القمي، عن حفص بن حميد، عن شمر في قوله: (فجاء بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: " الحنيذ ": الذي يقطر ماء ، وقد شوى ، وقال حفص: " الحنيذ ": مثل حِنَاذ الخيل.18303- حدثني موسى بن هارون قال ، حدثنا عمرو بن حماد قال ، حدثنا أسباط ، عن السدي قال: ذبحه ثم شواه في الرَّضْف ، (35) فهو " الحنيذ " حين شواه.18304- حدثنا ابن وكيع قال ، حدثنا أبو يزيد، عن يعقوب، عن حفص بن حميد، عن شمر بن عطية: (فجاء بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: المشويّ الذي يقطر.18305- حدثني المثنى قال ، حدثنا إسحاق قال ، حدثنا هشام قال ، حدثنا يعقوب، عن حفص بن حميد، عن شمر بن عطية، قال: " الحنيذ " الذي يقطر ماؤه وقد شُوِي.18306- حدثنا ابن وكيع قال ، حدثنا المحاربي، عن جويبر، عن الضحاك: (بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: نضيج.18307- حدثت عن الحسين بن الفرج قال، سمعت أبا معاذ قال ، حدثنا عبيد بن سليمان قال، سمعت الضحاك يقول في قوله: (بعجل حنيذ) ، الذي أنضج بالحجارة.18308- حدثني الحارث قال ، حدثنا عبد العزيز قال ، حدثنا سفيان: (فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: مشويّ.18309- حدثني المثنى قال ، حدثنا إسحاق قال ، حدثنا إسماعيل بن عبد الكريم قال، حدثني عبد الصمد، أنه سمع وهب بن منبه يقول: " حينذ "، يعني: شُوِي.18310- حدثنا ابن حميد قال ، حدثنا سلمة، عن ابن إسحاق قال، " الحِناذ ": الإنضاج. (36)* * *قال أبو جعفر: وهذه الأقوال التي ذكرناها عن أهل العربية وأهل التفسير متقارباتُ المعاني بعضها من بعض.* * *وموضع " أن " في قوله: (أن جاء بعجل حنيذ) نصبٌ بقوله: (فما لبث أن جاء).-------------------------الهوامش :(26) انظر تفسير " البشرى " فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة ( بشر ) .(27) لم أعرف قائله . والذي أنشده الفراء في تفسير هذه الآية بيت آخر غير هذا البيت ، شاهدًا على حذف " عليكم " ، وهو قوله :فَقُلْنَـا : السَّـلامُ , فـاتَّقَتْ مِنْ أَمِيرَهاوَمَــا كَـانَ إلاَّ وَمْؤُهـا بـالحواجِبِوأما هذا البيت الذي هنا ، فقد ذكره صاحب اللسان في مادة ( كلل ) ، عن ابن الأعرابي ، فلعل الفراء أنشده في مكان آخر .(28) اللسان ( كلل ) ، يقال : " انكل السحاب عن البرق ، واكتل " ، أي : لمع به ، و" اللوائح " التي لاح برقها ، أي لمع وظهر .(29) هو أبو عبيدة في مجاز القرآن .(30) هو العجاج .(31) ديوانه 9 ، ومجاز القرآن لأبي عبيدة 1 : 292 ، واللسان ( حنذ ) ، و ( هرج ) ، من رجزه المشهور ، وهذا البيت من أبيات يصف حمار الوحش وأتنه ، لما جاء الصيف ، وخرج بهن يطلب الماء البعيد فقال :حَـتَّى إِذَا مَـا الصَّيْـفُ كَـانَ أَمَجَـاوَفَرَعَــا مِــنْ رَعْـىِ مَـا تَلَزَّجَـاورَهِبَــا مِــنْ حَــنْذِهِ أَنْ يَهْرَجَـاتَذَكَّـــرَا عَيْنًـــا رِوًى وَفَلَجَــاو" الأمج " شدة الحر والعطش ، يأخذ بالنفس . و" تلزج الكلأ " تتبعه ، و" الحنذ " ، شدة الحر وإحراقه . و" هرج البعير " تحير وسدر من شدة الحر .(32) " الحسيل " ( بفتح الحاء وكسر السين ) : ولد البقرة .(33) كان في المطبوعة والمخطوطة هنا " ولما جاءت رسلنا " ، وهو سهو من الناسخ ، وحق التلاوة ما أثبت . وكذلك جاء سهوًا منه في نص الآية التي يفسرها أبو جعفر ، وصححتها ، ولم أشر إليه هناك .(34) الذي بين القوسين ليس في المخطوطة ، وقد تركته على حاله ، وإن كنت أشك فيه ، وأرجح أنه زيادة من ناسخ آخر ، بعد ناسخ مخطوطتنا .(35) " الرضف " ( بفتح فسكون ) الحجارة المحماة على النار . و " شواء مرضوف " ، مشوي على الرضفة .(36) الأثر : 18310 - من خبر الطويل ، رواه أبو جعفر في تاريخه 1 : 127 . وفيه " التحناذ " ، وكلاهما مما يزاد على معاجم اللغة .
قوله تعالى : ( ولقد جاءت رسلنا إبراهيم بالبشرى ) أراد بالرسل الملائكة . واختلفوا في عددهم ، فقال ابن عباس وعطاء : كانوا ثلاثة جبريل ، وميكائيل ، وإسرافيل .وقال الضحاك : كانوا تسعة .وقال مقاتل : كانوا اثني عشر ملكا .وقال محمد بن كعب : كان جبريل ومعه سبعة .وقال السدي : كانوا أحد عشر ملكا على صورة الغلمان الوضاء وجوههم .( بالبشرى ) بالبشارة بإسحاق ويعقوب . وقيل : بإهلاك قوم لوط . ( قالوا سلاما ) أي : سلموا سلاما ، ( قال ) إبراهيم ( سلام ) أي : عليكم سلام : وقيل : هو رفع على الحكاية ، كقوله تعالى : " وقولوا حطة " [ البقرة 85 والأعراف 161 ] ، وقرأ حمزة والكسائي " سلم " هاهنا وفي سورة الذاريات بكسر السين بلا ألف . قيل : هو بمعنى السلام . كما يقال : حل وحلال ، وحرم وحرام . وقيل : هو بمعنى الصلح ، أي : نحن سلم أي صلح لكم غير حرب .( فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ ) والحنيذ والمحنوذ : هو المشوي على الحجارة في خد من الأرض ، وكان سمينا يسيل دسما ، كما قال في موضع آخر : " فجاء بعجل سمين " ( الذاريات - 26 ) : قال قتادة : كان عامة مال إبراهيم البقر .
عطف قصة على قصة .وتأكيد الخبر بحرف ( قد ) للاهتمام به كما تقدّم في قوله : { ولقد أرسلنا نوحاً إلى قومه } [ هود : 25 ].والغرض من هذه القصّة هو : الموعظة بمصير قوم لوط إذْ عصوا رسول ربّهم فحلّ بهم العذاب ولم تغن عنهم مجادلة إبراهيم . وقدّمت قصة إبراهيم لذلك وللتنويه بمقامه عند ربّه على وجه الإدماج ، ولذلك غيّر أسلوب الحكاية في القصص الّتي قبلها والتي بعدها نحو { وإلى عاد } [ هود : 50 ] إلخ .والرّسل : الملائكة . قال تعالى : { جاعل الملائكة رسلاً } [ فاطر : 1 ].والبشرى : اسم . للتبشير والبشارة . وتقدّم عند قوله تعالى : { وبشّر الذين آمنوا وعَمِلوا الصالحات } في أوّل سورة [ البقرة : 25 ]. هذه البشرى هي التي في قوله : { فبشّرناها بإسحاق } لأنّ بشارة زوجه بابننٍ بشارة له أيضاً .والباء في { بالبشرى } للمصاحبة لأنّهم جاءوا لأجل البشرى فهي مصاحبة لهم كمصاحبة الرسالة للمرسل بها .وجملة { قالوا سلاماً } في موضع البيان ل { البشرى } ، لأنّ قولهم ذلك مبدأ البشرى ، وإنّ ما اعترض بينها حكاية أحوال ، وقد انتهى إليها في قوله : { فبشّرناها بإسحاق إلى قوله إنّه حميد مجيد }.والسّلام : التحيّة . وتقدّم في قوله : { وإذا جاءك الّذين يؤمنون بآياتنا فقل سلامٌ عليكم } في سورة [ الأنعام : 54 ].و { سلاماً } مفعول مطلق وقع بَدَلاً من الفعل . والتّقدير : سلّمنا سلاماً .و { سلام } المرفوع مصدر مرفوع على الخبر لمبتدأ محذوف ، تقديره : أمري سلام ، أي لكم ، مثل { فصبرٌ جميلٌ } [ يوسف : 18 ]. ورفع المصدر أبلغ من نصبه ، لأنّ الرّفع فيه تناسي معنى الفعل فهو أدلّ على الدّوام والثّبات . ولذلك خالف بينهما للدّلالة على أنّ إبراهيم عليه السّلام ردّ السّلام بعبارة أحسن من عبارة الرسل زيادة في الإكرام .قال ابن عطيّة : حيّاً الخليل بأحسن ممّا حُيّيَ به ، أي نظراً إلى الأدب الإلهي الذي عَلّمَهُ لَنَا في القرآن بقوله : { وإذا حيّيتم بتحيةٍ فَحَيّوا بأحسن منها أو رُدُّوها } [ النساء : 86 ] ، فَحكيَ ذلك بأوجز لفظ في العربية أداءً لمعنى كلام إبراهيم عليه السّلام في الكلدانيّة .وقرأ الجمهور { قال سَلامٌ } بفتح السّين وبِألِف بعد اللاّم . وقرأه حمزة ، والكسائي ، وخلف : { قال سِلْم } بكسر السّين وبدون ألِف بعد اللاّم وهو اسم المسالمة . وسمّيت به التحية كما سمّيت بمرادفِه ( سَلام ) فهو من باب اتّحاد وزن فَعال وفِعْل في بعض الصفات مثل : حرام وحِرم ، وحلال وحلّ .والفاء في قوله : { فما لبث } للدّلالة على التعقيب إسراعاً في إكرام الضّيف ، وتعجيل القرى سنّة عربيّة : ظنهم إبراهيم عليه السّلام ناساً فبادر إلى قراهم .واللّبث في المكان يقتضي الانتقال عنه ، أيْ فما أبطأ . و { أن جاء } يجوز أن يكون فاعل { لَبِثَ } ، أي فما لبث مجيئه بعجل حنيذ ، أي فما أبطأ مَجيئه مصاحباً له ، أي بل عجّل . ويجوز جعل فاعل { لبث } ضمير إبراهيم عليه السّلام فيقدّر جارّ ل { جاء }.والتّقدير : فما لبث بأن جاء به . وانتفاء اللبث مبالغة في العجل .والحنيذ : المشوي ، وهو المحنوذ . والشيُّ أسْرَع من الطبخ ، فهو أعون على تعجيل إحضار الطعام للضيف .
{ وَلَقَدْ جَاءَتْ رُسُلُنَا } من الملائكة الكرام، رسولنا { إِبْرَاهِيمَ } الخليل { بِالْبُشْرَى } أي: بالبشارة بالولد، حين أرسلهم الله لإهلاك قوم لوط، وأمرهم أن يمروا على إبراهيم، فيبشروه بإسحاق، فلما دخلوا عليه { قَالُوا سَلَامًا قَالَ سَلَامٌ } أي: سلموا عليه، ورد عليهم السلام. ففي هذا مشروعية السلام، وأنه لم يزل من ملة إبراهيم عليه السلام، وأن السلام قبل الكلام، وأنه ينبغي أن يكون الرد، أبلغ من الابتداء, لأن سلامهم بالجملة الفعلية، الدالة على التجدد، ورده بالجملة الاسمية، الدالة على الثبوت والاستمرار، وبينهما فرق كبير كما هو معلوم في علم العربية. { فَمَا لَبِثَ } إبراهيم لما دخلوا عليه { أَنْ جَاءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ } أي: بادر لبيته، فاستحضر لأضيافه عجلا مشويا على الرضف سمينا، فقربه إليهم فقال: ألا تأكلون؟.
قوله : ولقد جاءت رسلنا إبراهيم بالبشرى قالوا سلاما قال سلام فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذقوله تعالى : ولقد جاءت رسلنا إبراهيم بالبشرى هذه قصة لوط - عليه السلام - ; وهو ابن عم إبراهيم - عليه السلام - لحا ، وكانت قرى لوط بنواحي الشام ، وإبراهيم ببلاد فلسطين ، فلما أنزل الله الملائكة بعذاب قوم لوط مروا بإبراهيم ونزلوا عنده ، وكان كل من نزل عنده يحسن قراه ، وكانوا مروا ببشارة إبراهيم ، فظنهم أضيافا . ( وهم جبريل وميكائيل وإسرافيل - عليهم السلام - ) ; قاله ابن عباس . الضحاك : كانوا تسعة . السدي : أحد عشر ملكا على صورة الغلمان الحسان الوجوه ، ذو وضاءة وجمال بارع . بالبشرى قيل : بالولد . وقيل : بإهلاك قوم لوط . وقيل : بشروه بأنهم رسل الله - عز وجل - وأنه لا خوف عليه .قالوا سلاما نصب بوقوع الفعل عليه ; كما تقول : قالوا خيرا . وهذا اختيار الطبري . وأما قوله : سيقولون ثلاثة فالثلاثة اسم غير قول مقول . ولو رفعا جميعا أو نصبا جميعا قالوا سلاما قال سلام جاز في العربية . قيل : انتصب على المصدر . وقيل : قالوا سلاما أي فاتحوه بصواب من القول . كما قال : وإذا خاطبهم الجاهلون قالوا سلاما أي صوابا ; فسلاما معنى قولهم لا لفظه ; قال معناه ابن العربي واختاره . قال : ألا ترى أن الله تعالى لما أراد ذكر اللفظ قاله بعينه فقال مخبرا عن الملائكة : سلام عليكم بما صبرتم سلام عليكم طبتم [ ص: 57 ] وقيل : دعوا له ; والمعنى سلمت سلاما .قال سلام في رفعه وجهان :أحدهما : على إضمار مبتدأ أي هو سلام ، وأمري سلام .والآخر : بمعنى سلام عليكم إذا جعل بمعنى التحية ; فأضمر الخبر . وجاز سلام على التنكير لكثرة استعماله ، فحذف الألف واللام كما حذفت من لاهم في قولك اللهم . وقرئ " سلم " قال الفراء : السلم والسلام بمعنى ; مثل الحل والحلال .قوله تعالى : فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ فيه :الأولى : فما لبث أن جاء أن بمعنى حتى ، قاله كبراء النحويين ; حكاه ابن العربي . التقدير : فما لبث حتى جاء . وقيل : أن في موضع نصب بسقوط حرف الجر ; التقدير : فما لبث عن أن جاء ; أي ما أبطأ عن مجيئه بعجل ; فلما حذف حرف الجر بقي أن في محل النصب . وفي لبث ضمير اسم إبراهيم . وما نافية ; قاله سيبويه . وقال الفراء : فما لبث مجيئه ; أي ما أبطأ مجيئه ; فأن في موضع رفع ، ولا ضمير في لبث ، و " ما " نافية ; ويصح أن تكون ما بمعنى الذي ، وفي لبث ضمير إبراهيم و " أن جاء " خبر " ما " أي فالذي لبث إبراهيم هو مجيئه بعجل حنيذ . و " حنيذ " مشوي . وقيل : هو المشوي بحر الحجارة من غير أن تمسه النار . يقال : حنذت الشاة أحنذها حنذا أي شويتها ، وجعلت فوقها حجارة محماة لتنضجها فهي حنيذ . وحنذت الفرس أحنذه حنذا ، وهو أن تحضره شوطا أو شوطين ثم تظاهر عليه الجلال في الشمس ليعرق ، فهو محنوذ وحنيذ ; فإن لم يعرق قيل : كبا . وحنذ موضع قريب من المدينة . وقيل : الحنيذ السميط . ابن عباس وغيره : ( حنيذ نضيج . وحنيذ بمعنى محنوذ ) ; وإنما جاء بعجل لأن البقر كانت أكثر أمواله .الثانية : في هذه الآية من أدب الضيف أن يعجل قراه ، فيقدم الموجود الميسر في الحال ، ثم يتبعه بغيره إن كان له جدة ، ولا يتكلف ما يضر به . والضيافة من مكارم الأخلاق ، ومن آداب الإسلام ، ومن خلق النبيين والصالحين . وإبراهيم أول من أضاف على ما تقدم في " البقرة " وليست بواجبة عند عامة أهل العلم ; لقوله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - الضيافة ثلاثة أيام وجائزته يوم وليلة فما كان وراء ذلك فهو صدقة . والجائزة العطية والصلة التي أصلها على الندب .[ ص: 58 ] وقال - صلى الله عليه وسلم - : من كان يؤمن بالله واليوم الآخر فليكرم جاره ، ومن كان يؤمن بالله واليوم الآخر فليكرم ضيفه . وإكرام الجار ليس بواجب إجماعا ، فالضيافة مثله . والله أعلم . وذهب الليث إلى وجوبها تمسكا بقوله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - : ليلة الضيف حق إلى غير ذلك من الأحاديث . وفيما أشرنا إليه كفاية ، والله الموفق للهداية . قال ابن العربي : وقد قال قوم : إن وجوب الضيافة كان في صدر الإسلام ثم نسخ ، وهذا ضعيف ; فإن الوجوب لم يثبت ، والناسخ لم يرد ; وذكر حديث أبي سعيد الخدري خرجه الأئمة ، وفيه : ( فاستضفناهم فأبوا أن يضيفونا فلدغ سيد ذلك الحي ) الحديث . وقال : هذا ظاهر في أن الضيافة لو كانت حقا للام النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - القوم الذين أبوا ، ولبين لهم ذلك .الثالثة : اختلف العلماء فيمن يخاطب بها ; فذهب الشافعي ومحمد بن عبد الحكم إلى أن المخاطب بها أهل الحضر والبادية . وقال مالك : ليس على أهل الحضر ضيافة . قال سحنون : إنما الضيافة على أهل القرى ، وأما الحضر فالفندق ينزل فيه المسافر ، حكى اللغتين صاحب العين وغيره . واحتجوا بحديث ابن عمر قال : قال رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - : الضيافة على أهل الوبر وليست على أهل المدر . وهذا حديث لا يصح ، وإبراهيم ابن أخي عبد الرزاق متروك الحديث منسوب إلى الكذب ، وهذا مما انفرد به ، ونسب إلى وضعه ; قال أبو عمر بن عبد البر . قال ابن العربي : الضيافة - حقيقة - فرض على الكفاية ، ومن الناس من قال : إنها واجبة في القرى حيث لا طعام ولا مأوى ، بخلاف الحواضر فإنها مشحونة بالمأواة والأقوات ; ولا شك أن الضيف كريم ، والضيافة كرامة ; فإن كان غريبا فهي فريضة .الرابعة : قال ابن العربي قال بعض علمائنا : كانت ضيافة إبراهيم قليلة فشكرها الحبيب من الحبيب ، وهذا حكم بالظن في موضع القطع ، وبالقياس في موضع النقل ; من أين علم أنه قليل ؟ ! بل قد نقل المفسرون أن الملائكة كانوا ثلاثة ; جبريل وميكائيل وإسرافيل - صلى الله عليهم وسلم - وعجل لثلاثة عظيم ; فما هذا التفسير لكتاب الله بالرأي ! هذا بأمانة الله هو التفسير المذموم فاجتنبوه فقد علمتموه .[ ص: 59 ] الخامسة : السنة إذا قدم للضيف الطعام أن يبادر المقدم إليه بالأكل ; فإن كرامة الضيف تعجيل التقديم ; وكرامة صاحب المنزل المبادرة بالقبول ; فلما قبضوا أيديهم نكرهم إبراهيم ; لأنهم خرجوا عن العادة ، وخالفوا السنة ، وخاف أن يكون وراءهم مكروه يقصدونه . وروي أنهم كانوا ينكتون بقداح كانت في أيديهم في اللحم ولا تصل أيديهم إلى اللحم ، فلما رأى ذلك منهم نكرهم وأوجس منهم خيفة أي أضمر . وقيل : أحس ; والوجوس الدخول ; قال الشاعر :جاء البريد بقرطاس يخب به فأوجس القلب من قرطاسه جزعاخيفة خوفا ; أي فزعا . وكانوا إذا رأوا الضيف لا يأكل ظنوا به شرا ; فقالت الملائكة لا تخف إنا أرسلنا إلى قوم لوطالسادسة : من أدب الطعام أن لصاحب الضيف أن ينظر في ضيفه هل يأكل أم لا ؟ وذلك ينبغي أن يكون بتلفت ومسارقة لا بتحديد النظر . روي أن أعرابيا أكل مع سليمان بن عبد الملك ، فرأى سليمان في لقمة الأعرابي شعرة فقال له : أزل الشعرة عن لقمتك ؟ فقال له : أتنظر إلي نظر من يرى الشعرة في لقمتي ؟ ! والله لا أكلت معك .قلت : وقد ذكر أن هذه الحكاية إنما كانت مع هشام بن عبد الملك لا مع سليمان ، وأن الأعرابي خرج من عنده وهو يقول :وللموت خير من زيارة باخل يلاحظ أطراف الأكيل على عمد
Literally ‘their hands did not reach towards the meal’.
Commentary
In these five verses, an event relating to Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) has been mentioned. Allah Ta` ala sent some angels to give him the good news of a birth in his family because Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) had no children from his wife, Sayyidah Sarah ؓ and he wished he had. But, they were much advanced in years. Obviously, there was no hope.
Then, Allah Ta` ala sent the good news through the angels and that too of the nature that the new born would be a male child and even proposed the name of the child as Ishaq. Then, he was also told that he would live, have children and that the name of his son will be Ya` qub, and both of them would be the messenger and prophet of Allah. Since these angels had come in human form, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) took them to be normal guests and lost no time in offering his hospitality. He placed a dish of roasted calf before them. But, they were really angels, free of eating and drinking. Therefore, despite the food being before them, they did not extend their hands towards it. When Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) noticed this, he was concerned. They did not look like guests, may be they had come to create some problem for him. The angels scented his concern and disclosed their identity. They told him that they were angels of Allah Ta` ala. There was no need for him to be frightened. They had been sent to give him the good news of a birth in his family, as well as to accomplish another mission, the mission of bringing Divine punishment on the people of Lut (علیہ السلام) . Sayyidah Sarah ؓ ، the wife of Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) was listening to this conversation from behind a curtain. When she found out that they were angels, not human beings, there was no need for the otherwise essential hi jab. She laughed at the good news of the birth of a child in old age and said, ` shall I give birth to a child while I am an old woman and my husband, an old man?' The angels said as to why would she marvel at the command of Allah Ta` a1a who has everything within His power. Was it not that, as a member of the prophet's family, she has been witnessing that this was a family on which extraordinary Divine mercy and blessing descends all the time, which is mostly above and beyond the obvious chain of causes? So, what was there to wonder about? This was a gist of the event. Let us now go to details as they appear in the text of the verses cited above.
The first verse (69) tells us that these angels had come to Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) with some good news. The good news has been mentioned later in the third verse (71 فَبَشَّرْنَاهَا بِإِسْحَاقَ (so, We gave her the good news about Ishaq).
Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn ` Abbas ؓ said that the three angels were Jibra'il, Mika'il and Israfil (علیہم السلام) . (Qurtubi) They came in human form and greeted Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) with ` salam.' Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) responded to their salam greeting and, taking them to be human, offered the usual hospitality.
Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) is the first human being who introduced the custom of honoring guests by offering hospitality to them. (Qurtubi) It was his routine that he would never eat alone. Instead, when came the time for meals, he would be looking out for a guest so that he could eat with him.
Al-Qurtubi has reported from Isra'ili narratives that, on a certain day, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) started looking for a guest at the time for meals. The man he met was a stranger. When he sat down to eat, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) said to him, ` say: I' begin with the name of Allah.' He said, ` I do not know Allah. Who and what is He?' Sayyidna Ibrahim علیہ السلام asked him to leave the dining-spread on the floor.
When he went out, Sayyidna Jibra'il (علیہ السلام) came in and said, ` Allah Ta` ala says: As for him, We gave sustenance to him throughout his life despite his disbelief and as for you, you were stingy about giving him even one morsel of food.' Hearing this, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) went after him and called him back. He said, ` unless you tell me the reason why you turned me out first and why are you asking me to come in again, I will not go with you.'
When Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) told him the episode, the episode itself became the reason for his becoming a believer. He said, ` the Lord who made you do this is very noble. I believe in Him.' Then he went in with Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) behaved like a true believer and ate his food after having recited Bismillah first.
So, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) true to his habit of entertaining guests, welcomed angels who had come in human form. Naturally, to him they were human, and guests. The host did his most, lost no time and placed a roasted calf before them.
In the second verse (70), it was stated that the angels had, though, come in the human form and it was also possible that they could have been given human characteristics of eating and drinking at that particular time. But, the wiser choice for them was no other but that they should not eat so that the secret that they were angels comes out in the open. Therefore, their angelic characteristics were allowed to remain, even in their human form, because of which they did not extend their hands towards the food.
According to some reports, they had some arrows in their hands. They started poking the heads of their arrows into the roasted meat. When they acted in that manner, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) apprehended them to be his enemies, because, according to the social custom known to him, if a guest refused to eat, it was a sign of mischief to be made from his side. (Qurtubi) His apprehension was quashed when the angels themselves disclosed their identity and said that they were an-gels, therefore, they do not eat. So, there was no danger for him to bother about.
Injunctions and Rules
Many injunctions and important rules of guidance regarding social living appear in the verses under study. Imam al-Qurtubi has discussed them in detail in his Tafsir.
The Sunnah of Salam
The words of verse 69 قَالُوا سَلَامًا ۖ قَالَ سَلَامٌ (They said, "Salim." He said, "Salam." ) - teach us that it is a Sunnah for Muslims that, when they meet each other, they should offer Salim. The guest coming in should say it first while others should respond.
That people say some words to greet each other when they meet is a custom found in all communities. But, the teaching of Islam is unique in this matter for the masnun word of salam is السلام علیکم : As-Salamu 'Alaikum. It carries the name of Allah with it. So it is both a Dhikr of Allah, and a prayer for peace and protection from Him - in addition to being a guarantee of the protection of life, property and honor from one's own side. (When we equate As-Sal amu Alaikum with ` peace on you' we go by the anatomy and leave the spirit that is essential to it - tr.)
At this place in the Qur'an, it has been said that the angels said سلاما (salam) and Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) responded with سلام (salam). Obviously, here it was not considered necessary to mention salam in its complete form - as customary in usage when it is said that a person said salam to someone where it is presupposed that he said the whole greeting of As-Sala-mu Alaikum. Similarly, at this place, salam stands for the full masnun greeting which has been taught to his community by the Holy Prophet ﷺ through his word and deed, that is, saying: السلام علیکم (As-Sal amu ` Alaikum) at the beginning of salam, and: (علیہ السلام) و رحمۃ اللہ (wa alaikumu-s-salam, or wa ` alaikumu-s-salamu wa rahmatu-l-l ah to be more generous) while responding to the salam.
Some Rules for Guests and Hosts
It has been said in the last sentence of verse 69: فَمَا لَبِثَ أَن جَاءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ (Then he made no delay in bringing a roasted calf).
This tells us a few things:
1. It is a part of the etiquette of hospitality that the host should, soon after the arrival of the guest, bring out something to eat, or drink, something he has on hand and which could be offered quickly and conveniently. Then, if the host is a man of means, he can arrange for additional hospitality later. (Qurtubi)
2. A host should not worry about making too many formal arrangements for a guest. Anything good available easily is good enough. Let him put it before the guest. Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) had some domestic animals at home. Therefore, he slaughtered a calf, had it roasted quickly and offered it to his guests. (Qurtubi)
3. Receiving guests and offering hospitality to them is a part of the essential etiquette of Islam, in fact, a hallmark of high morals. This is the blessed habit of prophets and the righteous. Is it necessary (wajib) to entertain guests? Or, is it not? ` Ulama' have difference of opinion in this matter. According to the majority of them, it is a sunnah, and desirable, but not wajib (necessary, obligatory). Some of them say that it is wajib on village people that they should offer hospitality to a person who stays in their village because a stranger has no arrangement for his meals there. Since such arrangements are possible through a hotel in cities, therefore, it is not wajib on those who live in cities. Al-Qurtubi has reported all these different views in his Tafsir.
(And Our messengers) Gabriel and twelve angels (came unto Abraham with good news) that he will have a son. (They said: Peace!) they greeted Abraham when they entered in on him. (He answered: Peace!) He greeted them back (and delayed not) after a short while he went (to bring a roasted calf) a fat roasted calf which he placed in front of them.
The Coming of the Angels to Ibrahim and Their Glad Tidings to Him of Ishaq and Ya`qub
Allah, the Exalted, says,
وَلَقَدْ جَآءَتْ رُسُلُنَآ
(And verily, there came Our messengers) The word "messengers" here means angels.
إِبْرَهِيمَ بِالْبُشْرَى
(to Ibrahim with the glad tidings.) It has been said that the word "the glad tidings" means, "Receive the glad tidings of Ishaq." Others have said that it means, "The destruction of the people of Prophet Lut." The proof of the correctness of the first view is in Allah's statement,
فَلَمَّا ذَهَبَ عَنْ إِبْرَهِيمَ الرَّوْعُ وَجَآءَتْهُ الْبُشْرَى يُجَـدِلُنَا فِى قَوْمِ لُوطٍ
(Then when the fear had gone away from (the mind of) Ibrahim, and the glad tidings had reached him, he began to plead with Us for the people of Lut.)11:74
قَالُواْ سَلَـماً قَالَ سَلَـمٌ
(They said: "Salaman." He answered, "Salamun.") This means, "Upon you." The scholars of explanation have said, "Ibrahim's reply of `Salamun' was better than that with which they had greeted him with, because the subjective case (Salamun instead of Salaman) alludes to affirmation and eternity. "
فَمَا لَبِثَ أَن جَآءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ
(and he hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf.) This means that he (Ibrahim) left with haste in order to bring them food, as a host. The food that he brought was a calf. The word Hanidh means roasted upon heated stones. This meaning has been reported from Ibn `Abbas, Qatadah and others. This is as Allah has said in another verse,
فَرَاغَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ فَجَآءَ بِعِجْلٍ سَمِينٍ - فَقَرَّبَهُ إِلَيْهِمْ قَالَ أَلاَ تَأْكُلُونَ
(Then he turned to his household, and brought out a roasted calf. And placed it before them (saying): "Will you not eat")51:26-27 This verse contains many aspects of the etiquettes of hosting guests.
فَلَمَّا رَأَى أَيْدِيَهُمْ لاَ تَصِلُ إِلَيْهِ نَكِرَهُمْ
(But when he saw their hands went not towards it (the meal), he mistrusted them,) This means that he felt estranged from them.
وَأَوْجَسَ مِنْهُمْ خِيفَةً
(and conceived a fear of them.) This is because angels are not concerned with food. They do not desire it, nor do they eat it. Therefore, when Ibrahim saw them reject the food that he had brought them, without tasting any of it at all, he felt a mistrust of them.
وَأَوْجَسَ مِنْهُمْ خِيفَةً
(and conceived a fear of them. ) As-Suddi said, "When Allah sent the angels to the people of Lut, they set out walking in the form of young men, until they came to Ibrahim and they were hosted by him. When Ibrahim saw them, he rushed to host them.
فَرَاغَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ فَجَآءَ بِعِجْلٍ سَمِينٍ
(Then he turned to his household, and brought out a roasted calf.)51:26 He slaughtered it (the calf), roasted it on hot stones and brought it to them. Then, he sat down with them. when he placed it before them. (saying): `Will you not eat' They said, `O Ibrahim! Verily, we do not eat food without a price.' Ibrahim then said, `Verily, this food has a price.' They said, `What is its price' He said, `You must mention the Name of Allah over it before eating it and praise Allah upon finishing it.' Jibril then looked at Mika'il and said, `This man has the right that his Lord should take him as an intimate friend.'
فَلَمَّا رَأَى أَيْدِيَهُمْ لاَ تَصِلُ إِلَيْهِ نَكِرَهُمْ
(But when he saw their hands went not towards it (the meal), he mistrusted them,) When Ibrahim saw that they were not eating, he became scared and frightened by them. Then, when Sarah looked and saw that he was honoring them, she began to serve them and she was laughing. She said, `What amazing guests we have. We serve them ourselves, showing them respect and they do not eat our food."' Then, concerning Allah's statement about the angels,
قَالُواْ لاَ تَخَفْ
(They said: "Fear not,") They were saying, "Do not be afraid of us. Verily, we are angels sent to the people of Lut in order to destroy them." Then, Sarah laughed in delight of the good news of their destruction. This is because they had caused much corruption and their disbelief was severe. For this reason, she was rewarded with the glad tidings of a son, even after her despair. Concerning Allah's statement,
وَمِن وَرَآءِ إِسْحَـقَ يَعْقُوبَ
(and after Ishaq, of Ya`qub.) This means that the son that she was going to have would have a son (her grandson) who would succeed him and beget many children. For verily, Ya`qub was the son of Ishaq, just as Allah says in Surat Al-Baqarah,
أَمْ كُنتُمْ شُهَدَآءَ إِذْ حَضَرَ يَعْقُوبَ الْمَوْتُ إِذْ قَالَ لِبَنِيهِ مَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن بَعْدِى قَالُواْ نَعْبُدُ إِلَـهَكَ وَإِلَـهَ آبَآئِكَ إِبْرَهِيمَ وَإِسْمَـعِيلَ وَإِسْحَـقَ إِلَـهًا وَاحِدًا وَنَحْنُ لَهُ مُسْلِمُونَ
(Or were you witnesses when death approached Ya'qub When he said unto his sons, "What will you worship after me" They said, "We shall worship your God, the God of your fathers, Ibrahim, Isma`il, Ishaq, One God, and to him we submit.") 2:133 From this point in this verse there is an evidence for those who say that Isma`il was the son of Ibrahim who was to be sacrificed. It could not have been Ishaq, because the glad tidings were given that he would have a son born to him named Ya`qub. So how could Ibrahim be commanded to sacrifice him when he was a small child and there had not been born to him a child yet, named Ya`qub, who was promised The promise of Allah is true and there is no breaking of Allah's promise. Therefore, it is not possible that Ibrahim was to sacrifice this child (Ishaq) with the condition being as it was. This makes it clear that Isma`il was the son that was to be sacrificed and this is the best, most correct and clearest evidence of that. And all praise is due to Allah. 9
قَالَتْ يوَيْلَتَا ءَأَلِدُ وَأَنَاْ عَجُوزٌ وَهَـذَا بَعْلِى شَيْخًا
(She said (in astonishment): "Woe unto me! Shall I bear a child while I am an old woman, and here is my husband an old man") Allah speaks of her statement in this verse, just as He spoke of her action in another verse.
فَأَقْبَلَتِ امْرَأَتُهُ فِى صَرَّةٍ فَصَكَّتْ وَجْهَهَا وَقَالَتْ عَجُوزٌ عَقِيمٌ
(Then his wife came forward with a loud voice: she smote her face, and said: "A barren old woman!")51:29 This was the custom of the women in their speech and actions when they were expressing amazement.
قَالُواْ أَتَعْجَبِينَ مِنْ أَمْرِ اللَّهِ
(Then said: "Do you wonder at the decree of Allah") This means that the angels were saying to her, "Do not be amazed at the command of Allah, for verily, whenever He wants something, He merely says `Be' and it is. So do not be amazed at this, even though you are old and barren and your husband is a very old man. Verily, Allah is able to do whatever He wills."
رَحْمَتُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَـتُهُ عَلَيْكُمْ أَهْلَ الْبَيْتِ إِنَّهُ حَمِيدٌ مَّجِيدٌ
(The mercy of Allah and His blessing be on you, O the family (of Ibrahim). Surely, He (Allah) is All-Praiseworthy, All-Glorious.) This means that He is the Most Praiseworthy in all of His actions and statements. He is praised and glorified in His Attributes and His Self. For this reason, it is confirmed in the two Sahihs that they (the Prophet's Companions) said, "Verily, we already know how to greet you with Salam (peace), but how do we send Salah (prayer) upon you, O Messenger of Allah" He said,
«قُولُوا: اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَآلِ إبْرَاهِيمَ، وَبَارِكْ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَى آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيد»
(Say, "O Allah, send prayers upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, just as You have sent prayers upon Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim. And bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, just as You have blessed the family of Ibrahim. Truly, You are the All-Praiseworthy, All-Glorious.")
And verily Our messengers came to Abraham with good tidings, to the end of this [verse]: noble human souls possess connections with higher disengaged principles and the holy spirits of the celestial spheres in the way of the vanquishing intellectual lights and the heavenly governing souls and [they also enjoy] mixing with the higher council of the inhabitants of the realm of [divine] invincibility (jabarūt) and ingressions into the realm of dominion (malakūt). For each soul, depending on its primordial nature, there is a principle that corresponds to it from the realm of invincibility and a governor that nurtures it from the realm of dominion. From the former [the principle] it derives the effusion of knowledge and light, while from the latter [the governor] it derives its supply of strength and deeds, as alluded to by His words and every soul will come accompanied by a driver and a witness [Q. 50:21]. And [for each soul] there is also an original resting-place to which it resorts from the Side of the realm of the Divine Essence (lāhūt) should it disengage, as he [the Prophet] said, 'The spirits of martyrs shelter in lanterns of light that hang from below the Throne'. Every time that it [a soul] is attracted to the lower aspect by inclining to natural physical pleasures, it is veiled by the subsequent coverings from that [Divine] Side and is cut off from the supplies that it receives from that aspect in the way of the lights of invincibility and the angelic faculties. As such it becomes weaker in its perception, since it has become veiled from the reception of those irradiations and [weaker] in vigour and strength, cut off as it is from those supplies [provided] by that [angelic] faculty. But each time that it orients itself towards the higher aspect by rising above corporeal configurations and disengaging from material garments and drawing closer to God, the Principle of all principles and the Light of all lights, exalted be He, by [acts of] renunciation and worship and by adhering to these principles with cleanliness and probity, with his [this person's] deeds bound to sincerity of intention and devoted conscience, God will reinforce that person, by virtue of his correspondence with the residents of His presence, from their world with the reinforcement of light and power so that it [that soul] will know what no one else knows from among those of its own genus and will have the power to do what no one else will have the power to do from among those of its own species; it will also have moments in which it penetrates that [world] by detaching itself from its body and other moments where it will be remote therefrom depending on what afflicts it from [its] governance of its body.
And verily Our messengers came to Abraham with good tidings, to the end of this [verse]: noble human souls possess connections with higher disengaged principles and the holy spirits of the celestial spheres in the way of the vanquishing intellectual lights and the heavenly governing souls and [they also enjoy] mixing with the higher council of the inhabitants of the realm of [divine] invincibility (jabarūt) and ingressions into the realm of dominion (malakūt). For each soul, depending on its primordial nature, there is a principle that corresponds to it from the realm of invincibility and a governor that nurtures it from the realm of dominion. From the former [the principle] it derives the effusion of knowledge and light, while from the latter [the governor] it derives its supply of strength and deeds, as alluded to by His words and every soul will come accompanied by a driver and a witness [Q. 50:21]. And [for each soul] there is also an original resting-place to which it resorts from the Side of the realm of the Divine Essence (lāhūt) should it disengage, as he [the Prophet] said, 'The spirits of martyrs shelter in lanterns of light that hang from below the Throne'. Every time that it [a soul] is attracted to the lower aspect by inclining to natural physical pleasures, it is veiled by the subsequent coverings from that [Divine] Side and is cut off from the supplies that it receives from that aspect in the way of the lights of invincibility and the angelic faculties. As such it becomes weaker in its perception, since it has become veiled from the reception of those irradiations and [weaker] in vigour and strength, cut off as it is from those supplies [provided] by that [angelic] faculty. But each time that it orients itself towards the higher aspect by rising above corporeal configurations and disengaging from material garments and drawing closer to God, the Principle of all principles and the Light of all lights, exalted be He, by [acts of] renunciation and worship and by adhering to these principles with cleanliness and probity, with his [this person's] deeds bound to sincerity of intention and devoted conscience, God will reinforce that person, by virtue of his correspondence with the residents of His presence, from their world with the reinforcement of light and power so that it [that soul] will know what no one else knows from among those of its own genus and will have the power to do what no one else will have the power to do from among those of its own species; it will also have moments in which it penetrates that [world] by detaching itself from its body and other moments where it will be remote therefrom depending on what afflicts it from [its] governance of its body.
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَلَقَدْ جَاءَتْ رُسُلُنَا إِبْرَاهِيمَ بِالْبُشْرَى قَالُوا سَلامًا قَالَ سَلامٌ فَمَا لَبِثَ أَنْ جَاءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ (69)قال أبو جعفر : يقول تعالى ذكره: (ولقد جاءت رسلنا) ، من الملائكة وهم فيما ذكر ، كانوا جبريل وملكين آخرين. وقيل : إن الملكين الآخرين كان ميكائيل وإسرافيل معه ، (إبراهيم) ، يعني: إبراهيم خليل الله ، (بالبشرى) ، يعني: بالبشارة. (26)* * *واختلفوا في تلك البشارة التي أتوه بها.فقال بعضهم: هي البشارة بإسحاق.وقال بعضهم: هي البشارة بهلاك قوم لوط.* * *، (قالوا سلاما) ، يقول: فسلموا عليه سلامًا.* * *ونصب " سلامًا " بإعمال " قالوا " فيه، كأنه قيل: قالوا قولا وسلَّموا تسليمًا.* * *، (قال سلام) ، يقول: قال إبراهيم لهم: سلام ، فرفع " سلامٌ"، بمعنى : عليكم السلام ، أو بمعنى : سلام منكم .* * *وقد ذكر عن العرب أنها تقول: " سِلْمٌ" بمعنى السلام ، كما قالوا: " حِلٌّ وحلالٌ"، " وحِرْم وحرام ". وذكر الفرَّاء أن بعض العرب أنشده: (27)مَرَرْنَــا فَقُلْنَـا إِيـهِ سِـلْمٌ فَسَـلَّمَتْكَمَـا اكْتَـلَّ بِـالَبْرقِ الغَمَـامُ الَّلـوَائِحُ (28)بمعنى سلام. وقد روي " كما انكلّ".* * *وقد زعم بعضهم أن معناه إذا قرئ كذلك: نحن سِلْمٌ لكم ، من " المسالمة " التي هي خلاف المحاربة.وهذه قراءة عامَّة قراء الكوفيين.* * *وقرأ ذلك عامة قراء الحجاز والبصرة ، ( قَالُوا سَلامًا قَالَ سَلامٌ ) ، على أن الجواب من إبراهيم صلى الله عليه وسلم لهم، بنحو تسليمهم: عليكم السلام.* * *والصواب من القول في ذلك عندي: أنهما قراءتان متقاربتا المعنى، لأن " السلم " قد يكون بمعنى " السلام " على ما وصفت، و " السلام " بمعنى " السلم "، لأن التسليم لا يكاد يكون إلا بين أهل السّلم دون الأعداء، فإذا ذكر تسليم من قوم على قوم ، ورَدُّ الآخرين عليهم، دلّ ذلك على مسالمة بعضهم بعضًا. وهما مع ذلك قراءتان قد قرأ بكل واحدة منهما أهل قدوة في القراءة، فبأيَّتهما قرأ القارئ فمصيبٌ الصوابَ.* * *وقوله: (فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ) .* * *، وأصله " محنوذ "، صرف من " مفعول " إلى " فعيل ".* * *وقد اختلف أهل العربية في معناه، فقال بعض أهل البصرة منهم (29) معنى " المحنوذ ": المشويّ، قال: ويقال منه: " حَنَذْتُ فرسي"، بمعنى سخَّنته وعرَّقته. واستشهد لقوله ذلك ببيت الراجز: (30)*ورَهِبَا مِنْ حَنْذِهِ أَنْ يَهْرَجَا* (31)* * *وقال آخر منهم: " حنذ فرسه ": أي أضمره، وقال: قالوا حَنَذه يحنِذُه حَنْذًا: أي: عرَّقه.* * *وقال بعض أهل الكوفة: كل ما انشوَى في الأرض ، إذا خَدَدت له فيه ، فدفنته وغممته ، فهو " الحنيذ " و " المحنوذ ". قال: والخيل تُحْنَذ ، إذا القيت عليها الجِلال بعضُها على بعض لتعرق. قال: ويقال: " إذا سَقَيْتَ فَأحْنِذْ" ، يعني : أخْفِسْ، يريد: أقلَّ الماء، وأكثر النبيذ.* * *وأما [أهل ] التأويل، فإنهم قالوا في معناه ما أنا ذاكره، وذلك ما:-18297- حدثني به المثنى قال ، حدثنا عبد الله بن صالح قال، حدثني معاوية، عن علي، عن ابن عباس قوله: (بعجل حنيذ) ، يقول: نضيج18298- حدثني المثنى قال ، حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال ، حدثنا شبل، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد: (بعجل حنيذ) قال: " بعجل " ، (32) حَسِيل البقر، ، و " الحنيذ " : المشوي النضيج.18299- حدثنا القاسم قال ، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج، عن ابن جريج، عن مجاهد قوله: (ولقد جاءت رسلنا إبراهيم بالبشرى) إلى (بعجل حنيذ) ، (33) قال: نضيج ، سُخِّن ، أنضج بالحجارة.18300- حدثنا بشر قال ، حدثنا يزيد قال ، حدثنا سعيد، عن قتادة: (فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ) ، و " الحنيذ ": النضيج.18301- حدثنا محمد بن عبد الأعلى قال ، حدثنا محمد بن ثور، عن معمر، عن قتادة: (بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: نضيج. قال: [وقال الكلبي]: و " الحنيذ ": الذي يُحْنَذُ في الأرض. (34)18302- حدثنا ابن حميد قال ، حدثنا يعقوب القمي، عن حفص بن حميد، عن شمر في قوله: (فجاء بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: " الحنيذ ": الذي يقطر ماء ، وقد شوى ، وقال حفص: " الحنيذ ": مثل حِنَاذ الخيل.18303- حدثني موسى بن هارون قال ، حدثنا عمرو بن حماد قال ، حدثنا أسباط ، عن السدي قال: ذبحه ثم شواه في الرَّضْف ، (35) فهو " الحنيذ " حين شواه.18304- حدثنا ابن وكيع قال ، حدثنا أبو يزيد، عن يعقوب، عن حفص بن حميد، عن شمر بن عطية: (فجاء بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: المشويّ الذي يقطر.18305- حدثني المثنى قال ، حدثنا إسحاق قال ، حدثنا هشام قال ، حدثنا يعقوب، عن حفص بن حميد، عن شمر بن عطية، قال: " الحنيذ " الذي يقطر ماؤه وقد شُوِي.18306- حدثنا ابن وكيع قال ، حدثنا المحاربي، عن جويبر، عن الضحاك: (بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: نضيج.18307- حدثت عن الحسين بن الفرج قال، سمعت أبا معاذ قال ، حدثنا عبيد بن سليمان قال، سمعت الضحاك يقول في قوله: (بعجل حنيذ) ، الذي أنضج بالحجارة.18308- حدثني الحارث قال ، حدثنا عبد العزيز قال ، حدثنا سفيان: (فما لبث أن جاء بعجل حنيذ) ، قال: مشويّ.18309- حدثني المثنى قال ، حدثنا إسحاق قال ، حدثنا إسماعيل بن عبد الكريم قال، حدثني عبد الصمد، أنه سمع وهب بن منبه يقول: " حينذ "، يعني: شُوِي.18310- حدثنا ابن حميد قال ، حدثنا سلمة، عن ابن إسحاق قال، " الحِناذ ": الإنضاج. (36)* * *قال أبو جعفر: وهذه الأقوال التي ذكرناها عن أهل العربية وأهل التفسير متقارباتُ المعاني بعضها من بعض.* * *وموضع " أن " في قوله: (أن جاء بعجل حنيذ) نصبٌ بقوله: (فما لبث أن جاء).-------------------------الهوامش :(26) انظر تفسير " البشرى " فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة ( بشر ) .(27) لم أعرف قائله . والذي أنشده الفراء في تفسير هذه الآية بيت آخر غير هذا البيت ، شاهدًا على حذف " عليكم " ، وهو قوله :فَقُلْنَـا : السَّـلامُ , فـاتَّقَتْ مِنْ أَمِيرَهاوَمَــا كَـانَ إلاَّ وَمْؤُهـا بـالحواجِبِوأما هذا البيت الذي هنا ، فقد ذكره صاحب اللسان في مادة ( كلل ) ، عن ابن الأعرابي ، فلعل الفراء أنشده في مكان آخر .(28) اللسان ( كلل ) ، يقال : " انكل السحاب عن البرق ، واكتل " ، أي : لمع به ، و" اللوائح " التي لاح برقها ، أي لمع وظهر .(29) هو أبو عبيدة في مجاز القرآن .(30) هو العجاج .(31) ديوانه 9 ، ومجاز القرآن لأبي عبيدة 1 : 292 ، واللسان ( حنذ ) ، و ( هرج ) ، من رجزه المشهور ، وهذا البيت من أبيات يصف حمار الوحش وأتنه ، لما جاء الصيف ، وخرج بهن يطلب الماء البعيد فقال :حَـتَّى إِذَا مَـا الصَّيْـفُ كَـانَ أَمَجَـاوَفَرَعَــا مِــنْ رَعْـىِ مَـا تَلَزَّجَـاورَهِبَــا مِــنْ حَــنْذِهِ أَنْ يَهْرَجَـاتَذَكَّـــرَا عَيْنًـــا رِوًى وَفَلَجَــاو" الأمج " شدة الحر والعطش ، يأخذ بالنفس . و" تلزج الكلأ " تتبعه ، و" الحنذ " ، شدة الحر وإحراقه . و" هرج البعير " تحير وسدر من شدة الحر .(32) " الحسيل " ( بفتح الحاء وكسر السين ) : ولد البقرة .(33) كان في المطبوعة والمخطوطة هنا " ولما جاءت رسلنا " ، وهو سهو من الناسخ ، وحق التلاوة ما أثبت . وكذلك جاء سهوًا منه في نص الآية التي يفسرها أبو جعفر ، وصححتها ، ولم أشر إليه هناك .(34) الذي بين القوسين ليس في المخطوطة ، وقد تركته على حاله ، وإن كنت أشك فيه ، وأرجح أنه زيادة من ناسخ آخر ، بعد ناسخ مخطوطتنا .(35) " الرضف " ( بفتح فسكون ) الحجارة المحماة على النار . و " شواء مرضوف " ، مشوي على الرضفة .(36) الأثر : 18310 - من خبر الطويل ، رواه أبو جعفر في تاريخه 1 : 127 . وفيه " التحناذ " ، وكلاهما مما يزاد على معاجم اللغة .
{ وَلَقَدْ جَاءَتْ رُسُلُنَا } من الملائكة الكرام، رسولنا { إِبْرَاهِيمَ } الخليل { بِالْبُشْرَى } أي: بالبشارة بالولد، حين أرسلهم الله لإهلاك قوم لوط، وأمرهم أن يمروا على إبراهيم، فيبشروه بإسحاق، فلما دخلوا عليه { قَالُوا سَلَامًا قَالَ سَلَامٌ } أي: سلموا عليه، ورد عليهم السلام. ففي هذا مشروعية السلام، وأنه لم يزل من ملة إبراهيم عليه السلام، وأن السلام قبل الكلام، وأنه ينبغي أن يكون الرد، أبلغ من الابتداء, لأن سلامهم بالجملة الفعلية، الدالة على التجدد، ورده بالجملة الاسمية، الدالة على الثبوت والاستمرار، وبينهما فرق كبير كما هو معلوم في علم العربية. { فَمَا لَبِثَ } إبراهيم لما دخلوا عليه { أَنْ جَاءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ } أي: بادر لبيته، فاستحضر لأضيافه عجلا مشويا على الرضف سمينا، فقربه إليهم فقال: ألا تأكلون؟.
Commentary
In these five verses, an event relating to Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) has been mentioned. Allah Ta` ala sent some angels to give him the good news of a birth in his family because Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) had no children from his wife, Sayyidah Sarah ؓ and he wished he had. But, they were much advanced in years. Obviously, there was no hope.
Then, Allah Ta` ala sent the good news through the angels and that too of the nature that the new born would be a male child and even proposed the name of the child as Ishaq. Then, he was also told that he would live, have children and that the name of his son will be Ya` qub, and both of them would be the messenger and prophet of Allah. Since these angels had come in human form, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) took them to be normal guests and lost no time in offering his hospitality. He placed a dish of roasted calf before them. But, they were really angels, free of eating and drinking. Therefore, despite the food being before them, they did not extend their hands towards it. When Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) noticed this, he was concerned. They did not look like guests, may be they had come to create some problem for him. The angels scented his concern and disclosed their identity. They told him that they were angels of Allah Ta` ala. There was no need for him to be frightened. They had been sent to give him the good news of a birth in his family, as well as to accomplish another mission, the mission of bringing Divine punishment on the people of Lut (علیہ السلام) . Sayyidah Sarah ؓ ، the wife of Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) was listening to this conversation from behind a curtain. When she found out that they were angels, not human beings, there was no need for the otherwise essential hi jab. She laughed at the good news of the birth of a child in old age and said, ` shall I give birth to a child while I am an old woman and my husband, an old man?' The angels said as to why would she marvel at the command of Allah Ta` a1a who has everything within His power. Was it not that, as a member of the prophet's family, she has been witnessing that this was a family on which extraordinary Divine mercy and blessing descends all the time, which is mostly above and beyond the obvious chain of causes? So, what was there to wonder about? This was a gist of the event. Let us now go to details as they appear in the text of the verses cited above.
The first verse (69) tells us that these angels had come to Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) with some good news. The good news has been mentioned later in the third verse (71 فَبَشَّرْنَاهَا بِإِسْحَاقَ (so, We gave her the good news about Ishaq).
Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn ` Abbas ؓ said that the three angels were Jibra'il, Mika'il and Israfil (علیہم السلام) . (Qurtubi) They came in human form and greeted Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) with ` salam.' Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) responded to their salam greeting and, taking them to be human, offered the usual hospitality.
Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) is the first human being who introduced the custom of honoring guests by offering hospitality to them. (Qurtubi) It was his routine that he would never eat alone. Instead, when came the time for meals, he would be looking out for a guest so that he could eat with him.
Al-Qurtubi has reported from Isra'ili narratives that, on a certain day, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) started looking for a guest at the time for meals. The man he met was a stranger. When he sat down to eat, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) said to him, ` say: I' begin with the name of Allah.' He said, ` I do not know Allah. Who and what is He?' Sayyidna Ibrahim علیہ السلام asked him to leave the dining-spread on the floor.
When he went out, Sayyidna Jibra'il (علیہ السلام) came in and said, ` Allah Ta` ala says: As for him, We gave sustenance to him throughout his life despite his disbelief and as for you, you were stingy about giving him even one morsel of food.' Hearing this, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) went after him and called him back. He said, ` unless you tell me the reason why you turned me out first and why are you asking me to come in again, I will not go with you.'
When Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) told him the episode, the episode itself became the reason for his becoming a believer. He said, ` the Lord who made you do this is very noble. I believe in Him.' Then he went in with Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) behaved like a true believer and ate his food after having recited Bismillah first.
So, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) true to his habit of entertaining guests, welcomed angels who had come in human form. Naturally, to him they were human, and guests. The host did his most, lost no time and placed a roasted calf before them.
In the second verse (70), it was stated that the angels had, though, come in the human form and it was also possible that they could have been given human characteristics of eating and drinking at that particular time. But, the wiser choice for them was no other but that they should not eat so that the secret that they were angels comes out in the open. Therefore, their angelic characteristics were allowed to remain, even in their human form, because of which they did not extend their hands towards the food.
According to some reports, they had some arrows in their hands. They started poking the heads of their arrows into the roasted meat. When they acted in that manner, Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) apprehended them to be his enemies, because, according to the social custom known to him, if a guest refused to eat, it was a sign of mischief to be made from his side. (Qurtubi) His apprehension was quashed when the angels themselves disclosed their identity and said that they were an-gels, therefore, they do not eat. So, there was no danger for him to bother about.
Injunctions and Rules
Many injunctions and important rules of guidance regarding social living appear in the verses under study. Imam al-Qurtubi has discussed them in detail in his Tafsir.
The Sunnah of Salam
The words of verse 69 قَالُوا سَلَامًا ۖ قَالَ سَلَامٌ (They said, "Salim." He said, "Salam." ) - teach us that it is a Sunnah for Muslims that, when they meet each other, they should offer Salim. The guest coming in should say it first while others should respond.
That people say some words to greet each other when they meet is a custom found in all communities. But, the teaching of Islam is unique in this matter for the masnun word of salam is السلام علیکم : As-Salamu 'Alaikum. It carries the name of Allah with it. So it is both a Dhikr of Allah, and a prayer for peace and protection from Him - in addition to being a guarantee of the protection of life, property and honor from one's own side. (When we equate As-Sal amu Alaikum with ` peace on you' we go by the anatomy and leave the spirit that is essential to it - tr.)
At this place in the Qur'an, it has been said that the angels said سلاما (salam) and Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) responded with سلام (salam). Obviously, here it was not considered necessary to mention salam in its complete form - as customary in usage when it is said that a person said salam to someone where it is presupposed that he said the whole greeting of As-Sala-mu Alaikum. Similarly, at this place, salam stands for the full masnun greeting which has been taught to his community by the Holy Prophet ﷺ through his word and deed, that is, saying: السلام علیکم (As-Sal amu ` Alaikum) at the beginning of salam, and: (علیہ السلام) و رحمۃ اللہ (wa alaikumu-s-salam, or wa ` alaikumu-s-salamu wa rahmatu-l-l ah to be more generous) while responding to the salam.
Some Rules for Guests and Hosts
It has been said in the last sentence of verse 69: فَمَا لَبِثَ أَن جَاءَ بِعِجْلٍ حَنِيذٍ (Then he made no delay in bringing a roasted calf).
This tells us a few things:
1. It is a part of the etiquette of hospitality that the host should, soon after the arrival of the guest, bring out something to eat, or drink, something he has on hand and which could be offered quickly and conveniently. Then, if the host is a man of means, he can arrange for additional hospitality later. (Qurtubi)
2. A host should not worry about making too many formal arrangements for a guest. Anything good available easily is good enough. Let him put it before the guest. Sayyidna Ibrahim (علیہ السلام) had some domestic animals at home. Therefore, he slaughtered a calf, had it roasted quickly and offered it to his guests. (Qurtubi)
3. Receiving guests and offering hospitality to them is a part of the essential etiquette of Islam, in fact, a hallmark of high morals. This is the blessed habit of prophets and the righteous. Is it necessary (wajib) to entertain guests? Or, is it not? ` Ulama' have difference of opinion in this matter. According to the majority of them, it is a sunnah, and desirable, but not wajib (necessary, obligatory). Some of them say that it is wajib on village people that they should offer hospitality to a person who stays in their village because a stranger has no arrangement for his meals there. Since such arrangements are possible through a hotel in cities, therefore, it is not wajib on those who live in cities. Al-Qurtubi has reported all these different views in his Tafsir.