The Hopes of the People of the Book
Allah made the confusion of the Jews and the Christians clear, since they claim that no one will enter Paradise, unless he is a Jew or a Christian. Similarly, Allah mentioned their claims in Surat Al-Ma'idah:
نَحْنُ أَبْنَاءُ اللَّهِ وَأَحِبَّاؤُهُ
(We are the children of Allah and His loved ones) (5:18).
Allah refuted this false claim and informed them that they will be punished because of their sins. Previously we mentioned their claim that the Fire would not touch them for more than a few days, after which they would be put in Paradise. Allah rebuked this claim, and He said about this baseless claim, m
تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْ
(These are their own desires). Abu Al-`Aliyah commented, "These are wishes that they wished Allah would answer, without basis." Similar was stated by Qatadah and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. Allah then said,
قُلْ
(Say) meaning, "Say O Muhammad:"
هَاتُواْ بُرْهَـنَكُمْ
("Produce your Burhan...") meaning, "Your proof", as Abu Al-`Aliyah, Mujahid, As-Suddi and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas stated. Qatadah said that the Ayah means, "Bring the evidence that supports your statement,
إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(if you are truthful) in your claim. "
Allah then said,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(Yes! But whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah (i.e. follows Allah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin) meaning, "Whoever performs deeds in sincerity, for Allah alone without partners." In a similar statement, Allah said,
فَإنْ حَآجُّوكَ فَقُلْ أَسْلَمْتُ وَجْهِىَ للَّهِ وَمَنِ اتَّبَعَنِ
(So if they dispute with you (Muhammad ) say: "I have submitted myself to Allah (in Islam), and (so have) those who follow me.") (3:20)
Abu Al-`Aliyah and Ar-Rabi` said that,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ
(Yes! But whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah) means, "Whoever is sincere with Allah."
Also, Sa`id bin Jubayr said that,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ
(Yes! But whoever submits) means, he is sincere,
وَجْهَهُ
(his face (himself)) meaning, in his religion.
وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(and he is a Muhsin) following the Messenger . For there are two conditions for deeds to be accepted; the deed must be performed for Allah's sake alone and conform to the Shari`ah. When the deed is sincere, but does not conform to the Shari`ah, then it will not be accepted. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَنْ عَمِلَ عَمَلًا لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ أَمْرُنَا فَهُوَ رَد»
(Whoever performs a deed that does not conform with our matter (religion), then it will be rejected.)
This Hadith was recorded by Muslim. Therefore, the good deeds of the priests and rabbis will not be accepted, even if they are sincerely for Allah alone, because these deeds do not conform with the method of the Messenger , who was sent for all mankind. Allah said regarding such cases,
وَقَدِمْنَآ إِلَى مَا عَمِلُواْ مِنْ عَمَلٍ فَجَعَلْنَاهُ هَبَآءً مَّنثُوراً
(And We shall turn to whatever deeds they (disbelievers, polytheists, sinners) did, and We shall make such deeds as scattered floating particles of dust.) (25:23)
وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ أَعْمَـلُهُمْ كَسَرَابٍ بِقِيعَةٍ يَحْسَبُهُ الظَّمْآنُ مَآءً حَتَّى إِذَا جَآءَهُ لَمْ يَجِدْهُ شَيْئاً
(As for those who disbelieved, their deeds are like a mirage in a desert. The thirsty one thinks it to be water, until he comes up to it, he finds it to be nothing.) (24:39) and,
وُجُوهٌ يَوْمَئِذٍ خَـشِعَةٌ - عَامِلَةٌ نَّاصِبَةٌ - تَصْلَى نَاراً حَامِيَةً - تُسْقَى مِنْ عَيْنٍ ءَانِيَةٍ
(Some faces, that Day will be humiliated. Laboring, weary. They will enter in the hot blazing Fire. They will be given to drink from a boiling spring) (88:2-5).
When the deed conforms to the Shari`ah outwardly, but the person did not perform it sincerely for Allah alone, the deed will also be rejected, as in the case of the hypocrites and those who do their deeds to show off. Similarly, Allah said,
إِنَّ الْمُنَـفِقِينَ يُخَـدِعُونَ اللَّهَ وَهُوَ خَادِعُهُمْ وَإِذَا قَامُواْ إِلَى الصَّلَوةِ قَامُواْ كُسَالَى يُرَآءُونَ النَّاسَ وَلاَ يَذْكُرُونَ اللَّهَ إِلاَّ قَلِيلاً
(Verily, the hypocrites seek to deceive Allah, but it is He Who deceives them. And when they stand up for As-Salah (the prayer), they stand with laziness to be seen by people, and they do not remember Allah but little.) (4:142) and,
فَوَيْلٌ لِّلْمُصَلِّينَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ عَن صَلَـتِهِمْ سَاهُونَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ يُرَآءُونَ - وَيَمْنَعُونَ الْمَاعُونَ
(So woe unto those performers of Salah (prayers) (hypocrites). Those who delay their Salah (from their stated fixed times). Those who do good deeds only to be seen (of men). And withhold Al-Ma`un (small kindnesses)) (107:4-7).
This is why Allah said,
فَمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو لِقَآءَ رَبِّهِ فَلْيَعْمَلْ عَمَلاً صَـلِحاً وَلاَ يُشْرِكْ بِعِبَادَةِ رَبِّهِ أَحَدَا
(So whoever hopes for the meeting with his Lord, let him work righteousness and associate none as a partner in the worship of his Lord) (18: 110).
He also said in this Ayah,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(Yes, but whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah (follows Allah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin).
Allah's statement,
فَلَهُمْ أَجْرُهُمْ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ وَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(Shall have their reward with their Lord, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve) guaranteed them the rewards and safety from what they fear and should avoid.
فَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
(There shall be no fear on them) in the future,
وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(nor shall they grieve) about what they abandoned in the past. Moreover, Sa`id bin Jubayr said,
فَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
"(There shall be no fear on them) in the Hereafter, and
وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(nor shall they grieve) about their imminent death."
The Jews and Christians dispute among Themselves out of Disbelief and Stubbornness
Allah said,
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَـرَى عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَـرَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ
(The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); and the Christians said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); though they both recite the Scripture.)
Allah explained the disputes, hatred and stubbornness that the People of the Book have towards each other. Muhammad bin Ishaq reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "When a delegation of Christians from Najran came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ , the Jewish rabbis came and began arguing with them before the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Rafi` bin Huraymilah said, `You do not follow anything,' and he reiterated his disbelief in Jesus and the Injil. Then a Christian man from Najran's delegation said to the Jews, `Rather, you do not follow anything,' and he reiterated his rejection of Musa's prophethood and his disbelief in the Torah. So Allah revealed the Ayah,
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَـرَى عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَـرَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ
(The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); and the Christians said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); though they both recite the Scripture. )"
Allah made it clear that each party read the affirmation of what they claimed to reject in their Book. Consequently, the Jews disbelieve in Jesus, even though they have the Torah in which Allah took their Covenant by the tongue of Moses to believe in Jesus. Also, the Gospel contains Jesus' assertion that Moses' prophethood and the Torah came from Allah. Yet, each party disbelieved in what the other party had.
Allah said,
كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ مِثْلَ قَوْلِهِمْ
(Like unto their word, said those who know not) thus exposing the ignorance displayed by the Jews and the Christians concerning their statements that we mentioned. There is a difference of opinion regarding the meaning of Allah's statement,
الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(who know not)
For instance, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Qatadah said that,
كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(Like unto their word, said those said those who know not) means, "The Christians said similar statements to the Jews." Ibn Jurayj asked `Ata' "Who are those `who know not"' `Ata' said, "Nations that existed before the Jews and the Christians and before the Torah and the Gospel." Also, As-Suddi said that,
قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(said those who know not) is in reference to the Arabs who said that Muhammad was not following anything (i. e. did not follow a true or existing religion). Abu Ja`far bin Jarir chose the view that this Ayah is general and that there is no evidence that specifically supports any of these explanations. So interpreting the Ayah in a general way is better. Allah knows best.
Allah said,
فَاللَّهُ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَـمَةِ فِيمَا كَانُواْ فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ
(Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection about that wherein they have been differing.) meaning, that Allah will gather them all on the Day of Return. On that Day, Allah will justly judge between them, for He is never unjust with anyone, even as little as the weight of an atom. This Ayah is similar to Allah's statement in Surat Al-Hajj (22:17),
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَالَّذِينَ هَادُواْ وَالصَّـبِئِينَ وَالنَّصَـرَى وَالْمَجُوسَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُواْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَفْصِلُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيـمَةِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَىْءٍ شَهِيدٌ
(Verily, those who believe (in Allah and in His Messenger Muhammad ), and those who are Jews, and the Sabians, and the Christians, and the Majus, and those who associate partners with Allah; truly, Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection. Verily, Allah is over all things a Witness).
Allah said,
قُلْ يَجْمَعُ بَيْنَنَا رَبُّنَا ثُمَّ يَفْتَحُ بَيْنَنَا بِالْحَقِّ وَهُوَ الْفَتَّاحُ الْعَلِيمُ
(Say: "Our Lord will assemble us all together (on the Day of Resurrection), then He will judge between us with truth. And He is the Just Judge, the Knower of the true state of affairs.") (34:26).
And they say ‘None shall enter Paradise except those who are Jews hūd is the plural of hā’id or Christians’ this is what the Jews of Medina and the Christians of Najrān said when they disputed with the Prophet s each party separately claiming Paradise for its members exclusively. Such sayings are their desires their false passions. Say to them ‘Produce your proof your evidence for this if you speak truly’ in this matter.
And they say, 'None shall enter the Garden except those who are Jews or Christians', that is to say, the Jews said that none shall enter the Garden promised to them in the covenant, that is, the exoteric Garden and the world of the kingdom, which is the Garden of the acts and the Garden of the soul, except those who were Jews; while the Christians said that none shall enter the Garden promised to them in [their] covenant, that is, the esoteric Garden and the world of the angelic realm, which is the Garden of the attributes and the Garden of the heart except those who were Christians, which is why Jesus, peace be upon him, said, when calling them to their Garden: 'Whoever is not born again and his call is not directed towards the heaven, that is, the spiritual heaven, shall not probe the angelic realm of the heavens'. Such are their desires, that is, the utmost extent of their demands, at the limits of which they stopped, veiling themselves therewith from what is above them. Say, 'Produce your proof, that is, the evidence that demonstrates all except you are denied entry into your Garden, if you speak truth', concerning what you claim, nay, all evidence points to the contrary of what you claim.
And they say, 'None shall enter the Garden except those who are Jews or Christians', that is to say, the Jews said that none shall enter the Garden promised to them in the covenant, that is, the exoteric Garden and the world of the kingdom, which is the Garden of the acts and the Garden of the soul, except those who were Jews; while the Christians said that none shall enter the Garden promised to them in [their] covenant, that is, the esoteric Garden and the world of the angelic realm, which is the Garden of the attributes and the Garden of the heart except those who were Christians, which is why Jesus, peace be upon him, said, when calling them to their Garden: 'Whoever is not born again and his call is not directed towards the heaven, that is, the spiritual heaven, shall not probe the angelic realm of the heavens'. Such are their desires, that is, the utmost extent of their demands, at the limits of which they stopped, veiling themselves therewith from what is above them. Say, 'Produce your proof, that is, the evidence that demonstrates all except you are denied entry into your Garden, if you speak truth', concerning what you claim, nay, all evidence points to the contrary of what you claim.
And they say �None shall enter paradise except those who are Jews or Christians.� Such are their desires. Say �Produce your proof if you speak truly.� Each party ḥizb smooths things out199 for itself thinking salvation belongs to it and claiming access [to paradise] as its share. But mere guessing ḥusbān without the verification of proof burhān does not produce results lā yaÌtī bi-ḥāṣil nor is it of any use wa lā yaḥūz bi-ṬāÌil.
And they say �None shall enter paradise except those who are Jews or Christians.� Such are their desires. Say �Produce your proof if you speak truly.� Each party ḥizb smooths things out199 for itself thinking salvation belongs to it and claiming access [to paradise] as its share. But mere guessing ḥusbān without the verification of proof burhān does not produce results lā yaÌtī bi-ḥāṣil nor is it of any use wa lā yaḥūz bi-ṬāÌil.
ادَّعى كلٌّ من اليهود والنصارى أن الجنة خاصة بطائفته لا يدخلها غيرهم، تلك أوهامهم الفاسدة. قل لهم -أيها الرسول-: أحضروا دليلكم على صحة ما تدَّعون إن كنتم صادقين في دعواكم.
يبين تعالى اغترار اليهود والنصارى بما هم فيه حيث ادعت كل طائفة من اليهود والنصارى أنه لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان على ملتها كما أخبر الله عنهم في سور المائدة أنهم قالوا "نحن أبناء الله وأحباؤه" فأكذبهم الله تعالى بما أخبرهم أنه معذبهم بذنوبهم ولو كانوا كما ادعوا لما كان الأمر كذلك وكما تقدم من دعواهم أنه لن تمسهم النار إلا أياما معدودة ثم ينتقلون إلى الجنة ورد عليهم تعالى في ذلك وهكذا قال لهم في هذه الدعوى التي ادعوها بلا دليل ولا حجة ولا بينة فقال تلك أمانيهم وقال أبو العالية أماني تمنوها على الله بغير حق وكذا قال قتادة والربيع بن أنس ثم قال تعالى "قل" أى يا محمد "هاتوا برهانكم" قال أبو العالية ومجاهد والسدي والربيع بن أنس حجتكم وقال قتادة بينتكم على ذلك "إن كنتم صادقين" أي فيما تدعونه قال تعالى "بلى من أسلم وجهه لله وهو محسن" أي من أخلص العمل لله وحده لا شريك له كما قال تعالى "فإن حاجوك فقلت أسلمت وجهي لله ومن اتبعن" الآية.
الضمير في ( قَالُواْ ) يعود على أهل الكتاب من الفريقين .والهود : جمع هائد أي متبع اليهودية وقدمهم القرآن الكريم على النصارى لتقدمهم في الزمان .والمعنى : وقالت اليهود لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هوداً ، وقالت النصارى لن يدخلها إلا من كان نصرانياً ، إلا أن الآية الكريمة سلكت في طريق الإِخبار عما زعموه مسلك الإِيجاز ، فحكت القولين في جملة واحدة ، وعطفت أحد الفريقين على الآخر بحرف " أو " ثقة بفهم السامع ، وأمنا من اللبس ، لما عرف من التعادي بين الفريقين ، وتضليل كل واحد منهما لصاحبه ، ونظير هذه الآية قوله تعالى حكاية عنهم ( وَقَالُواْ كُونُواْ هُوداً أَوْ نصارى تَهْتَدُواْ ) أي : قالت اليهود : كونوا هودا تهتدوا ، وقالت النصارى : كونوا نصارى تهتدوا .ولذا قال الإِمام ابن جرير : " فإن قال قائل : وكيف جمع اليهود والنصارى في هذا الخبر مع اختلاف مقالة الفريقين ، واليهود تدفع النصارى عن أن يكون لها في ثواب الله نصيب ، والنصارى تدفع اليهود عن مثل ذلك؟قيل : إن معنى ذلك بخلاف الذي ذهبت إليه ، وإنما عني به وقالت اليهود : لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هودا ، وقالت النصارى : لن يدخل الجنة إلا النصارى ، ولكن معنى الكلام لما كان مفهوماً عند المخاطبين به جمع الفريقان في الخبر عنهما فقيل : ( وَقَالُواْ لَن يَدْخُلَ الجنة إِلاَّ مَن كَانَ هُوداً أَوْ نصارى ) .وقوله تعالى : ( تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْ ) جملة معترضة قصد بها بيان أن ما يدعونه من أن الجنة خاصة بهم ، ما هو إلا أماني منهم يتمنونها على الله بغير حق ولا برهان . سولتها لهم أنفسهم التي استحوذ عليها الشيطان فخدعها بالأباطيل والأكاذيب .واسم الإِشارة ( تِلْكَ ) مشار به إلى ما تضمنه قوله تعالى : ( وَقَالُواْ لَن يَدْخُلَ الجنة إِلاَّ مَن كَانَ هُوداً أَوْ نصارى ) وهو يتضمن أماني كثيرة : منها ، أن اليهود أمنيتهم أنه لن يدخل الجنة غيرهم ، والنصارى كذلك أمنيتهم أنهم هم وحدهم أصحاب الجنة ، وكلا الفريقين يعتقد أن المسلمين ليسوا أهلالها ، ولهذا جاء خبر اسم الإِشارة جمعاً فقال تعالى ( تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْ ) .ويرى صاحب الكشاف أنه المشار إليه أمور قد تعددت لفظاً وحكاها القرآن عنهم في قوله ( مَّا يَوَدُّ الذين كَفَرُواْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الكتاب وَلاَ المشركين أَن يُنَزَّلَ عَلَيْكُمْ مِّنْ خَيْرٍ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ ) وفي قوله : ( وَدَّ كَثِيرٌ مِّنْ أَهْلِ الكتاب لَوْ يَرُدُّونَكُم مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمَانِكُمْ كُفَّاراً حَسَداً مِّنْ عِنْدِ أَنْفُسِهِمْ ) وفي قوله : ( وَقَالُواْ لَن يَدْخُلَ الجنة إِلاَّ مَن كَانَ هُوداً أَوْ نصارى ) ، وعبارته :فإن قلت : لم قيل ( تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْ ) وقولهم لن يدخل الجنة أمنية واحدة؟ قلت : أشير بها إلى الأماني المذكورة وهو إمنيتهم أن لا ينزل على المؤمنين خير من ربهم ، وأمنيتهم أن يردوهم كفاراً ، وأمنيتهم ألا يدخل الجنة غيرهم .أي تلك الأماني الباطلة أمانيهم .ويرى صاحب الانتصاف : أن المشار إليه واحد وهو قولهم ( وَقَالُواْ لَن يَدْخُلَ الجنة إِلاَّ مَن كَانَ هُوداً أَوْ نصارى ) وجمع لإِفادة أن تلك الأمنية قد تمكنت من نفوسهم وأشربتها قلوبهم . فقال : والجواب القريب أنهم لشدة تمنيهم لهذه الأمنية ، ومعاودتهم لها ، وتأكدها في نفوسهم جمعت ليفيد جمعها أنها متأكدة في قلوبهم بالغة منهم كل مبلغ ، والجمع يفيد ذلك ، وإن كان مؤداه واحداً ونظيره قولهم : معي جياع ، فجمعوا الصفة ومؤداها واحد ، لأن موصوفها واحد ، تأكيداً لثبوتها وتمكنها ، وهذا المعني أحد ما روى في قوله تعالى : ( إِنَّ هؤلاء لَشِرْذِمَةٌ قَلِيلُونَ ) فإنه جمع " قليلا " وقد كان الأصل إفراده فيقال " لشرذمة قليلة " كقوله تعالى ( كَم مِّن فِئَةٍ قَلِيلَةٍ ) لولا ما قصد إليه من تأكيد القلة بجمعها ، ووجه إفادة الجمع في مثل هذا التأكيد ، أن الجمع يفيد بوضعه الزيادة في الآحاد فنقل إلى تأكيد الواحد ، وإبانته زيادة على نظرائه ، نقلا مجازياً بديعاً فتدبر هذا الفصل فإنه من نفائس صناعة البيان والله المرفق " .ثم أمر الله - تعالى - رسوله صلى الله عليه وسلم أن يطالبهم بالدليل على صحة ما يدعون ، فقال تعالى ( قُلْ هَاتُواْ بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِن كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ ) .أي قل - يا محمد - لهؤلاء الزاعمين أن الجنة لهم خاصة من دون الناس ، هاتوا حجتكم على خلوص الجنة لكم ، إن كنتم صادقين في دعواكم ، لأنه لما كانت دعواهم الاختصاص بدخول الجنة لا تثبت إلا بوحي من الله وليس المجرد المني ، أمر الله - تعالى - نبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم أن يطالبهم بالدليل من كتبهم على صحة دعواهم ، وهذه المطالبة من قبيل التعجيز لأن كتبهم خالية مما يدل على صحتها .قال الإِمام ابن جرير : " وهذا الكلام وإن كان ظاهره دعاء القائلين ( لَن يَدْخُلَ الجنة إِلاَّ مَن كَانَ هُوداً أَوْ نصارى ) إلى إحضار حجة على دعواهم ، فإنه بمعنى التكذيب من الله لهم في دعواهم وقيلهم ، لأنهم ليسوا بقادرين على إحضار برهان على دعواهم تلك أبداً " .هذا ، ويؤخذ من الآية الكريمة بطلان التقليد في أمور الدين ، وهو قبول قول الغير مجرداً من الدليل ، فلا ينبغي للإِنسان أن يقرر رأياً في الدين إلا أن يسنده إلى دليل ، كما أنه لا يقبل من غيره قولا إلا أن يكون مؤيداً بدليل .أما عدم صحة التقليد في أصول الدين : أي فيما يرجع إلى حقيقة الإِيمان فالأمر فيه جلى ، لأنه يكتفي في إيمان الشخص بأي دليل ينشرح به صدره للإِسلام ، وتحصل له به الطمأنينة ، كأن يستمد إيمانه بالله من التنبيه لحكة الله في إتقان المخلوقات ، أو في رعاية اللطف والرفق بالإِنسان ، ويستمد إيمانه بصدق الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم من الاستماع إلى القرآن الكريم ، أو من سيرته التي لم يظهر بمثلها أو بما يقرب منها بشر غير رسول ، والقصد أن لا يكون إسلامه لمجرد أنه في بيئة إسلامية أو ولد من أب وأم مسلمين .وأما التقليد في الفروع أي في الأحكام العملية ، فالناس بالنظر إلى القدرة على تمييز الخطأ من الصواب درجات ، فمن له قدرة على فهم الأدلة ومعرفة الراجح من الأحكام ، لا يجوز أن يتلقى الحكم من غيره إلا مقروناً بدليل ، وإن كان قاصراً عن هذه الدرجة أخذ بما يفتيه به العالم المشهود له بالرسوخ في علم الشريعة ، والمعروف بالمحافظة على لباس التقوى ما استطاع " .ثم أبطل القرآن الكريم مدعاهم بطريق آخر وهو إيراد قاعدة كلية رتبت دخول الجنة على الإِيمان والعمل الصالح بلا محاباة لأمة أو لجنس أو لطائفة فقال تعالى :
وَقَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُلَ الْجَنَّةَ إِلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَىالْقَوْل فِي تَأْوِيل قَوْله تَعَالَى : { وَقَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } يَعْنِي جَلّ ثَنَاؤُهُ بِقَوْلِهِ : { وَقَالُوا } وَقَالَتْ الْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى : { لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة } . فَإِنْ قَالَ قَائِل : وَكَيْف جَمَعَ الْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى فِي هَذَا الْخَبَر مَعَ اخْتِلَاف مَقَالَة الْفَرِيقَيْنِ , وَالْيَهُود تَدْفَع النَّصَارَى عَنْ أَنْ يَكُون لَهَا فِي ثَوَاب اللَّه نَصِيب , وَالنَّصَارَى تَدْفَع الْيَهُود عَنْ مِثْل ذَلِكَ ؟ قِيلَ : إنَّ مَعْنَى ذَلِكَ بِخِلَافِ الَّذِي ذَهَبَتْ إلَيْهِ , وَإِنَّمَا عَنَى بِهِ : وَقَالَتْ الْيَهُود : لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا , وَقَالَتْ النَّصَارَى : لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا النَّصَارَى . وَلَكِنَّ مَعْنَى الْكَلَام لَمَّا كَانَ مَفْهُومًا عِنْد الْمُخَاطَبِينَ بِهِ مَعْنَاهُ جُمِعَ الْفَرِيقَانِ فِي الْخَبَر عَنْهُمَا , فَقِيلَ : { قَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } الْآيَة , أَيْ قَالَتْ الْيَهُود : لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ يَهُودِيًّا , وَقَالَتْ النَّصَارَى : لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ نَصْرَانِيًّا . وَأَمَّا قَوْله : { مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا } فَإِنَّ فِي الْهُود قَوْلَيْنِ : أَحَدهمَا أَنْ يَكُون جَمْع هَائِد , كَمَا جَاءَ عُوط جَمْع عَائِط , وَعُوذ جَمَعَ عَائِذ , وَحُول جَمْع حَائِل , فَيَكُون جَمْعًا لِلْمُذَكَّرِ وَالْمُؤَنَّث بِلَفْظِ وَاحِد ; وَالْهَائِد : التَّائِب الرَّاجِع إلَى الْحَقّ . وَالْآخَر أَنْ يَكُون مَصْدَرًا عَنْ الْجَمِيع , كَمَا يُقَال : " رَجُل صَوْم وَقَوْم صَوْم " , و " رَجُل فِطْر وَقَوْم فِطْر وَنِسْوَة فِطْر " . وَقَدْ قِيلَ : إنَّ قَوْله : { إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا } إنَّمَا هُوَ قَوْله : إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ يَهُودًا ; وَلَكِنَّهُ حَذَفَ الْيَاء الزَّائِدَة , وَرَجَعَ إلَى الْفِعْل مِنْ الْيَهُودِيَّة . وَقِيلَ : إنَّهُ فِي قِرَاءَة أُبَيٍّ : " إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ يَهُودِيًّا أَوْ نَصْرَانِيًّا " . وَقَدْ بَيَّنَّا فِيمَا مَضَى مَعْنَى النَّصَارَى وَلِمَ سُمِّيَتْ بِذَلِكَ وَجُمِعَتْ كَذَلِكَ بِمَا أَغْنَى عَنْ إعَادَته .تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْوَأَمَّا قَوْله : { تِلْكَ أَمَانِيّهمْ } فَإِنَّهُ خَبَر مِنْ اللَّه تَعَالَى ذِكْره عَنْ قَوْل الَّذِينَ قَالُوا : { لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } أَنَّهُ أَمَانِيّ مِنْهُمْ يَتَمَنَّوْنَهَا عَلَى اللَّه بِغَيْرِ حَقّ وَلَا حُجَّة وَلَا بُرْهَان وَلَا يَقِين عِلْم بِصِحَّةِ مَا يَدَّعُونَ , وَلَكِنْ بِادِّعَاءِ الْأَبَاطِيل وَأَمَانِيّ النَّفُوس الْكَاذِبَة . كَمَا : 1492 - حَدَّثَنَا بِشْر بْن مُعَاذ , قَالَ : ثنا يَزِيد بْن زُرَيْعٍ , قَالَ : ثنا سَعِيد , عَنْ قَتَادَة : { تِلْكَ أَمَانِيّهمْ } أَمَانِيّ يَتَمَنَّوْنَهَا عَلَى اللَّه كَاذِبَة . 1493 - حَدَّثَنِي الْمُثَنَّى , قَالَ : ثنا إسْحَاق , قَالَ : ثنا ابْن أَبِي جَعْفَر , عَنْ أَبِيهِ , عَنْ الرَّبِيع : { تِلْكَ أَمَانِيّهمْ } قَالَ : أَمَانِيّ تَمَنَّوْا عَلَى اللَّه بِغَيْرِ الْحَقّ .قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَالْقَوْل فِي تَأْوِيل قَوْله تَعَالَى : { قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ إنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ } . وَهَذَا أَمْر مِنْ اللَّه جَلّ ثَنَاؤُهُ لِنَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِدُعَاءِ الَّذِينَ { قَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } إلَى أَمْر عَدْل بَيْن جَمِيع الْفِرَق مُسْلِمهَا وَيَهُودِهَا وَنَصَارَاهَا , وَهُوَ إقَامَة الْحُجَّة عَلَى دَعْوَاهُمْ الَّتِي ادَّعَوْا مِنْ أَنَّ الْجَنَّة لَا يَدْخُلهَا إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى . يَقُول اللَّه لِنَبِيِّهِ مُحَمَّد صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : يَا مُحَمَّد قُلْ لِلزَّاعِمِينَ أَنَّ الْجَنَّة لَا يَدْخُلهَا إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى دُون غَيْرهمْ مِنْ سَائِر الْبَشَر : هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ عَلَى مَا تَزْعُمُونَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَنُسَلِّم لَكُمْ دَعْوَاكُمْ إنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي دَعْوَاكُمْ مِنْ أَنَّ الْجَنَّة لَا يَدْخُلهَا إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى مُحِقِّينَ . وَالْبُرْهَان : هُوَ الْبَيَان وَالْحُجَّة وَالْبَيِّنَة . كَمَا : 1494 - حَدَّثَنَا بِشْر بْن مُعَاذ , قَالَ : ثنا يَزِيد بْن زُرَيْعٍ , قَالَ : ثنا سَعِيد , عَنْ قَتَادَة : { هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } هَاتُوا بَيِّنَتكُمْ . 1495 - حَدَّثَنِي مُوسَى , قَالَ : ثنا عَمْرو , قَالَ : ثنا أَسْبَاط , عَنْ السُّدِّيّ : { هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } هَاتُوا حُجَّتكُمْ . 1496 - حَدَّثَنَا الْقَاسِم , قَالَ : ثنا الْحُسَيْن , قَالَ : ثنا حَجَّاج , عَنْ ابْن جُرَيْجٍ , عَنْ مُجَاهِد : { قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } قَالَ : حُجَّتكُمْ . 1497 - حَدَّثَنِي الْمُثَنَّى , قَالَ : ثنا إسْحَاق , قَالَ : ثنا ابْن أَبِي جَعْفَر , عَنْ أَبِيهِ , عَنْ الرَّبِيع : { قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } أَيْ حُجَّتكُمْ . وَهَذَا الْكَلَام وَإِنْ كَانَ ظَاهِره ظَاهِر دُعَاء الْقَائِلِينَ : { لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } إلَى إحْضَار حُجَّة عَلَى دَعْوَاهُمْ مَا ادَّعَوْا مِنْ ذَلِكَ , فَإِنَّهُ بِمَعْنَى تَكْذِيب مِنْ اللَّه لَهُمْ فِي دَعْوَاهُمْ وَقَيْلهمْ ; لِأَنَّهُمْ لَمْ يَكُونُوا قَادِرِينَ عَلَى إحْضَار بُرْهَان عَلَى دَعْوَاهُمْ تِلْكَ أَبَدًا . وَقَدْ أَبَانَ قَوْله : { بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهه لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِن } عَلَى أَنَّ الَّذِي ذَكَرْنَا مِنْ الْكَلَام بِمَعْنَى التَّكْذِيب لِلْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى فِي دَعْوَاهُمْ مَا ذَكَرَ اللَّه عَنْهُمْ . وَأَمَّا تَأْوِيل قَوْله : { قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } فَإِنَّهُ : أَحْضَرُوا وَأَتَوْا بِهِ .
قوله: {وقالوا لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هوداً} أي يهودياً، قال الفراء: "حذف الياء الزائدة ورجع إلى الفعل من اليهودية"، وقال الأخفش : "الهود: جمع هائد، مثل عائد وعود، وحائل وحول".{أو نصارى} وذلك أن اليهود قالوا: لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان يهودياً ولا دين إلا دين اليهودية، وقالت النصارى لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان نصرانياً ولا دين إلا دين النصرانية.وقيل: نزلت في وفد نجران وكانوا نصارى اجتمعوا في مجلس رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم مع اليهود فكذب بعضهم.قال الله تعالى: {تلك أمانيهم} أي شهواتهم الباطلة التي تمنوها على الله بغير الحق.{قل} يامحمد.{هاتوا} أصله آتوا.{برهانكم} حجتكم على ما زعمتم.{إن كنتم صادقين}.
عطف على { ود كثير } [ البقرة : 109 ] وما بينهما من قوله : { فاعفوا واصفحوا } [ البقرة : 109 ] الآية اعتراض كما تقدم .والضمير لأهل الكتاب كلهم من اليهود والنصارى بقرينة قوله بعده : { إلا من كان هوداً أو نصارى } . ومقول القول مختلف باختلاف القائل فاليهود قالت لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هوداً ، والنصارى قالت لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان نصارى ، جمع القرآن بين قوليهما على طريقة الإيجاز بجمع ما اشتركا فيه وهو نفي دخول الجنة عن المستثنى منه المحذوف لأجل تفريع الاستثناء ، ثم جاء بعده تفريق ما اختص به كل فريق وهو قوله : { هوداً أو نصارى } فكلمة ( أو ) من كلام الحاكي في حكايته وليست من الكلام المحكي فأوْهنا لتقسيم القولين ليرجع السامع كل قول إلى قائله ، والقرينة على أن ( أو ) ليست من مقولهم المحكي أنه لو كان من مقولهم لاقتضى أن كلا الفريقين لا ثقة له بالنجاة وأنه يعتقد إمكان نجاة مخالفه والمعلوم من حال أهل كل دين خلاف ذلك فإن كلاً من اليهود والنصارى لا يشك في نجاة نفسه ولا يشك في ضلال مخالفه وهي أيضاً قرينة على تعيين كل من خبري { كان } لبقية الجملة المشتركة التي قالها كل فريق بإرجاع هوداً إلى مقول اليهود وإرجاع نصارى إلى مقول النصارى . فأو ههنا للتوزيع وهوضرب من التقسيم الذي هو من فروع كونها لأحد الشيئين وذلك أنه إيجاز مركب من إيجاز الحذف لحذف المستثنى منه ولجمع القولين في فعل واحد وهو { قالوا } ومن إيجاز القصر لأن هذا الحذف لما لم يعتمد فيه على مجرد القرينة المحوجة لتقدير وإنما دل على المحذوف من القولين بجلب حرف أو كانت ( أو ) تعبيراً عن المحذوف بأقل عبارة فينبغي أن يعد قسماً ثالثاً من أقسام الإيجاز وهو إيجاز حذف وقصر معاً .وقد جعل القزويني في «تلخيص المفتاح» هاته الآية من قبيل اللف والنشر الإجمالي أخذاً من كلام «الكشاف» لقول صاحب «الكشاف» «فلف بين القولين ثقة بأن السامع يرد إلى كل فريق قوله وأمنا من الإلباس لما علم من التعادي بين الفريقين» فقوله : فلف بين القولين أراد به اللف الذي هو لقب للمحسن البديعي المسمى اللف والنشر ولذلك تطلبوا لهذا اللف نشراً وتصويراً للف في الآية من قوله { قالوا } : مع ما بينه وهو لف إجمالي يبينه نشره الآتي بعده ولذلك لقبوه اللف الإجمالي . ثم وقع نشر هذا اللف بقوله : { إلا من كان هوداً أو نصارى } فعلم من حرف ( أو ) توزيع النشر إلى ما يليق بكل فريق من الفريقين . وقال التفتزاني في { شرح المفتاح } جرى الاستعمال في النفي الإجمالي أن يذكر نشره بكلمة ( أو ) .والهود جمع هائد أي متبع اليهودية وقد تقدم عند قوله تعالى :{ إن الذين آمنوا والذين هادوا } [ البقرة : 62 ] الآية وجمع فاعل على فُعل غير كثير وهو سماعي منه قولهم عوذ جمع عائذ وهي الحديثة النتاج من الظباء والخيل والإبل ومنه أيضاً عائط وعوط للمرأة التي بقيت سنين لم تلد ، وحائل وحول ، وبازل وبزل ، وفاره وفُره ، وإنما جاء هوداً جمعاً مع أنه خبر عن ضميره ( كان ) وهو مفرد لأن ( من ) مفرداً لفظاً ومراد به الجماعة فجرى ضميره على مراعاة لفظه وجرى خبراً وضميراً على مراعاة المعنى .والإشارة ب { تلك } إلى القولة الصادرة منهم { لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هوداً أو نصارى } كما هوالظاهر فالإخبار عنها بصيغة الجمع إما لأنها لما كانت أمنية كل واحد منهم صارت إلى أماني كثيرة وإما إرادة أن كل أمانيهم كهذه ومعتادهم فيها فيكون من التشبيه البليغ .والأماني تقدمت في قوله : { لا يعلمون الكتاب إلا أماني } [ البقرة : 78 ] وجملة { تلك أمانيهم } معترضة .وقوله : { قل هاتوا برهانكم } أمر بأن يجابوا بهذا ولذلك فصله لأنه في سياق المحاورة كما تقدم عند قوله : { قالوا أتجعل فيها } [ البقرة : 30 ] الآية وأتى بإن المفيدة للشك في صدقهم مع القطع بعدم الصدق لاستدراجهم حتى يعلموا أنهم غير صادقين حين يعجزون عن البرهان لأن كل اعتقاد لا يقيم معتقده دليل اعتقاده فهو اعتقاد كاذب لأنه لو كان له دليل لاستطاع التعبير عنه ومن باب أولى لا يكون صادقاً عند من يريد أن يروج عليه اعتقاده .
أي: قال اليهود: لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هودا، وقالت النصارى: لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان نصارى، فحكموا لأنفسهم بالجنة وحدهم, وهذا مجرد أماني غير مقبولة, إلا بحجة وبرهان, فأتوا بها إن كنتم صادقين، وهكذا كل من ادعى دعوى, لا بد أن يقيم البرهان على صحة دعواه، وإلا, فلو قلبت عليه دعواه, وادعى مدع عكس ما ادعى بلا برهان لكان لا فرق بينهما، فالبرهان هو الذي يصدق الدعاوى أو يكذبها، ولما لم يكن بأيديهم برهان, علم كذبهم بتلك الدعوى.
قوله تعالى : وقالوا لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هودا أو نصارى تلك أمانيهم قل هاتوا برهانكم إن كنتم صادقينقوله تعالى : وقالوا لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هودا أو نصارى المعنى : وقالت اليهود لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان يهوديا . وقالت النصارى لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان نصرانيا . وأجاز الفراء أن يكون هودا بمعنى يهوديا ، حذف منه الزائد ، وأن يكون جمع هائد . وقال الأخفش سعيد : إلا من كان جعل كان واحدا على لفظ من ، ثم قال هودا فجمع ; لأن معنى من جمع . ويجوز تلك أمانيهم وتقدم الكلام في هذا ، والحمد لله .قوله تعالى : قل هاتوا برهانكم أصل هاتوا هاتيوا ، حذفت الضمة لثقلها ثم حذفت الياء لالتقاء الساكنين ، يقال في الواحد المذكر : هات ، مثل رام ، وفي المؤنث : هاتي ، مثل رامي . والبرهان : الدليل الذي يوقع اليقين ، وجمعه براهين ، مثل قربان وقرابين ، وسلطان وسلاطين . قال الطبري : طلب الدليل هنا يقضي إثبات النظر ويرد على من ينفيه . إن كنتم صادقين يعني في إيمانكم أو في قولكم تدخلون الجنة ، أي بينوا ما قلتم ببرهان ،
Once the Jews had set their minds against the message of Islam as being worthless, they became alarmed by the heartfelt acclaim with which many were receiving it. They considered themselves the only ones qualified to pass decrees on truth and falsehood: how could others be allowed to believe in what they themselves had chosen to disbelieve? The first step that they took was to incite the polytheists to rise up against the Muslims. Secondly, they tried to mislead Muslim converts about their new religion, putting doubts into their minds in the hope that they would revert to the religion of their forefathers. It was only natural that this should provoke the Muslims, but God told them that this was not the time for violent reaction. Muslims should always be patient, since patience prevents one from taking negative retaliatory measures in the heat of the moment. They should be steadfast in prayers, for prayer brings one closer to God. They should never fail in the payment of the prescribed alms (zakat), for a society in which the rich are willing to share with the poor will be based on compassion; there will be a real sense of togetherness among its members. The Jews used to tell new Muslim converts that if they had to forsake their ancestral religion, they should become Jews or Christians. Being the descendants of saints and prophets throughout history, they were the ones who would go to heaven. But the Quran tells us that one does not merit entry into heaven by dint of belonging to a certain community. Everyone will be judged according to his own actions. National status is of no significance in the sight of God. To be sincere in one’s faith is to become so devoted to God that everything else assumes secondary importance. Prejudices, personal loyalties, material or worldly interests should not come in the way of responding to the call of truth.
The Jews and the Christians were hostile not only to the Muslims, but also to each other. They had forgotten the essence of religion --that is, adherence to the true and authentic doctrines, and performance of good deeds as laid down by the Shari'ah -- and had identified it with a mere affiliation to a racial or social community. Each of the two groups claimed that it had the exclusive right to go to the Paradise, without having any argument to substantiate the claim. The Jews read the Torah, while the Christians read the Evangel, and they could have easily seen that the two Books confirm each other. Each party used to assert, in its malice, that the religion of the other was baseless. This gave an excuse to the mushrikin (associators) who, in spite of their ignorance, began to say the same of both the religions.
The Holy Qur'an dismisses these pretensions as mere fancy and self-delusion. It declares that other people too will go to Paradise who have, in their time, been following the Shari'ah of their own prophet, and who, now that the Holy Qur'an also has abrogated all the earlier Divine Books, follow the Islamic Shari'ah. Verse 112 lays down the general principle in this respect, which is accepted by the followers of all the Divine Books. The essence of religion, whether it be Islam or Christianity or Judaism, lies in two things. (1) One should obey Allah in one's belief as well as in one's actions. (2) This obedience should not arise from expediency, but one should surrender oneself to divine commandments in all sincerity. Moreover, it is not enough to be worthy of Paradise merely to have a sincere intention to obey Allah, and then to invent, according to one's own fancy, the modes and forms of obedience, for it is absolutely essential that the forms of worship and the modes of obedience should be no other than those which Allah Himself has appointed through the agency of His prophets -- it goes without saying that since the revelation of the Holy Qur'an this can only mean accepting and following the Islamic Shari'ah. We may add that in connection with the first of these two principles, the Holy Qur'an employs the Arabic word اَسلمَ : Aslama which signifies total submission to Allah, and in connection with the second word Muhsin محسن ، which signifies "one who performs good deeds" according to the Shari'ah.
The differences between the Jews and the Christians
In so far as these verses deal with the claims of the Jews and the Christians, the point of the argument is this:- Having laid down the two principles the acceptance of which makes one worthy of Paradise, the Holy Qur'an suggests that they should now try to find out who is really acting upon them. Obviously, one who keeps following an injunction even after it has been abrogated cannot be described as obedient, and hence the Jews and the Christians no longer deserve this title. After the abrogation of an injunction, obedience consists in acting upon the new injunction which has replaced the earlier one. This condition is now being fulfilled only by the Muslims who have accepted the latest and the last Prophet ؓ and his Shari'ah. Hence, they alone shall now be considered worthy of Paradise. The condition of one's being sincere in one's obedience excludes the hypocrites too, for the Sha-ri` ah counts them among the infidels, and thus assigns them to Hell.
Verse 112 also announces the reward of those who act upon these principles -- on the Day of Judgment, they shall have nothing to fear, nor shall they grieve, as angels will give them good tidings. As for the debates among the Jews, the Christians and the associators, Verse 113 declares that Allah will Himself decide the question finally on the Day of Judgment. In fact, the question has already been settled on the basis of what Allah has revealed in His Books as well as on the basis of rational argument; the final decision on the Day of Judgment will be of the visible kind -- those who follow the Truth will be sent to Paradise, while those who go after falsehood will be cast down in Hell.
These verses provide a warning to the Muslims as well, lest they too should delude themselves like the Jews and the Christians, and suppose that merely because they belong to the social community of Muslims and can, as such, claim to be Muslims, whereby they can dispense with the need to obey Allah and to follow the Shari` ah, and yet receive the rewards Allah has promised to give to true Muslims. Even Muslims have no right to hope for these rewards until and unless they submit themselves totally, in thought and deed both, to the commandments of Allah and His Prophet ﷺ .
(And they say) i.e. the Jews: (None entereth Paradise unless he be a Jew) unless he dies as a Jew, allegedly (or a Christian) as the Christians also claimed. (These are their own desires) what they wish from Allah even though it is not in their Books. (Say) O Muhammad, to both parties: (Bring your proofs) from your own respective Books (if ye are truthful) in your claim.
And they say ‘None shall enter Paradise except those who are Jews hūd is the plural of hā’id or Christians’ this is what the Jews of Medina and the Christians of Najrān said when they disputed with the Prophet s each party separately claiming Paradise for its members exclusively. Such sayings are their desires their false passions. Say to them ‘Produce your proof your evidence for this if you speak truly’ in this matter.
The Hopes of the People of the Book
Allah made the confusion of the Jews and the Christians clear, since they claim that no one will enter Paradise, unless he is a Jew or a Christian. Similarly, Allah mentioned their claims in Surat Al-Ma'idah:
نَحْنُ أَبْنَاءُ اللَّهِ وَأَحِبَّاؤُهُ
(We are the children of Allah and His loved ones) (5:18).
Allah refuted this false claim and informed them that they will be punished because of their sins. Previously we mentioned their claim that the Fire would not touch them for more than a few days, after which they would be put in Paradise. Allah rebuked this claim, and He said about this baseless claim, m
تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْ
(These are their own desires). Abu Al-`Aliyah commented, "These are wishes that they wished Allah would answer, without basis." Similar was stated by Qatadah and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. Allah then said,
قُلْ
(Say) meaning, "Say O Muhammad:"
هَاتُواْ بُرْهَـنَكُمْ
("Produce your Burhan...") meaning, "Your proof", as Abu Al-`Aliyah, Mujahid, As-Suddi and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas stated. Qatadah said that the Ayah means, "Bring the evidence that supports your statement,
إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(if you are truthful) in your claim. "
Allah then said,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(Yes! But whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah (i.e. follows Allah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin) meaning, "Whoever performs deeds in sincerity, for Allah alone without partners." In a similar statement, Allah said,
فَإنْ حَآجُّوكَ فَقُلْ أَسْلَمْتُ وَجْهِىَ للَّهِ وَمَنِ اتَّبَعَنِ
(So if they dispute with you (Muhammad ) say: "I have submitted myself to Allah (in Islam), and (so have) those who follow me.") (3:20)
Abu Al-`Aliyah and Ar-Rabi` said that,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ
(Yes! But whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah) means, "Whoever is sincere with Allah."
Also, Sa`id bin Jubayr said that,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ
(Yes! But whoever submits) means, he is sincere,
وَجْهَهُ
(his face (himself)) meaning, in his religion.
وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(and he is a Muhsin) following the Messenger . For there are two conditions for deeds to be accepted; the deed must be performed for Allah's sake alone and conform to the Shari`ah. When the deed is sincere, but does not conform to the Shari`ah, then it will not be accepted. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَنْ عَمِلَ عَمَلًا لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ أَمْرُنَا فَهُوَ رَد»
(Whoever performs a deed that does not conform with our matter (religion), then it will be rejected.)
This Hadith was recorded by Muslim. Therefore, the good deeds of the priests and rabbis will not be accepted, even if they are sincerely for Allah alone, because these deeds do not conform with the method of the Messenger , who was sent for all mankind. Allah said regarding such cases,
وَقَدِمْنَآ إِلَى مَا عَمِلُواْ مِنْ عَمَلٍ فَجَعَلْنَاهُ هَبَآءً مَّنثُوراً
(And We shall turn to whatever deeds they (disbelievers, polytheists, sinners) did, and We shall make such deeds as scattered floating particles of dust.) (25:23)
وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ أَعْمَـلُهُمْ كَسَرَابٍ بِقِيعَةٍ يَحْسَبُهُ الظَّمْآنُ مَآءً حَتَّى إِذَا جَآءَهُ لَمْ يَجِدْهُ شَيْئاً
(As for those who disbelieved, their deeds are like a mirage in a desert. The thirsty one thinks it to be water, until he comes up to it, he finds it to be nothing.) (24:39) and,
وُجُوهٌ يَوْمَئِذٍ خَـشِعَةٌ - عَامِلَةٌ نَّاصِبَةٌ - تَصْلَى نَاراً حَامِيَةً - تُسْقَى مِنْ عَيْنٍ ءَانِيَةٍ
(Some faces, that Day will be humiliated. Laboring, weary. They will enter in the hot blazing Fire. They will be given to drink from a boiling spring) (88:2-5).
When the deed conforms to the Shari`ah outwardly, but the person did not perform it sincerely for Allah alone, the deed will also be rejected, as in the case of the hypocrites and those who do their deeds to show off. Similarly, Allah said,
إِنَّ الْمُنَـفِقِينَ يُخَـدِعُونَ اللَّهَ وَهُوَ خَادِعُهُمْ وَإِذَا قَامُواْ إِلَى الصَّلَوةِ قَامُواْ كُسَالَى يُرَآءُونَ النَّاسَ وَلاَ يَذْكُرُونَ اللَّهَ إِلاَّ قَلِيلاً
(Verily, the hypocrites seek to deceive Allah, but it is He Who deceives them. And when they stand up for As-Salah (the prayer), they stand with laziness to be seen by people, and they do not remember Allah but little.) (4:142) and,
فَوَيْلٌ لِّلْمُصَلِّينَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ عَن صَلَـتِهِمْ سَاهُونَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ يُرَآءُونَ - وَيَمْنَعُونَ الْمَاعُونَ
(So woe unto those performers of Salah (prayers) (hypocrites). Those who delay their Salah (from their stated fixed times). Those who do good deeds only to be seen (of men). And withhold Al-Ma`un (small kindnesses)) (107:4-7).
This is why Allah said,
فَمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو لِقَآءَ رَبِّهِ فَلْيَعْمَلْ عَمَلاً صَـلِحاً وَلاَ يُشْرِكْ بِعِبَادَةِ رَبِّهِ أَحَدَا
(So whoever hopes for the meeting with his Lord, let him work righteousness and associate none as a partner in the worship of his Lord) (18: 110).
He also said in this Ayah,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(Yes, but whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah (follows Allah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin).
Allah's statement,
فَلَهُمْ أَجْرُهُمْ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ وَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(Shall have their reward with their Lord, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve) guaranteed them the rewards and safety from what they fear and should avoid.
فَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
(There shall be no fear on them) in the future,
وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(nor shall they grieve) about what they abandoned in the past. Moreover, Sa`id bin Jubayr said,
فَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
"(There shall be no fear on them) in the Hereafter, and
وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(nor shall they grieve) about their imminent death."
The Jews and Christians dispute among Themselves out of Disbelief and Stubbornness
Allah said,
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَـرَى عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَـرَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ
(The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); and the Christians said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); though they both recite the Scripture.)
Allah explained the disputes, hatred and stubbornness that the People of the Book have towards each other. Muhammad bin Ishaq reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "When a delegation of Christians from Najran came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ , the Jewish rabbis came and began arguing with them before the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Rafi` bin Huraymilah said, `You do not follow anything,' and he reiterated his disbelief in Jesus and the Injil. Then a Christian man from Najran's delegation said to the Jews, `Rather, you do not follow anything,' and he reiterated his rejection of Musa's prophethood and his disbelief in the Torah. So Allah revealed the Ayah,
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَـرَى عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَـرَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ
(The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); and the Christians said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); though they both recite the Scripture. )"
Allah made it clear that each party read the affirmation of what they claimed to reject in their Book. Consequently, the Jews disbelieve in Jesus, even though they have the Torah in which Allah took their Covenant by the tongue of Moses to believe in Jesus. Also, the Gospel contains Jesus' assertion that Moses' prophethood and the Torah came from Allah. Yet, each party disbelieved in what the other party had.
Allah said,
كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ مِثْلَ قَوْلِهِمْ
(Like unto their word, said those who know not) thus exposing the ignorance displayed by the Jews and the Christians concerning their statements that we mentioned. There is a difference of opinion regarding the meaning of Allah's statement,
الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(who know not)
For instance, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Qatadah said that,
كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(Like unto their word, said those said those who know not) means, "The Christians said similar statements to the Jews." Ibn Jurayj asked `Ata' "Who are those `who know not"' `Ata' said, "Nations that existed before the Jews and the Christians and before the Torah and the Gospel." Also, As-Suddi said that,
قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(said those who know not) is in reference to the Arabs who said that Muhammad was not following anything (i. e. did not follow a true or existing religion). Abu Ja`far bin Jarir chose the view that this Ayah is general and that there is no evidence that specifically supports any of these explanations. So interpreting the Ayah in a general way is better. Allah knows best.
Allah said,
فَاللَّهُ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَـمَةِ فِيمَا كَانُواْ فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ
(Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection about that wherein they have been differing.) meaning, that Allah will gather them all on the Day of Return. On that Day, Allah will justly judge between them, for He is never unjust with anyone, even as little as the weight of an atom. This Ayah is similar to Allah's statement in Surat Al-Hajj (22:17),
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَالَّذِينَ هَادُواْ وَالصَّـبِئِينَ وَالنَّصَـرَى وَالْمَجُوسَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُواْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَفْصِلُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيـمَةِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَىْءٍ شَهِيدٌ
(Verily, those who believe (in Allah and in His Messenger Muhammad ), and those who are Jews, and the Sabians, and the Christians, and the Majus, and those who associate partners with Allah; truly, Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection. Verily, Allah is over all things a Witness).
Allah said,
قُلْ يَجْمَعُ بَيْنَنَا رَبُّنَا ثُمَّ يَفْتَحُ بَيْنَنَا بِالْحَقِّ وَهُوَ الْفَتَّاحُ الْعَلِيمُ
(Say: "Our Lord will assemble us all together (on the Day of Resurrection), then He will judge between us with truth. And He is the Just Judge, the Knower of the true state of affairs.") (34:26).
And they say, 'None shall enter the Garden except those who are Jews or Christians', that is to say, the Jews said that none shall enter the Garden promised to them in the covenant, that is, the exoteric Garden and the world of the kingdom, which is the Garden of the acts and the Garden of the soul, except those who were Jews; while the Christians said that none shall enter the Garden promised to them in [their] covenant, that is, the esoteric Garden and the world of the angelic realm, which is the Garden of the attributes and the Garden of the heart except those who were Christians, which is why Jesus, peace be upon him, said, when calling them to their Garden: 'Whoever is not born again and his call is not directed towards the heaven, that is, the spiritual heaven, shall not probe the angelic realm of the heavens'. Such are their desires, that is, the utmost extent of their demands, at the limits of which they stopped, veiling themselves therewith from what is above them. Say, 'Produce your proof, that is, the evidence that demonstrates all except you are denied entry into your Garden, if you speak truth', concerning what you claim, nay, all evidence points to the contrary of what you claim.
And they say, 'None shall enter the Garden except those who are Jews or Christians', that is to say, the Jews said that none shall enter the Garden promised to them in the covenant, that is, the exoteric Garden and the world of the kingdom, which is the Garden of the acts and the Garden of the soul, except those who were Jews; while the Christians said that none shall enter the Garden promised to them in [their] covenant, that is, the esoteric Garden and the world of the angelic realm, which is the Garden of the attributes and the Garden of the heart except those who were Christians, which is why Jesus, peace be upon him, said, when calling them to their Garden: 'Whoever is not born again and his call is not directed towards the heaven, that is, the spiritual heaven, shall not probe the angelic realm of the heavens'. Such are their desires, that is, the utmost extent of their demands, at the limits of which they stopped, veiling themselves therewith from what is above them. Say, 'Produce your proof, that is, the evidence that demonstrates all except you are denied entry into your Garden, if you speak truth', concerning what you claim, nay, all evidence points to the contrary of what you claim.
وَقَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُلَ الْجَنَّةَ إِلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَىالْقَوْل فِي تَأْوِيل قَوْله تَعَالَى : { وَقَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } يَعْنِي جَلّ ثَنَاؤُهُ بِقَوْلِهِ : { وَقَالُوا } وَقَالَتْ الْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى : { لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة } . فَإِنْ قَالَ قَائِل : وَكَيْف جَمَعَ الْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى فِي هَذَا الْخَبَر مَعَ اخْتِلَاف مَقَالَة الْفَرِيقَيْنِ , وَالْيَهُود تَدْفَع النَّصَارَى عَنْ أَنْ يَكُون لَهَا فِي ثَوَاب اللَّه نَصِيب , وَالنَّصَارَى تَدْفَع الْيَهُود عَنْ مِثْل ذَلِكَ ؟ قِيلَ : إنَّ مَعْنَى ذَلِكَ بِخِلَافِ الَّذِي ذَهَبَتْ إلَيْهِ , وَإِنَّمَا عَنَى بِهِ : وَقَالَتْ الْيَهُود : لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا , وَقَالَتْ النَّصَارَى : لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا النَّصَارَى . وَلَكِنَّ مَعْنَى الْكَلَام لَمَّا كَانَ مَفْهُومًا عِنْد الْمُخَاطَبِينَ بِهِ مَعْنَاهُ جُمِعَ الْفَرِيقَانِ فِي الْخَبَر عَنْهُمَا , فَقِيلَ : { قَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } الْآيَة , أَيْ قَالَتْ الْيَهُود : لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ يَهُودِيًّا , وَقَالَتْ النَّصَارَى : لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ نَصْرَانِيًّا . وَأَمَّا قَوْله : { مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا } فَإِنَّ فِي الْهُود قَوْلَيْنِ : أَحَدهمَا أَنْ يَكُون جَمْع هَائِد , كَمَا جَاءَ عُوط جَمْع عَائِط , وَعُوذ جَمَعَ عَائِذ , وَحُول جَمْع حَائِل , فَيَكُون جَمْعًا لِلْمُذَكَّرِ وَالْمُؤَنَّث بِلَفْظِ وَاحِد ; وَالْهَائِد : التَّائِب الرَّاجِع إلَى الْحَقّ . وَالْآخَر أَنْ يَكُون مَصْدَرًا عَنْ الْجَمِيع , كَمَا يُقَال : " رَجُل صَوْم وَقَوْم صَوْم " , و " رَجُل فِطْر وَقَوْم فِطْر وَنِسْوَة فِطْر " . وَقَدْ قِيلَ : إنَّ قَوْله : { إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا } إنَّمَا هُوَ قَوْله : إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ يَهُودًا ; وَلَكِنَّهُ حَذَفَ الْيَاء الزَّائِدَة , وَرَجَعَ إلَى الْفِعْل مِنْ الْيَهُودِيَّة . وَقِيلَ : إنَّهُ فِي قِرَاءَة أُبَيٍّ : " إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ يَهُودِيًّا أَوْ نَصْرَانِيًّا " . وَقَدْ بَيَّنَّا فِيمَا مَضَى مَعْنَى النَّصَارَى وَلِمَ سُمِّيَتْ بِذَلِكَ وَجُمِعَتْ كَذَلِكَ بِمَا أَغْنَى عَنْ إعَادَته .تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْوَأَمَّا قَوْله : { تِلْكَ أَمَانِيّهمْ } فَإِنَّهُ خَبَر مِنْ اللَّه تَعَالَى ذِكْره عَنْ قَوْل الَّذِينَ قَالُوا : { لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } أَنَّهُ أَمَانِيّ مِنْهُمْ يَتَمَنَّوْنَهَا عَلَى اللَّه بِغَيْرِ حَقّ وَلَا حُجَّة وَلَا بُرْهَان وَلَا يَقِين عِلْم بِصِحَّةِ مَا يَدَّعُونَ , وَلَكِنْ بِادِّعَاءِ الْأَبَاطِيل وَأَمَانِيّ النَّفُوس الْكَاذِبَة . كَمَا : 1492 - حَدَّثَنَا بِشْر بْن مُعَاذ , قَالَ : ثنا يَزِيد بْن زُرَيْعٍ , قَالَ : ثنا سَعِيد , عَنْ قَتَادَة : { تِلْكَ أَمَانِيّهمْ } أَمَانِيّ يَتَمَنَّوْنَهَا عَلَى اللَّه كَاذِبَة . 1493 - حَدَّثَنِي الْمُثَنَّى , قَالَ : ثنا إسْحَاق , قَالَ : ثنا ابْن أَبِي جَعْفَر , عَنْ أَبِيهِ , عَنْ الرَّبِيع : { تِلْكَ أَمَانِيّهمْ } قَالَ : أَمَانِيّ تَمَنَّوْا عَلَى اللَّه بِغَيْرِ الْحَقّ .قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَالْقَوْل فِي تَأْوِيل قَوْله تَعَالَى : { قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ إنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ } . وَهَذَا أَمْر مِنْ اللَّه جَلّ ثَنَاؤُهُ لِنَبِيِّهِ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِدُعَاءِ الَّذِينَ { قَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } إلَى أَمْر عَدْل بَيْن جَمِيع الْفِرَق مُسْلِمهَا وَيَهُودِهَا وَنَصَارَاهَا , وَهُوَ إقَامَة الْحُجَّة عَلَى دَعْوَاهُمْ الَّتِي ادَّعَوْا مِنْ أَنَّ الْجَنَّة لَا يَدْخُلهَا إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى . يَقُول اللَّه لِنَبِيِّهِ مُحَمَّد صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : يَا مُحَمَّد قُلْ لِلزَّاعِمِينَ أَنَّ الْجَنَّة لَا يَدْخُلهَا إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى دُون غَيْرهمْ مِنْ سَائِر الْبَشَر : هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ عَلَى مَا تَزْعُمُونَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ فَنُسَلِّم لَكُمْ دَعْوَاكُمْ إنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي دَعْوَاكُمْ مِنْ أَنَّ الْجَنَّة لَا يَدْخُلهَا إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى مُحِقِّينَ . وَالْبُرْهَان : هُوَ الْبَيَان وَالْحُجَّة وَالْبَيِّنَة . كَمَا : 1494 - حَدَّثَنَا بِشْر بْن مُعَاذ , قَالَ : ثنا يَزِيد بْن زُرَيْعٍ , قَالَ : ثنا سَعِيد , عَنْ قَتَادَة : { هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } هَاتُوا بَيِّنَتكُمْ . 1495 - حَدَّثَنِي مُوسَى , قَالَ : ثنا عَمْرو , قَالَ : ثنا أَسْبَاط , عَنْ السُّدِّيّ : { هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } هَاتُوا حُجَّتكُمْ . 1496 - حَدَّثَنَا الْقَاسِم , قَالَ : ثنا الْحُسَيْن , قَالَ : ثنا حَجَّاج , عَنْ ابْن جُرَيْجٍ , عَنْ مُجَاهِد : { قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } قَالَ : حُجَّتكُمْ . 1497 - حَدَّثَنِي الْمُثَنَّى , قَالَ : ثنا إسْحَاق , قَالَ : ثنا ابْن أَبِي جَعْفَر , عَنْ أَبِيهِ , عَنْ الرَّبِيع : { قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } أَيْ حُجَّتكُمْ . وَهَذَا الْكَلَام وَإِنْ كَانَ ظَاهِره ظَاهِر دُعَاء الْقَائِلِينَ : { لَنْ يَدْخُل الْجَنَّة إلَّا مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى } إلَى إحْضَار حُجَّة عَلَى دَعْوَاهُمْ مَا ادَّعَوْا مِنْ ذَلِكَ , فَإِنَّهُ بِمَعْنَى تَكْذِيب مِنْ اللَّه لَهُمْ فِي دَعْوَاهُمْ وَقَيْلهمْ ; لِأَنَّهُمْ لَمْ يَكُونُوا قَادِرِينَ عَلَى إحْضَار بُرْهَان عَلَى دَعْوَاهُمْ تِلْكَ أَبَدًا . وَقَدْ أَبَانَ قَوْله : { بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهه لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِن } عَلَى أَنَّ الَّذِي ذَكَرْنَا مِنْ الْكَلَام بِمَعْنَى التَّكْذِيب لِلْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى فِي دَعْوَاهُمْ مَا ذَكَرَ اللَّه عَنْهُمْ . وَأَمَّا تَأْوِيل قَوْله : { قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانكُمْ } فَإِنَّهُ : أَحْضَرُوا وَأَتَوْا بِهِ .
Once the Jews had set their minds against the message of Islam as being worthless, they became alarmed by the heartfelt acclaim with which many were receiving it. They considered themselves the only ones qualified to pass decrees on truth and falsehood: how could others be allowed to believe in what they themselves had chosen to disbelieve? The first step that they took was to incite the polytheists to rise up against the Muslims. Secondly, they tried to mislead Muslim converts about their new religion, putting doubts into their minds in the hope that they would revert to the religion of their forefathers. It was only natural that this should provoke the Muslims, but God told them that this was not the time for violent reaction. Muslims should always be patient, since patience prevents one from taking negative retaliatory measures in the heat of the moment. They should be steadfast in prayers, for prayer brings one closer to God. They should never fail in the payment of the prescribed alms (zakat), for a society in which the rich are willing to share with the poor will be based on compassion; there will be a real sense of togetherness among its members. The Jews used to tell new Muslim converts that if they had to forsake their ancestral religion, they should become Jews or Christians. Being the descendants of saints and prophets throughout history, they were the ones who would go to heaven. But the Quran tells us that one does not merit entry into heaven by dint of belonging to a certain community. Everyone will be judged according to his own actions. National status is of no significance in the sight of God. To be sincere in one’s faith is to become so devoted to God that everything else assumes secondary importance. Prejudices, personal loyalties, material or worldly interests should not come in the way of responding to the call of truth.
The Jews and the Christians were hostile not only to the Muslims, but also to each other. They had forgotten the essence of religion --that is, adherence to the true and authentic doctrines, and performance of good deeds as laid down by the Shari'ah -- and had identified it with a mere affiliation to a racial or social community. Each of the two groups claimed that it had the exclusive right to go to the Paradise, without having any argument to substantiate the claim. The Jews read the Torah, while the Christians read the Evangel, and they could have easily seen that the two Books confirm each other. Each party used to assert, in its malice, that the religion of the other was baseless. This gave an excuse to the mushrikin (associators) who, in spite of their ignorance, began to say the same of both the religions.
The Holy Qur'an dismisses these pretensions as mere fancy and self-delusion. It declares that other people too will go to Paradise who have, in their time, been following the Shari'ah of their own prophet, and who, now that the Holy Qur'an also has abrogated all the earlier Divine Books, follow the Islamic Shari'ah. Verse 112 lays down the general principle in this respect, which is accepted by the followers of all the Divine Books. The essence of religion, whether it be Islam or Christianity or Judaism, lies in two things. (1) One should obey Allah in one's belief as well as in one's actions. (2) This obedience should not arise from expediency, but one should surrender oneself to divine commandments in all sincerity. Moreover, it is not enough to be worthy of Paradise merely to have a sincere intention to obey Allah, and then to invent, according to one's own fancy, the modes and forms of obedience, for it is absolutely essential that the forms of worship and the modes of obedience should be no other than those which Allah Himself has appointed through the agency of His prophets -- it goes without saying that since the revelation of the Holy Qur'an this can only mean accepting and following the Islamic Shari'ah. We may add that in connection with the first of these two principles, the Holy Qur'an employs the Arabic word اَسلمَ : Aslama which signifies total submission to Allah, and in connection with the second word Muhsin محسن ، which signifies "one who performs good deeds" according to the Shari'ah.
The differences between the Jews and the Christians
In so far as these verses deal with the claims of the Jews and the Christians, the point of the argument is this:- Having laid down the two principles the acceptance of which makes one worthy of Paradise, the Holy Qur'an suggests that they should now try to find out who is really acting upon them. Obviously, one who keeps following an injunction even after it has been abrogated cannot be described as obedient, and hence the Jews and the Christians no longer deserve this title. After the abrogation of an injunction, obedience consists in acting upon the new injunction which has replaced the earlier one. This condition is now being fulfilled only by the Muslims who have accepted the latest and the last Prophet ؓ and his Shari'ah. Hence, they alone shall now be considered worthy of Paradise. The condition of one's being sincere in one's obedience excludes the hypocrites too, for the Sha-ri` ah counts them among the infidels, and thus assigns them to Hell.
Verse 112 also announces the reward of those who act upon these principles -- on the Day of Judgment, they shall have nothing to fear, nor shall they grieve, as angels will give them good tidings. As for the debates among the Jews, the Christians and the associators, Verse 113 declares that Allah will Himself decide the question finally on the Day of Judgment. In fact, the question has already been settled on the basis of what Allah has revealed in His Books as well as on the basis of rational argument; the final decision on the Day of Judgment will be of the visible kind -- those who follow the Truth will be sent to Paradise, while those who go after falsehood will be cast down in Hell.
These verses provide a warning to the Muslims as well, lest they too should delude themselves like the Jews and the Christians, and suppose that merely because they belong to the social community of Muslims and can, as such, claim to be Muslims, whereby they can dispense with the need to obey Allah and to follow the Shari` ah, and yet receive the rewards Allah has promised to give to true Muslims. Even Muslims have no right to hope for these rewards until and unless they submit themselves totally, in thought and deed both, to the commandments of Allah and His Prophet ﷺ .