The Story of Habil (Abel) and Qabil (Cain)
Allah describes the evil end and consequence of transgression, envy and injustice in the story of the two sons of Adam, Habil and Qabil. One of them fought against the other and killed him out of envy and transgression, because of the bounty that Allah gave his brother and because the sacrifice that he sincerely offered to Allah was accepted. The murdered brother earned forgiveness for his sins and was admitted into Paradise, while the murderer failed and earned a losing deal in both the lives. Allah said,
وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَىْ ءْادَمَ بِالْحَقِّ
(And recite to them the story of the two sons of Adam in truth;) meaning, tell these envious, unjust people, the brothers of swine and apes from the Jews and their likes among mankind, the story of the two sons of Adam, Habil and Qabil, as many scholars among the Salaf and later generations said. Allah's statement,
بِالْحَقِّ
(in truth;) means, clearly and without ambiguity, alteration, confusion, change, addition or deletion. Allah said in other Ayat,
إِنَّ هَـذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ
(Verily, this is the true narrative about the story of `Isa,)
نَحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نبَأَهُم بِالْحَقِّ
(We narrate unto you their story with truth, ) and,
ذلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ
(Such is `Isa, son of Maryam. (It is) a statement of truth.) Several scholars among the Salaf and the later generations said that Allah allowed Adam to marry his daughters to his sons because of the necessity of such action. They also said that in every pregnancy, Adam was given a twin, a male and a female, and he used to give the female of one twin, to the male of the other twin, in marriage. Habil's sister was not beautiful while Qabil's sister was beautiful, resulting in Qabil wanting her for himself, instead of his brother. Adam refused unless they both offer a sacrifice, and he whose sacrifice was accepted, would marry Qabil's sister. Habil's sacrifice was accepted, while Qabil's sacrifice was rejected, and thus what Allah told us about them occurred. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ibn `Abbas said -- that during the time of Adam -- "The woman was not allowed in marriage for her male twin, but Adam was commanded to marry her to any of her other brothers. In each pregnancy, Adam was given a twin, a male and a female. A beautiful daughter was once born for Adam and another one that was not beautiful. So the twin brother of the ugly daughter said, `Marry your sister to me and I will marry my sister to you.' He said, `No, for I have more right to my sister.' So they both offered a sacrifice. The sacrifice of the one who offered the sheep was accepted while the sacrifice of the other the twin brother of the beautiful daughter, which consisted of some produce, was not accepted. So the latter killed his brother." This story has a better than good chain of narration. The statement,
إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
("Verily, Allah accepts only from those who have Taqwa.) who fear Allah in their actions. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "If I become certain that Allah has accepted even one prayer from me, it will be better for me than this life and all that in it. This is because Allah says,
إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
(Verily, Allah accepts only from the those who have Taqwa.) The statement,
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَاْ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لاًّقْتُلَكَ إِنِّى أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
("If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you, for I fear Allah; the Lord of all that exists.") Qabil's brother, the pious man whose sacrifice was accepted because of his piety, said to his brother, who threatened to kill him without justification,
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَاْ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لاًّقْتُلَكَ
(If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you,) I will not commit the same evil act that you threaten to commit, so that I will not earn the same sin as you,
إِنِّى أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
(for I fear Allah; the Lord of the all that exists.) and, as a result, I will not commit the error that you threaten to commit. Rather, I will observe patience and endurance. `Abdullah bin `Amr said, "By Allah! Habil was the stronger of the two men. But, fear of Allah restricted his hand." The Prophet said in a Hadith recorded in the Two Sahihs,
«إِذَا تَوَاجَهَ الْمُسْلِمَانِ بِسَيْفَيهِمَا فَالْقَاتِلُ وَالْمَقْتُولُ فِي النَّار»
(When two Muslims fight (meet) each other with their swords, both the murderer as well as the murdered will go to the Hellfire.) They said, "O Allah's Messenger! It is all right for the murderer, but what about the victim" Allah's Messenger ﷺ replied,
«إِنَّه كَانَ حَرِيصًا عَلى قَتْلِ صَاحِبِه»
(He surely had the intention to kill his comrade.) Imam Ahmad recorded that, at the beginning of the calamity that `Uthman suffered from, Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas said, "I bear witness that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«إِنَّهَا سَتَكُونُ فِتْنَةٌ القَاعِدُ فِيهَا خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْقَائِمِ، وَالْقَائِمُ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْمَاشِي، وَالْمَاشِي خَيْرٌ مِنَ السَّاعِي»
(There will be a Fitnah, and he who sits idle during it is better than he who stands up, and he who stands up in it is better than he who walks, and he who walks is better than he who is walking at a fast pace.) When he was asked, `What if someone enters my home and stretched his hand to kill me' He said,
«كُنْ كَابْنِ آدَم»
(Be just like (the pious) son of Adam.)" At-Tirmidhi also recorded it this way, and said, "This Hadith is Hasan, and similar is reported on this subject from Abu Hurayrah, Khabbab bin Al-Aratt, Abu Bakr, Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Waqid and Abu Musa." The Qur'an continues,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـبِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظَّـلِمِينَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers.") Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Qatadah said that,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours...") means, the sin of murdering me, in addition to your previous sins. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Allah's statement,
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(So the soul of the other encouraged him and made fair-seeming to him the murder of his brother; he murdered him and became one of the losers.) means, his conscience encouraged him to kill his brother by making it seem like a sensible thing to do, so he killed him, even after his brother admonished him. Ibn Jarir said, "When he wanted to kill his brother, he started to twist his neck. So Shaytan took an animal and placed its head on a rock, then he took another rock, and similar is reported on this subject from Abu Hurayrah, Khabbab bin Al-Aratt, Abu Bakr, Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Waqid and Abu Musa." The Qur'an continues,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـبِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظَّـلِمِينَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers.") Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Qatadah said that,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours...") means, the sin of murdering me, in addition to your previous sins. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Allah's statement,
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(So the soul of the other encouraged him and made fair-seeming to him the murder of his brother; he murdered him and became one of the losers.) means, his conscience encouraged him to kill his brother by making it seem like a sensible thing to do, so he killed him, even after his brother admonished him. Ibn Jarir said, "When he wanted to kill his brother, he started to twist his neck. So Shaytan took an animal and placed its head on a rock, then he took another rock, and smashed its head with it until he killed it while the son of Adam was looking. So he did the same thing to his brother." Ibn Abi Hatim also recorded this. `Abdullah bin Wahb said that `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said that his father said, "Qabil held Habil by the head to kill him, so Habil laid down for him and Qabil started twisting Habil's head, not knowing how to kill him. Shaytan came to Qabil and said, `Do you want to kill him' He said, `Yes.' Shaytan said, `Take that stone and throw it on his head.' So Qabil took the stone and threw it at his brother's head and smashed his head. Shaytan then went to Hawwa' in a hurry and said to her, `O Hawwa'! Qabil killed Habil.' She asked him, `Woe to you! What does `kill' mean' He said, `He will no longer eat, drink or move.' She said, `And that is death' He said, `Yes it is.' So she started to weep until Adam came to her while she was weeping and said, `What is the matter with you' She did not answer him. He asked her two more times, but she did not answer him. So he said, `You and your daughters will inherit the practice of weeping, while I and my sons are free of it."' Ibn Abi Hatim recorded it. Allah's statement,
فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(And became one of the losers.) in this life and the Hereafter, and which loss is worse than this Imam Ahmad recorded that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«لَا تُقْتَلُ نَفْسٌ ظُلْمًا إِلَّا كَانَ عَلَى ابْنِ آدَمَ الْأَوَّلِ كِفْلٌ مِنْ دَمِهَا،لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ سَنَّ الْقَتْل»
(Any soul that is unjustly killed, then the first son of Adam will carry a burden of its shedding, for he was the first to practice the crime of murder.) The Group, with the exception of Abu Dawud, also recorded this Hadith. Ibn Jarir recorded that `Abdullah bin `Amr used to say, "The son of Adam, who killed his brother, will be the most miserable among men. There is no blood shed on earth since he killed his brother, until the Day of Resurrection, but he will carry a burden from it, for he was the first person to establish murder." Allah said,
فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ غُرَاباً يَبْحَثُ فِى الاٌّرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِى سَوْءَةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّـدِمِينَ
(Then Allah sent a crow who scratched the ground to show him how to hide the dead body of his brother. He (the murderer) said, "Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother" Then he became one of those who regretted.) As-Suddi said that the Companions said, "When his brother died, Qabil left him on the bare ground and did not know how to bury him. Allah sent two crows, which fought with each other until one of them killed the other. So it dug a hole and threw sand over the dead corpse (which it placed in the hole). When Qabil saw that, he said,
يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى
("Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother") `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "A crow came to the dead corpse of another crow and threw sand over it, until it hid it in the ground. He who killed his brother said,
يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى
(Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother)" Al-Hasan Al-Basri commented on the statement,
فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّـدِمِينَ
(Then he became one of those who regretted.) "Allah made him feel sorrow after the loss that he earned."
The Swift Punishment for Transgression and Cutting the Relations of the Womb
A Hadith states that the Prophet said,
«مَا مِنْ ذَنْبٍ أَجْدَرُ أَنْ يُعَجِّلَ اللهُ عُقُوبَتَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا مَعَ مَا يَدَّخِرُ لِصَاحِبهِ فِي الْآخِرَةِ مِنَ الْبَغْيِ وَقَطِيعَةِ الرَّحِم»
(There is no sin that is more worthy of Allah hastening its punishment in this life, in addition to what He has in store for its offender in the Hereafter, more than transgression and cutting the relations of the womb.) The act of Qabil included both of these. We are Allah's and to Him is our return.
I desire that you should end up with my sin the sin of slaying me and your own sin the one that you had committed before and so become an inhabitant of the Fire whereas I do not want to end up with your sin if I were to slay you and become one of them. God exalted be He says that is the requital of the evildoers’.
I desire that you should end up with my sin, the sin of slaying me and the sin of your slaying in the way of false opinions and corrupt conceptualisations because of which your sacrifical offering was not accepted, and so become an inhabitant of the Fire, of veiledness and privation. That is the requital of the evildoers, of those who place things in other than their contexts such as your application of the rules governing sensory things in the context of intelligible things.
I desire that you should end up with my sin, the sin of slaying me and the sin of your slaying in the way of false opinions and corrupt conceptualisations because of which your sacrifical offering was not accepted, and so become an inhabitant of the Fire, of veiledness and privation. That is the requital of the evildoers, of those who place things in other than their contexts such as your application of the rules governing sensory things in the context of intelligible things.
إني أريد أن ترجع حاملا إثم قَتْلي، وإثمك الذي عليك قبل ذلك، فتكون من أهل النار وملازميها، وذلك جزاء المعتدين.
وقوله "إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك فتكون من أصحاب النار وذلك جزاء الظالمين" قال ابن عباس ومجاهد والضحاك وقتادة والسدي في قوله " إنى أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك " أي بإثم قتلي والله الذي عليك قبل ذلك قاله ابن جرير وقال آخرون: يعني بذلك إني أريد أن تبوء بخطيئتي فتتحمل وزرها وإثمك في قتلك إياي وهذا قول وجدته عن مجاهد وأخشى أن يكون غلطا لأن الصحيح من الرواية عنه خلافه يعني ما رواه سفيان الثوري عن منصور عن مجاهد " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي " قال بقتلك إياي " وإثمك " قال بما كان منك قبل ذلك وكذا رواه عيسى بن أبي نجيح عن مجاهد بمثله وروى شبل عن ابن أبي نجيح عن مجاهد " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك " يقول إنى أريد أن يكون عليك خطيئتي ودمى فتبوء بهما جميعا " قلت "وقد يتوهم كثير من الناس هذا القول ويذكرون في ذلك حديثا لا أصل له" ما ترك القاتل على المقتول من ذنب " وقد روى الحافظ أبو بكر البزار حديث يشبه هذا ولكن ليس به فقال حدثنا عمرو بن علي حدثنا عامر بن إبراهيم الأصبهاني حدثنا يعقوب بن عبد الله حدثنا عتبة بن سعيد عن هشام بن عروة عن أبيه عن عائشة قالت: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم:" قتل الصبر لا يمر بذنب إلا محاه " وهذا بهذا لا يصح ولو صح فمعناه إن الله يكفر عن المقتول بألم القتل ذنوبه فأما أن تحمل على القاتل فلا ولكن قد يتفق هذا في بعض الأشخاص وهو الغالب فإن المقتول يطالب القاتل في العرصات فيؤخذ له من حسناته بقدر مظلمته فإن نفدت ولم يستوف حقه أخذ من سيئات المقتول فطرحت على القاتل فربما لا يبقى على المقتول خطيئة إلا وضعت على القاتل وقد صح الحديث بذلك عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في المظالم كلها والقتل من أعظمها وأشدها والله أعلم.وأما ابن جرير فقال والصواب من القول في ذلك أن يقال إن تأويله إني أريد أن تنصرف بخطيئتك في قتلك إياي وذلك هو معنى قوله " إنى أريد أن تبوء بإثمي " وأما معنى وإثمك فهو إثمه يعني قتله وذلك معصية الله عز وجل في إعمال سواه وإنما قلنا ذلك هو الصواب لإجماع أهل التأويل عليه وأن الله عز وجل أخبرنا أن كل عامل فجزاء عمله له أو عليه وإذا كان هذا حكمه في خلقه فغير جائز أن تكون آثام المقتول مأخوذا بها القاتل وإنما يؤخذ القاتل بإثمه بالقتل المحرم وسائر آثام معاصيه التي ارتكبها بنفسه دون ما ارتكبه قتيله هذا لفظه ثم أورد على هذا سؤالا حاصله كيف أراد هابيل أن يكون على أخيه قابيل إثم قتله وإثم نفسه مع أن قتله له محرم؟ وأجاب بما حاصله أن هابيل أخبر عن نفسه بأنه لا يقاتل أخاه إن قاتله بل يكف عنه يده طالبا إن وقع قتل أن يكون من أخيه لا منه قلت وهذا الكلام متضمن موعظة له لو اتعظ وزجر له لو انزجر ولهذا قال " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك " أي تتحمل إثمي وإثمك " فتكون من أصحاب النار وذلك جزاء الظالمين " وقال ابن عباس: خوفه بالنار فلم ينته ولم ينزجر.
ثم انتقل هابيل من وعظ أخيه بتطهير قلبه وبتذكيره بما تقتضيه الأخوة من بر وتسامح إلى تخويفه من عقاب الآخر فقال : ( إني أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النار وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظالمين ) .وقوله : ( أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ ) أي ترجع . وتقر : من البوء وهو الرجوع واللزوم ، يقال : باء إليه : أي : رجع ، وبؤت به إليه أي رجعت .والآية الكريمة تعليل آخر لامتناعه عن بسط يده إلى أخيه ، ولم تعطف على ما قبلها للإِيذان باستقلالها في العلية ، ولدفع توهم أن تكون جزء علة لا علة تامة .والمعنى ( إني أُرِيدُ ) بامتناعي عن التعرض لك ببسط يدي ( أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ ) .أي : ترجع إلى بإثم قتلك إياي ، وبإثمك الذي قد كان منك قبل قتلي ، والذي بسببه لم يتقبل قربانك ( فَتَكُونَ ) بسبب الإِثمين ( مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النار ) في الآخرة ( وَذَلِكَ ) أي : كينونتك من أصحاب النار ( جَزَآءُ الظالمين ) الذين ظلموا أنفسهم وظلموا غيرهم .قال الإِمام الرازي : فإن قيل : كما لا يجوز للإِنسان أن يريد نفسه أن يعصي الله ، فكذلك لا يجوز له أن يريد من غيره أن يعصي الله ، فلم قال : ( إني أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ ) .فالجواب : أن هذا الكلام إنما دار بينهما عندما غلب على ظن المقتول أنه يريد قتله ، وكان ذلك قبل إقدام القاتل على إيقاع القتل به ، وكأنه لما وعظه ونصحه قال له : وإن كنت لا تنزجر عن هذه الكبيرة بسبب هذه النصيحة فلابد وأن تترصد قتلى في وقت أكون غافلا عنك وعاجزا عن دفعك فحينئذ لا يمكنني أن أدفعك عن قتلى إلا إذا قتلتك ابتداء بمجرد الظن والحسبان .وهذا منى كبيرة ومعصية وإذا دار الأمر بين أن يكون فاعل هذه المعصية أنا ، وبين أن يكون أنت ، فأنا أحب أن تحصل هذه الكبيرة لك لا لي .ومن المعلوم أن إرادة صدور الذنب من الغير في هذه الحالة ، وعلى هذا الشرط لا يكون حراما . ويجوز أن يكون المراد : إني أريد أن تبوء بعقوبة قتلى . ولا شك أنه يجوز للمظلوم أن يريد من الله عقاب ظالمه .وقال صاحب الانتصاف : فأما إرادته - أي إرادة هابيل - لإِثم أخيه وعقوبته - في قوله - تعالى ( إني أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ ) - فمعناه : إني لا أريد أن أقتلك فأعاقب . ولما لم يكن بد من إرادة أحد الأمرين إما إثمه بتقدير أن يدفع عن نفسه فيقتل أخاه ، وإما إثم أخيه بتقدير أن يستسلم وكان غير مريد للأول . اضطر إلى الثاني .فهو لم يرد إذا إثم أخيه لعينه ، وإنما أراد أن الإِثم هو بالمدافعة المؤدية إلى القتل - ولم تكن حينئذ مشروعة - فلزم من ذلك إرادة إثم أخيه . وهذا كما يتمنى الإِنسان الشهادة ، ومعناه أن يبوء الكافر بقتله وبما عليه في ذلك من الإِثم ، ولكن لم يقصد هو إثم الكافر لعينه ، وإنما أراد أن يبذل نفسه في سبيل الله .وإلى هنا نرى . أن هابيل قد استعمل في صرف أخيه عن جريمة القتل وسائل متنوعة فهو أولا أرشده إلى أن الله - تعالى - إنما يتقبل الأعمال من المتقين ، فإذا أراد أن يتقبل قربانه فعليه أن يكون منهم .وأرشده ثانيا إلى حقوق الأخوة وما تقتضيه من محبة ومودة وتسامح .وأرشده ثالثا إلى أنه لا يمنعه من بسط يده إليه إلا الخوف من الله رب العالمين .وأرشده رابعاً إلى أن ارتكابه لجريمة القتل سيؤدي به إلى عذاب النار يوم القيامة ، بسبب قتله لأخيه ظلماً وحسداً .
القول في تأويل قوله عز ذكره : إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَنْ تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَاءُ الظَّالِمِينَ (29)قال أبو جعفر: اختلف أهل التأويل في تأويل ذلك.فقال بعضهم: معناه: إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي من قتلك إياي، وإثمك في معصيتك الله، وغير ذلك من معاصيك. (113)ذكر من قال ذلك:11730 - حدثني موسى بن هارون، (114) قال، حدثنا عمرو بن حماد قال، حدثنا أسباط، عن السدي في حديثه، عن أبي مالك وعن أبي صالح، عن ابن عباس= وعن مرة، عن ابن مسعود= وعن ناس من أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك "، يقول: إثم قتلي، إلى إثمك الذي في عنقك=" فتكون من أصحاب النار ".11731 - حدثنا بشر قال، حدثنا يزيد قال، حدثنا سعيد، عن قتادة قوله: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك "، يقول: بقتلك إياي، وإثمك قبل ذلك.11732 - حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى قال، أخبرنا عبد الرزاق قال، أخبرنا معمر، عن قتادة: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك "، قال: بإثم قتلي وإثمك.11733 - حدثني محمد بن عمرو قال، حدثنا أبو عاصم قال، حدثنا عيسى، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد في قوله: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك " يقول: إني أريد أن يكون عليك خطيئتك ودمي، تبوء بهما جميعًا.11734 - حدثني الحارث قال، حدثنا عبد العزيز، عن سفيان، عن &; 10-216 &; منصور، عن مجاهد: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك "، يقول: إني أريد أن تبوء بقتلك إياي=" وإثمك "، قال: بما كان منك قبل ذلك.11735 - حدثت عن الحسين بن الفرج قال، سمعت أبا معاذ الفضل بن خالد قال، حدثني عبيد بن سليمان، عن الضحاك قوله: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك "، قال: أما " إثمك "، فهو الإثم الذي عمل قبل قتل النفس =يعني أخاه= وأما " إثمه "، فقتلُه أخاه.* * *=وكأن قائلي هذه المقالة، وجَّهوا تأويل قوله: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك "، إلى: إني أريد أن تبوء بإثم قتلي (115) =فحذف " القتل " واكتفى بذكر " الإثم "، إذ كان مفهومًا معناه عند المخاطبين به.* * *وقال آخرون: معنى ذلك: إني أريد أن تبوء بخطيئتي، فتتحمل وزرها، وإثمِك في قتلك إيّاي. وهذا قول وجدتُه عن مجاهد، وأخشى أن يكون غلطًا، لأن الصحيح من الرواية عنه ما قد ذكرنا قبلُ.ذكر من قال ذلك:11736 - حدثني المثنى قال، حدثنا أبو حذيفة قال، حدثنا شبل، عن ابن أبي نجيح، عن مجاهد: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك "، يقول: إني أريد أن تكون عليك خطيئتي ودمي، فتبوء بهما جميعًا.* * *قال أبو جعفر: والصواب من القول في ذلك أن يقال: إن تأويله: إني أريد أن تنصرف بخطيئتك في قتلك إياي (116) =وذلك هو معنى قوله: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي" =وأما معنى: " وإثمك "، فهو إثمه بغير قتله، وذلك معصيته الله جل ثناؤه في أعمالٍ سِوَاه.وإنما قلنا ذلك هو الصواب، لإجماع أهل التأويل عليه. لأن الله عز ذكره قد أخبرنا أن كل عامل فجزاءُ عمله له أو عليه. وإذا كان ذلك حكمه في خلقه، فغير جائز أن يكون آثام المقتول مأخوذًا بها القاتل، وإنما يؤخذ القاتل بإثمه بالقتل المحرم وسائر آثامِ معاصيه التي ارتكبها بنفسه، دون ما ركبَه قتيلُه.* * *فإن قال قائل: أو ليس قتلُ المقتول من بني آدم كان معصيةً لله من القاتل؟ قيل: بلى، وأعظِمْ بها معصية!فإن قال: فإذا كان لله جل وعز معصيًة، فكيف جاز أن يُريد ذلك منه المقتول، ويقول: " إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي"، وقد ذكرتَ أن تأويل ذلك، إني أريد أن تبوء بإثم قتلي؟ [قيل] معناه: (117) إني أريد أن تبوء بإثم قتلي إن قتلتني، لأني لا أقتلك، فإن أنت قتلتني، فإني مريد أن تبوء بإثم معصيتك الله في قتلك إياي. وهو إذا قتله، فهو لا محالة باءَ به في حكم الله، فإرادته ذلك غير موجبةٍ له الدخولَ في الخطأ.* * *ويعني بقوله: " فتكون من أصحاب النار وذلك جزاء الظالمين "، يقول: فتكون بقتلك إياي من سكان الجحيم، ووقود النار المخلدين فيها (118) =" وذلك جزاء الظالمين "، يقول: والنار ثوابُ التاركين طريق الحق، الزائلين عن قصد السبيل، المتعدِّين ما جُعِل لهم إلى ما لم يجعل لهم. (119)وهذا يدل على أن الله عز ذكره قد كان أمرَ ونهى آدم بعد أن أهبطه إلى الأرض، ووعد وأوعد. ولولا ذلك ما قال المقتول للقاتل: " فتكون من أصحاب النار " بقتلك إياي، ولا أخبره أن ذلك جزاء الظالمين. فكان مجاهد يقول: عُلّقت إحدى رجلي القاتل بساقها إلى فخذها من يومئذ إلى يوم القيامة، ووجهه في الشمس حيثما دارت دار، عليه في الصيف حظيرة من نار، وعليه في الشتاء حظيرة من ثلج.11737 - حدثنا بذلك القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج قال، قال ابن جريج قال مجاهد ذلك= قال: وقال عبد الله بن عمرو: وإنا لنجد ابنَ آدم القاتلَ يقاسِم أهل النار قسمًة صحيحًة العذابَ، عليه شطرُ عذابهم. (120)* * *وقد روي عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، بنحو ما روي عن عبد الله بن عمرو، خبٌر.11738 - حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا جرير= وحدثنا سفيان قال، حدثنا جرير وأبو معاوية= ح، وحدثنا هناد قال، حدثنا أبو معاوية ووكيع= جميعًا، عن الأعمش، عن عبد الله بن مرة، عن مسروق، عن عبد الله قال: قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: ما من نفس تقتل ظلمًا إلا كان على ابن آدم الأوَّلَ كفلٌ منها، ذلك بأنه أول من سَنَّ القتل. (121)11739 - حدثنا سفيان قال، حدثنا أبي= ح، وحدثنا ابن بشار قال، حدثنا عبد الرحمن= جميعا، عن سفيان، عن الأعمش، عن عبد الله بن مرة، عن مسروق، عن عبد الله، عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، نحوه. (122)11740 - حدثنا ابن وكيع قال، حدثنا أبي، عن حسن بن صالح، عن إبراهيم بن مهاجر، عن إبراهيم النخعي قال: ما من مقتول يقتل ظلمًا، إلا كان على ابن آدم الأول والشيطان كفلٌ منه.11741 - حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا سلمة، عن ابن إسحاق، عن حكيم بن حكيم، أنه حُدِّث عن عبد الله بن عمرو: أنه كان يقول: إن أشقى الناس رجلا لابْنُ آدم الذي قتل أخاه، ما سُفِك دم في الأرض منذ قَتَل أخاه إلى يوم القيامة، إلا لحق به منه شيء، وذلك أنه أوَّل من سنَّ القتل. (123)* * *قال أبو جعفر: وهذا الخبر الذي ذكرنا عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، (124) مبينٌ عن أنّ القول الذي قاله الحسن في ابني آدم اللذين ذكرهما الله في هذا الموضع (125) أنهما ليسا بابني آدم لصلبه، ولكنهما رجلان من بني إسرائيل= وأن القول الذي حكي عنه (126) أنّ أول من مات آدم، وأن القربان الذي كانت النار تأكله لم يكن إلا في بني إسرائيل= (127) خطأ، لأن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قد أخبر عن هذا القاتل الذي قَتَل أخاه: أنه أول من سَنَّ القتل. وقد كان، لا شك، القتلُ قبل إسرائيل، فكيف قبل ذريته! فخطأ من القول أن يقال: أول من سن القتل رجلٌ من بني إسرائيل. (128)وإذ كان ذلك كذلك، فمعلوم أن الصحيح من القول هو قول من قال: " هو ابن آدم لصلبه "، لأنه أولُ من سن القتل، فأوجب الله له من العقوبة ما رَوَينا عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم.--------------الهوامش :(113) في المطبوعة: "وإثمك في معصيتك الله بغير ذلك من معاصيك" ، وهو كلام لا يستقيم ، لا شك أن صوابه ما أثبت.(114) في المطبوعة: "محمد بن هرون" ، وهو خطأ لا شك فيه ، صوابه في المخطوطة.(115) في المطبوعة والمخطوطة: "أي: إني أريد.." ، وصواب قراءتها ما أثبت.(116) انظر تفسير"باء" فيما سلف 2: 138 ، 345/7: 116 ، 366 = وتفسير"الإثم" ، فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة.(117) في المطبوعة ، وصل الكلام ، فلم يكن للاستفهام جواب ، فكتب هكذا: "إني أريد أن تبوء بإثم قتلي ، فمعناه: إني أريد..". وفي المخطوطة مثل ذلك ، إلا أنه كتب"ومعناه" بالواو. واستظهرت أن الصواب ما زدت بين القوسين"قيل" ، فإنه هذا أول جواب السائل.(118) انظر تفسير"أصحاب النار" فيما سلف 2: 286/4: 317/5: 429/ 6: 14/ 7: 133 ، 134.(119) انظر تفسير"جزاء" و"الظالمون" فيما سلف من فهارس اللغة.(120) الأثر: 11737- رواه أبو جعفر فيما سلف برقم: 11710 ، طريق أخرى. وليس فيه هذه الزيادة عن عبد الله بن عمرو.(121) الأثران: 11738 ، 11739- هذا حديث صحيح ، رواه أحمد في مسنده من هذه الطرق ، من حديث عبد الله بن مسعود برقم: 3630 ، 4092 ، 4123. ورواه البخاري في صحيحه من طرق عن الأعمش (الفتح 6: 262/12: 169/ 13: 256) ، ورواه مسلم في صحيحه من طرق عن الأعمش 11: 165 ، 166. وقال ابن كثير في تفسيره 3: 130: "وقد أخرجه الجماعة سوى أبي داود ، من طرق عن الأعمش ، به". ورواها أبو جعفر في تاريخه 1: 72 ، بمثل الذي رواه هنا.و"الكفل" (بكسر فسكون): الحظ والنصيب من الوزر والإثم. وانظر تفسير أبي جعفر فيما سلف 8: 581.(122) الأثران: 11738 ، 11739- هذا حديث صحيح ، رواه أحمد في مسنده من هذه الطرق ، من حديث عبد الله بن مسعود برقم: 3630 ، 4092 ، 4123. ورواه البخاري في صحيحه من طرق عن الأعمش (الفتح 6: 262/12: 169/ 13: 256) ، ورواه مسلم في صحيحه من طرق عن الأعمش 11: 165 ، 166. وقال ابن كثير في تفسيره 3: 130: "وقد أخرجه الجماعة سوى أبي داود ، من طرق عن الأعمش ، به". ورواها أبو جعفر في تاريخه 1: 72 ، بمثل الذي رواه هنا.و"الكفل" (بكسر فسكون): الحظ والنصيب من الوزر والإثم. وانظر تفسير أبي جعفر فيما سلف 8: 581.(123) الأثر: 11741-"حكيم بن حكيم بن عباد بن حنيف الأنصاري" ، روى عن ابن عمه أبي أمامة بن سهل ، ونافع بن جبير بن مطعم ، والزهري ، وغيرهم. ذكره ابن حبان في الثقات ، وصحح له الترمذي وابن خزيمة وغيرها ، وقال ابن سعد: "كان قليل الحديث ، ولا يحتجون بحديثه". مترجم في التهذيب.(124) في المطبوعة: "وبهذا الخبر.." ، غير ما في المخطوطة ، لم يحسن قراءة الآتي.(125) في المطبوعة: "تبين أن القول" ، جعلها كذلك ، وغير التي قبلها من أجل تغييره. وفي المخطوطة"متبين عن القول" غير منقوطة ، والصواب ما أثبته ، أسقط الناسخ"أن" ، والسياق دال على ذلك.(126) قول الحسن هذا ، هو ما رواه في الأثر رقم: 11719. وانظر أيضا ما سيأتي ص: 224.(127) السياق: وهذا الخبر... مبين عن أن القول الذي قاله الحسن... خطأ".(128) في المخطوطة والمطبوعة: "وخطأ من القول" بالواو ، والسياق يقتضي الفاء ، كما أثبتها.
( إني أريد أن تبوء ) ترجع ، وقيل : تحتمل ، ( بإثمي وإثمك ) أي : بإثم قتلي إلى إثمك ، أي : إثم معاصيك التي عملت من قبل ، هذا قول أكثر المفسرين . وروى ابن أبي نجيح عن مجاهد قال : معناه إني أريد أن يكون عليك خطيئتي التي عملتها أنا إذا قتلتني وإثمك فتبوء بخطيئتي ودمي جميعا ، وقيل : معناه أن ترجع بإثم قتلي وإثم معصيتك التي لم يتقبل لأجلها قربانك ، أو إثم حسدك .فإن قيل : كيف قال إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك ، وإرادة القتل والمعصية لا تجوز؟ قيل ليس ذلك بحقيقة إرادة ولكنه لما علم أنه يقتله لا محالة وطن نفسه على الاستسلام طلبا للثواب فكأنه صار مريدا لقتله مجازا ، وإن لم يكن مريدا حقيقة ، وقيل : معناه إني أريد أن تبوء بعقاب قتلي فتكون إرادة صحيحة ، لأنها موافقة لحكم الله عز وجل ، فلا يكون هذا إرادة للقتل ، بل لموجب القتل من الإثم والعقاب ، ( فتكون من أصحاب النار وذلك جزاء الظالمين )
ومعنى { أريد } : أريد من إمساكي عن الدفاع . وأطلقت الإرادة على العزم كما في قوله تعالى : { قال إني أريد أن أنكحك إحدى ابنتيّ هاتين } [ القصص : 27 ] ، وقوله : { يريد الله بكم اليسر } [ البقرة : 185 ] . فالجملة تعليل للّتي قبلها ، ولذلك فصلت وافتتحت ب ( إنّ ) المشعرة بالتَّعليل بمعنى فاء التفريع .و { تبوء } ترجع ، وهو رجوع مجازي ، أي تكتسب ذلك من فعلك ، فكأنّه خرج يسعى لنفسه فباء بإثمين . والأظهر في معنى قوله { بإثمي } مَا له من الآثام الفارطة في عمره ، أي أرجو أن يغفر لي وتُحمل ذنوبي عليك . وفي الحديث : " يؤتى بالظالم والمظلوم يوم القيامة فيؤخذ من حسنات الظالم فيزاد في حسنات المظلوم حتّى ينتصف فإن لم يكن له حسنات أخذ من سيّئات المظلوم فتطرح عليه " رواه مسلم . فإن كان قد قال هذا عن علم من وحي فقد كان مثل ما شُرع في الإسلام ، وإن كان قد قاله عن اجتهاد فقد أصاب في اجتهاده وإلهامه ونطق عن مثل نُبوءة .ومصدر { أن تبوء } هو مفعول { أريد } ، أي أريد من الإمساك عن أن أقتلك إن أقدمت على قتلي أريد أن يقع إثمي عليك ، فإثم مراد به الجنس ، أي ما عسى أن يكون له من إثم . وقد أراد بهذا موعظة أخيه ، ولذلك عطف عليه قوله : { وإثمك } تذكيراً له بفظاعة عاقبة فعلته ، كقوله تعالى : { ليحملُوا أوزارهم كاملة يوم القيامة ومن أوزار الّذين يضلّونهم بغير علم } [ النحل : 25 ] . فعطفُ قوله : { وإثمك } إدماج بذكر ما يحصل في نفس الأمر وليس هو ممّا يريده . وكذلك قوله : { فنكون من أصحاب النار } تذكيراً لأخيه بما عسى أن يكفّه عن الاعتداء . ومعنى { من أصحاب النّار } أي ممّن يطول عذابه في النّار ، لأنّ أصحاب النّار هم ملازموهَا .
تفسير الآيات من 27 حتى 31 :ـ إلى آخر القصة أي: قص على الناس وأخبرهم بالقضية التي جرت على ابني آدم بالحق، تلاوة يعتبر بها المعتبرون، صدقا لا كذبا، وجدا لا لعبا، والظاهر أن ابني آدم هما ابناه لصلبه، كما يدل عليه ظاهر الآية والسياق، وهو قول جمهور المفسرين. أي: اتل عليهم نبأهما في حال تقريبهما للقربان، الذي أداهما إلى الحال المذكورة. { إِذْ قَرَّبَا قُرْبَانًا } أي: أخرج كل منهما شيئا من ماله لقصد التقرب إلى الله، { فَتُقُبِّلَ مِنْ أَحَدِهِمَا وَلَمْ يُتَقَبَّلْ مِنَ الْآخَرِ } بأن علم ذلك بخبر من السماء، أو بالعادة السابقة في الأمم، أن علامة تقبل الله لقربان، أن تنزل نار من السماء فتحرقه. { قَالَ } الابن، الذي لم يتقبل منه للآخر حسدا وبغيا { لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ } فقال له الآخر -مترفقا له في ذلك- { إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ } فأي ذنب لي وجناية توجب لك أن تقتلني؟ إلا أني اتقيت الله تعالى، الذي تقواه واجبة عليّ وعليك، وعلى كل أحد، وأصح الأقوال في تفسير المتقين هنا، أي: المتقين لله في ذلك العمل، بأن يكون عملهم خالصا لوجه الله، متبعين فيه لسنة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم. ثم قال له مخبرا أنه لا يريد أن يتعرض لقتله، لا ابتداء ولا مدافعة فقال: { لَئِن بَسَطْتَ إِلَيَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِي مَا أَنَا بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِيَ إِلَيْكَ لِأَقْتُلَكَ } وليس ذلك جبنا مني ولا عجزا. وإنما ذلك لأني { أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَالَمِينَ } والخائف لله لا يقدم على الذنوب، خصوصا الذنوب الكبار. وفي هذا تخويف لمن يريد القتل، وأنه ينبغي لك أن تتقي الله وتخافه. { إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ } أي: ترجع { بِإِثْمِي وَإِثْمِكَ } أي: إنه إذا دار الأمر بين أن أكون قاتلا أو تقتلني فإني أوثر أن تقتلني، فتبوء بالوزرين { فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَاءُ الظَّالِمِينَ } دل هذا على أن القتل من كبائر الذنوب، وأنه موجب لدخول النار. فلم يرتدع ذلك الجاني ولم ينزجر، ولم يزل يعزم نفسه ويجزمها، حتى طوعت له قتل أخيه الذي يقتضي الشرع والطبع احترامه. { فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ } دنياهم وآخرتهم، وأصبح قد سن هذه السنة لكل قاتل. "ومن سن سنة سيئة، فعليه وزرها ووزر من عمل بها إلى يوم القيامة"". ولهذا ورد في الحديث الصحيح أنه ""ما من نفس تقتل إلا كان على ابن آدم الأول شطر من دمها، لأنه أول من سن القتل"". فلما قتل أخاه لم يدر كيف يصنع به؛ لأنه أول ميت مات من بني آدم { فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الْأَرْضِ } أي: يثيرها ليدفن غرابا آخر ميتا. { لِيُرِيَهُ } بذلك { كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْأَةَ أَخِيهِ } أي: بدنه، لأن بدن الميت يكون عورة { فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّادِمِينَ } وهكذا عاقبة المعاصي الندامة والخسارة."
قوله تعالى : إني أريد أن تبوء بإثمي وإثمك قيل : معناه معنى قول النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم : إذا التقى المسلمان بسيفيهما فالقاتل والمقتول في النار قيل : يا رسول الله هذا القاتل فما بال المقتول ؟ قال : إنه كان حريصا على قتل صاحبه وكان هابيل أراد أني لست بحريص على قتلك ; فالإثم الذي كان يلحقني لو كنت حريصا على قتلك أريد أن تحمله أنت مع إثمك في قتلي ، وقيل : المعنى بإثمي الذي يختص بي فيما فرطت ; أي : يؤخذ من سيئاتي فتطرح عليك بسبب ظلمك لي ، وتبوء بإثمك في قتلك ; وهذا يعضده قوله عليه الصلاة والسلام : يؤتى يوم القيامة بالظالم والمظلوم فيؤخذ من حسنات الظالم فتزاد في حسنات المظلوم حتى ينتصف فإن لم تكن له حسنات أخذ من سيئات المظلوم فتطرح عليه . أخرجه مسلم بمعناه ، وقد تقدم ، ويعضده قوله تعالى : وليحملن أثقالهم وأثقالا مع أثقالهم وهذا بين لا إشكال فيه ، وقيل : المعنى إني أريد ألا تبوء بإثمي وإثمك كما قال تعالى : وألقى في الأرض رواسي أن تميد بكم أي : لئلا تميد بكم . وقوله تعالى : يبين الله لكم أن تضلوا أي : لئلا تضلوا فحذف " لا " .قلت : وهذا ضعيف ; لقوله عليه السلام : لا تقتل نفس ظلما إلا كان على ابن آدم الأول كفل من دمها لأنه أول من سن القتل ، فثبت بهذا أن إثم القتل حاصل ; ولهذا قال أكثر العلماء : إن المعنى ترجع بإثم قتلي وإثمك الذي عملته قبل قتلي . قال الثعلبي : هذا قول عامة أكثر المفسرين ، وقيل : هو استفهام ، أي : أو إني أريد ؟ على جهة الإنكار ; كقوله تعالى : وتلك نعمة أي : أو تلك نعمة ؟ وهذا لأن إرادة القتل معصية . حكاه القشيري وسئل أبو الحسن بن كيسان : كيف يريد المؤمن أن يأثم أخوه وأن يدخل النار ؟ فقال : إنما وقعت الإرادة بعدما بسط يده إليه بالقتل ; والمعنى : لئن بسطت إلي يدك لتقتلني لأمتنعن من ذلك مريدا للثواب ; فقيل له : فكيف قال : بإثمي وإثمك ; وأي إثم له إذا قتل ؟ فقال : فيه ثلاثة أجوبة :أحدها : أن تبوء بإثم قتلي وإثم ذنبك الذي من أجله لم يتقبل قربانك ، ويروى هذا القول عن مجاهد .والوجه الآخر : أن تبوء بإثم قتلي وإثم اعتدائك علي ; لأنه قد يأثم بالاعتداء وإن لم يقتل .والوجه الثالث : أنه لو بسط يده إليه أثم ; فرأى أنه إذا أمسك عن ذلك [ ص: 94 ] فإثمه يرجع على صاحبه . فصار هذا مثل قولك : المال بينه وبين زيد ; أي المال بينهما ، فالمعنى أن تبوء بإثمنا ، وأصل " باء " رجع إلى المباءة ، وهي المنزل . وباءوا بغضب من الله أي : رجعوا ، وقد مضى في " البقرة " مستوفى ، وقال الشاعر :ألا تنتهي عنا ملوك وتتقي محارمنا لا يبوء الدم بالدمأي : لا يرجع الدم بالدم في القود .فتكون من أصحاب النار دليل على أنهم كانوا في ذلك الوقت مكلفين قد لحقهم الوعد والوعيد ، وقد استدل بقول هابيل لأخيه قابيل : فتكون من أصحاب النار على أنه كان كافرا ; لأن لفظ أصحاب النار إنما ورد في الكفار حيث وقع في القرآن ، وهذا مردود هنا بما ذكرناه عن أهل العلم في تأويل الآية ، ومعنى من أصحاب النار مدة كونك فيها ، والله أعلم .
The real reward for the deeds performed for the sake of God will be given in the Hereafter. However, sometimes even in this world certain occurrences show whether human actions have gained God’s approval. This happened in the case of Adam’s sons, Abel and Cain (Habil and Qabil). Abel’s offerings from his flocks of sheep and goats were accepted by God and he was duly blessed, but Cain’s offerings of his agricultural produce were not, and he remained unblessed. Cain then became so jealous of his younger brother that he threatened to kill him. Abel said that Cain’s offering had been rejected because Cain had no heartfelt fear of God and should, therefore, reform himself instead of threatening him. But, jealousy and enmity blur the truth and one can think only of how to eliminate one’s supposed enemy. Abel told Cain that he might raise his hand to murder him, but that he would not retaliate, because God had prohibited any fighting between one Muslim and another. Even if a Muslim wanted to assassinate his brother, the brother should not consider it legitimate to kill his attacker. This obviated the mutual clash which was otherwise inevitable, as well as the resulting endless chain of action and reaction in Muslim society. If two Muslims are bent on each other’s destruction, the guilt is divided between the two. But if one Muslim carries out his intention, while the other remains immersed in prayer, the attacker will not only shoulder the burden of his own sin, but also that of any sin which his victim might have commmitted had he not remained patient and prayerful.
Commentary
The Story of Habil (Abel) and Qabil (Cain)
In these verses, Allah Ta` a1a has instructed the Holy Prophet ﷺ that he should relate the story of the two sons of Adam truthfully to the people of the Book, or to the whole Ummah.
People who are blessed with insight into the Holy Qur'an know that it is no book of folklore, fiction or history where the purpose is to relate an event from the beginning to the end. But, events of the past and accounts of earlier peoples carry many lessons and wise counsels within their fold. That is the real essence of history. Then, in them, there are such conditions and circumstances as form the basis of different religious injunctions. In view of these very beneficial considerations, the Qur'an employs a methodology of its own throughout the text. It would, when the occasion warrants, narrate an event. Most of-ten, it would not narrate the whole event in one sequence and at one place. In fact, preference is given to narrating a particular segment from it which bears some element of purpose and is relevant at the given place.
This story of the two sons of Adam (علیہ السلام) is being narrated here in the same style. It has many lessons and good counsels for the present and future generations; and under them, mention has been made of many religious injunctions.
We shall proceed by explaining the words used in the text of the Qur'an following which you will have an idea of the main story, and after that we shall be talking about injunctions and rulings contained therein.
In the previous verses, mentioned there was the command of Jihad given to the Bani Isra'il and how cowardly and evasive they turned out to be in response. Set in contrast, the present story condemns unjust killing and the destruction it brings in its wake. The purpose is to bring the people to adhere to moderation and balance in this matter, for the way it is an error to cringe and back out from fighting and killing to uphold the truth and put an end to falsehood, similarly, starting to kill and fight unjustly amounts to a stock destruction of one's material and spiritual life both in the present world and in the Hereafter.
As for the expression: ابْنَيْ آدَمَ (ibniy Adama: the two sons of Adam) appearing in the first verse (27), it can be said that, for that matter, every human being, man and woman, is from the progeny of Adam (علیہ السلام) and everyone can be identified as being from among the children of Adam. But, according to the judgment of the majority of authentic scholars of Tafsir, the expression: ابْنَيْ آدَمَ at this place means the two real sons of Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) that is, Habil and Qabil. It was to relate their story that it was said: وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَيْ آدَمَ بِالْحَقِّ (and recite to them the story of the two sons of Adam truthfully).
While Reporting Historical Accounts, Caution and Truth are Mandatory
Here, by adding the word: بِالْحَقِّ (bil-haqq: truthfully), stress has been placed on an important principle to be observed while reporting historical narratives. Great caution is mandatory in this matter. These narratives should have nothing false in them, nothing contrary to the truth, nothing dubious or deceptive, nor should there be any change, increase or decrease, of any kind, in the narration of the original event. (Ibn Kathir)
This is not the only place where the Holy Qur'an has identified this principle. There are other places too where similar instructions appear that it be observed. In Surah 'Al ` Imran, it was said: إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ (This is indeed the true narration - 3:62). In Surah Al-Kahf, it was said: نَّحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نَبَأَهُم بِالْحَقِّ (We narrate to you their story with truth - 18:13). An d in Surah Maryam, it was said: ذَٰلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ ۚ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ (That was ` Isa son of Maryam - a Word of Truth ... -19:34). At all these places, by including the key word of Al-Haqq or The Truth with historical narrations, the importance of observing truth in reporting events has been made mandatory. The large number of disorders in this world generated through reporting of events usually issue forth from lack of caution in handling it as it should be handled. A little change of word or mode could distort the reality of the event. The religious codes and laws of past communities were lost through this trap door of negligence and lack of caution leaving their religious books to become collections of stories devoid of reliable authority. So, by adding a single word: بِالْحَقِّ (truthfully) at this place in the verse, a clear signal was given towards this important objective.
In addition to what has been said above, through this very word, the addressees of the Holy Qur'an are also being chastened and guided to the fact that their noble prophet, on him be the peace and blessing of Allah, who is a total Ummiyy (untaught by any human being), yet he is describing the events which took place thousands of years ago, absolutely true and correct. When so, how else could it be explained but that it was divinely revealed to a Divinely ordained prophet?
After this introduction, the event relating to these two sons of Adam was put in the following words by the Holy Qur'an: اِذْ قَرَّبَا قُرْبَانًا فَتُقُبِّلَ مِنْ أَحَدِهِمَا وَلَمْ يُتَقَبَّلْ مِنَ الْآخَرِ that is, both of them offered their sacrifices for Allah Ta` ala, but it was accepted from one of them and was not accepted from the other.
The word: قربان (Qurban ), in terms of Arabic lexical usage, refers to whatever is made the medium of nearness to someone; and in Islamic legal terminology, it means the Dhabihah or sacrifice which is offered to seek nearness to Allah Ta` ala.
The event of offering this sacrifice which has been reported on the basis of sound and strong chains of authorities and which has been declared by Commentator Ibn Kathir as the unanimously agreed upon position of all earlier and later ` Ulama is given below.
When Sayyidna Adam and Hawwa' (علیہما السلام) came to live in the world and started having children, it so happened that they had twins from every pregnancy, one of the two being a boy, while the other, a girl. That was a time when, among the children of Adam (علیہ السلام) there was no one other than brothers and sisters - and brothers and sisters cannot be married to one another. So, Allah Jalla Sha'nuhu, in terms of the need of the time, had promulgated a special provision in the religious law given to Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) that, as for a boy and girl born out of one pregnancy, they shall be regarded as real brothers and sisters among themselves and marriage between them shall be considered forbidden. But, for a boy born in the second pregnancy, a girl born in the first one shall not be legally taken as a real sister and marriage between them would be permissible.
But, what happened was that the girl born with the first boy, Qabil, was beautiful while the girl born with the second boy, Habil, was ugly. When came the time of marriage, the ugly girl born with Habil fell to the lot of Qabil according to rules. This enraged Qabil. He turned hostile to Habil and started resisting that the girl born with him should be the one given in marriage to him. Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) ، in view of the legal rule of procedure, did not accept the demand. However, to remove the division between Habil and Qabil, he proposed that they should both offer their respective sacrifice for Allah. Whoever. has his sacrifice accepted will be the one to have that girl. The reason is that Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) was certain that the sacrifice to be accepted will be the sacrifice of the one who has the right to marry her, that is, the sacrifice of Habil.
In those days, an open sign of a sacrifice being accepted was that a fire would come from the sky and eat up the sacrifice; and the sacrifice which was not eaten up by the fire was the sign of its remaining unacceptable.
Now, the situation was that Habil was the owner of a flock of sheep and goats. He offered the sacrifice of a good spring lamb. Qabil was a farmer. He offered some grains as his sacrifice. As customary with them, a fire did come from the sky and ate up the sacrifice offered by Habil - and the sacrifice offered by Qabil remained lying where it was, untouched. Thereupon, hit by failure and disgrace, Qabil was further enraged. Unable to restrain it, he told his brother openly: لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ (I will kill you).
Habil did not respond to his angry remark with counter anger on the spot. He rather said something which was peaceful and principled. It even had an element of sympathetic concern for him: لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ (Allah accepts only from the God-fearing) that is, if you had been God-fearing, practicing Taqwa and piety, your sacrifice too would have been accepted. Since you did not do so, the sacrifice was not accepted. Why blame me for it?
Also mentioned within this statement is the cure for the envy (hasad) of the envier (hasid), that is, when the envier sees that Allah Ta` ala has given someone a particular blessing which has not been given to him, then, he should take his deprivation as a result of his own practical shortcomings and sins and think of repenting from them and correcting his or her behaviour - not that one starts wishing and worrying about ways through which the other person could be made to lose the blessing he has - because this would not bring him any gain, in fact, it will become the cause of some loss to him, for acceptability with Allah depends on Taqwa (fear of Allah). (Mazhari)
Acceptability of Deeds Depends on Ikhlas (Sincerity) and Taqwa (Fear of Allah)
There appears in this dialogue between Habil and Qabil a sentence which has the status of an important principle: The acceptability of one's deeds and acts of worship depends on Taqwa. The deed of a person who has no Taqwa in him is not accepted. For this reason, the learned among the righteous elders (salaf) have said that this verse is a shot in the arms of those who are devoted to acts of worship and do deeds in the hope of finding the pleasure of Allah. And this was the reason why Sayyidna ` Amir ibn ` Abdullah was crying at the time of his death. People around him asked: 'As for you, you have been busy doing your ` Ibadat (acts of worship) and good deeds throughout your life, why, then, would you weep?' He said, 'You are saying this and ringing in my ears is this saying of Allah Ta` ala: إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّـهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ (Allah accepts only from the God-fearing). I just do not know if any ` Ibadah of mine will be accepted, or not.'
Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn Masud ؓ said: 'If I become certain that Allah Ta` ala has accepted some deed of mine, then, I would not surrender this blessing even if the whole world were to turn into solid gold and pass into my possession, in fact, I would take it to be nothing as compared to that blessing.'
Similarly, said Sayyidna Abu Ad-Darda' 'If it stands settled that one Salah of mine has found acceptance with Allah Ta` ala, then, that is far more than a whole world full of blessings for me.'
Sayyidna ` Umar ibn ` Abd al-` Aziz, may Allah be pleased with him, gave the following good counsel to a person in a letter he wrote to him.
"I tell you to hold on to Taqwa without which no deed is accepted; and mercy is not shown to anyone except those who observe Taqwa; and without it there is no Divine reward on anything. There are many who preach it but there are very few who practice it."
And Sayyidna al-Murtada ؓ said: 'Even the smallest deed done with Taqwa is not small. And how a deed which has been accepted can be called small? (Ibn Kathir)
(Lo! I would rather thou shouldst bear the punishment of the sin against me and thine own sin) of shedding my blood (and become one of the owners of the Fire) of the dwellers of hell. (That is the reward of evil-doers) Hell is the reward of those who wrongfully transgress.
The Story of Habil (Abel) and Qabil (Cain)
Allah describes the evil end and consequence of transgression, envy and injustice in the story of the two sons of Adam, Habil and Qabil. One of them fought against the other and killed him out of envy and transgression, because of the bounty that Allah gave his brother and because the sacrifice that he sincerely offered to Allah was accepted. The murdered brother earned forgiveness for his sins and was admitted into Paradise, while the murderer failed and earned a losing deal in both the lives. Allah said,
وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَىْ ءْادَمَ بِالْحَقِّ
(And recite to them the story of the two sons of Adam in truth;) meaning, tell these envious, unjust people, the brothers of swine and apes from the Jews and their likes among mankind, the story of the two sons of Adam, Habil and Qabil, as many scholars among the Salaf and later generations said. Allah's statement,
بِالْحَقِّ
(in truth;) means, clearly and without ambiguity, alteration, confusion, change, addition or deletion. Allah said in other Ayat,
إِنَّ هَـذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ
(Verily, this is the true narrative about the story of `Isa,)
نَحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نبَأَهُم بِالْحَقِّ
(We narrate unto you their story with truth, ) and,
ذلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ
(Such is `Isa, son of Maryam. (It is) a statement of truth.) Several scholars among the Salaf and the later generations said that Allah allowed Adam to marry his daughters to his sons because of the necessity of such action. They also said that in every pregnancy, Adam was given a twin, a male and a female, and he used to give the female of one twin, to the male of the other twin, in marriage. Habil's sister was not beautiful while Qabil's sister was beautiful, resulting in Qabil wanting her for himself, instead of his brother. Adam refused unless they both offer a sacrifice, and he whose sacrifice was accepted, would marry Qabil's sister. Habil's sacrifice was accepted, while Qabil's sacrifice was rejected, and thus what Allah told us about them occurred. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ibn `Abbas said -- that during the time of Adam -- "The woman was not allowed in marriage for her male twin, but Adam was commanded to marry her to any of her other brothers. In each pregnancy, Adam was given a twin, a male and a female. A beautiful daughter was once born for Adam and another one that was not beautiful. So the twin brother of the ugly daughter said, `Marry your sister to me and I will marry my sister to you.' He said, `No, for I have more right to my sister.' So they both offered a sacrifice. The sacrifice of the one who offered the sheep was accepted while the sacrifice of the other the twin brother of the beautiful daughter, which consisted of some produce, was not accepted. So the latter killed his brother." This story has a better than good chain of narration. The statement,
إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
("Verily, Allah accepts only from those who have Taqwa.) who fear Allah in their actions. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Abu Ad-Darda' said, "If I become certain that Allah has accepted even one prayer from me, it will be better for me than this life and all that in it. This is because Allah says,
إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ
(Verily, Allah accepts only from the those who have Taqwa.) The statement,
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَاْ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لاًّقْتُلَكَ إِنِّى أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
("If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you, for I fear Allah; the Lord of all that exists.") Qabil's brother, the pious man whose sacrifice was accepted because of his piety, said to his brother, who threatened to kill him without justification,
لَئِن بَسَطتَ إِلَىَّ يَدَكَ لِتَقْتُلَنِى مَآ أَنَاْ بِبَاسِطٍ يَدِىَ إِلَيْكَ لاًّقْتُلَكَ
(If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you,) I will not commit the same evil act that you threaten to commit, so that I will not earn the same sin as you,
إِنِّى أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
(for I fear Allah; the Lord of the all that exists.) and, as a result, I will not commit the error that you threaten to commit. Rather, I will observe patience and endurance. `Abdullah bin `Amr said, "By Allah! Habil was the stronger of the two men. But, fear of Allah restricted his hand." The Prophet said in a Hadith recorded in the Two Sahihs,
«إِذَا تَوَاجَهَ الْمُسْلِمَانِ بِسَيْفَيهِمَا فَالْقَاتِلُ وَالْمَقْتُولُ فِي النَّار»
(When two Muslims fight (meet) each other with their swords, both the murderer as well as the murdered will go to the Hellfire.) They said, "O Allah's Messenger! It is all right for the murderer, but what about the victim" Allah's Messenger ﷺ replied,
«إِنَّه كَانَ حَرِيصًا عَلى قَتْلِ صَاحِبِه»
(He surely had the intention to kill his comrade.) Imam Ahmad recorded that, at the beginning of the calamity that `Uthman suffered from, Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas said, "I bear witness that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«إِنَّهَا سَتَكُونُ فِتْنَةٌ القَاعِدُ فِيهَا خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْقَائِمِ، وَالْقَائِمُ خَيْرٌ مِنَ الْمَاشِي، وَالْمَاشِي خَيْرٌ مِنَ السَّاعِي»
(There will be a Fitnah, and he who sits idle during it is better than he who stands up, and he who stands up in it is better than he who walks, and he who walks is better than he who is walking at a fast pace.) When he was asked, `What if someone enters my home and stretched his hand to kill me' He said,
«كُنْ كَابْنِ آدَم»
(Be just like (the pious) son of Adam.)" At-Tirmidhi also recorded it this way, and said, "This Hadith is Hasan, and similar is reported on this subject from Abu Hurayrah, Khabbab bin Al-Aratt, Abu Bakr, Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Waqid and Abu Musa." The Qur'an continues,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـبِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظَّـلِمِينَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers.") Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Qatadah said that,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours...") means, the sin of murdering me, in addition to your previous sins. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Allah's statement,
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(So the soul of the other encouraged him and made fair-seeming to him the murder of his brother; he murdered him and became one of the losers.) means, his conscience encouraged him to kill his brother by making it seem like a sensible thing to do, so he killed him, even after his brother admonished him. Ibn Jarir said, "When he wanted to kill his brother, he started to twist his neck. So Shaytan took an animal and placed its head on a rock, then he took another rock, and similar is reported on this subject from Abu Hurayrah, Khabbab bin Al-Aratt, Abu Bakr, Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Waqid and Abu Musa." The Qur'an continues,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ فَتَكُونَ مِنْ أَصْحَـبِ النَّارِ وَذَلِكَ جَزَآءُ الظَّـلِمِينَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense of the wrongdoers.") Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi and Qatadah said that,
إِنِّى أُرِيدُ أَن تَبُوءَ بِإِثْمِى وَإِثْمِكَ
("Verily, I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours...") means, the sin of murdering me, in addition to your previous sins. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Allah's statement,
فَطَوَّعَتْ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ قَتْلَ أَخِيهِ فَقَتَلَهُ فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(So the soul of the other encouraged him and made fair-seeming to him the murder of his brother; he murdered him and became one of the losers.) means, his conscience encouraged him to kill his brother by making it seem like a sensible thing to do, so he killed him, even after his brother admonished him. Ibn Jarir said, "When he wanted to kill his brother, he started to twist his neck. So Shaytan took an animal and placed its head on a rock, then he took another rock, and smashed its head with it until he killed it while the son of Adam was looking. So he did the same thing to his brother." Ibn Abi Hatim also recorded this. `Abdullah bin Wahb said that `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said that his father said, "Qabil held Habil by the head to kill him, so Habil laid down for him and Qabil started twisting Habil's head, not knowing how to kill him. Shaytan came to Qabil and said, `Do you want to kill him' He said, `Yes.' Shaytan said, `Take that stone and throw it on his head.' So Qabil took the stone and threw it at his brother's head and smashed his head. Shaytan then went to Hawwa' in a hurry and said to her, `O Hawwa'! Qabil killed Habil.' She asked him, `Woe to you! What does `kill' mean' He said, `He will no longer eat, drink or move.' She said, `And that is death' He said, `Yes it is.' So she started to weep until Adam came to her while she was weeping and said, `What is the matter with you' She did not answer him. He asked her two more times, but she did not answer him. So he said, `You and your daughters will inherit the practice of weeping, while I and my sons are free of it."' Ibn Abi Hatim recorded it. Allah's statement,
فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ الْخَـسِرِينَ
(And became one of the losers.) in this life and the Hereafter, and which loss is worse than this Imam Ahmad recorded that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«لَا تُقْتَلُ نَفْسٌ ظُلْمًا إِلَّا كَانَ عَلَى ابْنِ آدَمَ الْأَوَّلِ كِفْلٌ مِنْ دَمِهَا،لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ سَنَّ الْقَتْل»
(Any soul that is unjustly killed, then the first son of Adam will carry a burden of its shedding, for he was the first to practice the crime of murder.) The Group, with the exception of Abu Dawud, also recorded this Hadith. Ibn Jarir recorded that `Abdullah bin `Amr used to say, "The son of Adam, who killed his brother, will be the most miserable among men. There is no blood shed on earth since he killed his brother, until the Day of Resurrection, but he will carry a burden from it, for he was the first person to establish murder." Allah said,
فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ غُرَاباً يَبْحَثُ فِى الاٌّرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِى سَوْءَةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّـدِمِينَ
(Then Allah sent a crow who scratched the ground to show him how to hide the dead body of his brother. He (the murderer) said, "Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother" Then he became one of those who regretted.) As-Suddi said that the Companions said, "When his brother died, Qabil left him on the bare ground and did not know how to bury him. Allah sent two crows, which fought with each other until one of them killed the other. So it dug a hole and threw sand over the dead corpse (which it placed in the hole). When Qabil saw that, he said,
يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى
("Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother") `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "A crow came to the dead corpse of another crow and threw sand over it, until it hid it in the ground. He who killed his brother said,
يَـوَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَـذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءَةَ أَخِى
(Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother)" Al-Hasan Al-Basri commented on the statement,
فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّـدِمِينَ
(Then he became one of those who regretted.) "Allah made him feel sorrow after the loss that he earned."
The Swift Punishment for Transgression and Cutting the Relations of the Womb
A Hadith states that the Prophet said,
«مَا مِنْ ذَنْبٍ أَجْدَرُ أَنْ يُعَجِّلَ اللهُ عُقُوبَتَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا مَعَ مَا يَدَّخِرُ لِصَاحِبهِ فِي الْآخِرَةِ مِنَ الْبَغْيِ وَقَطِيعَةِ الرَّحِم»
(There is no sin that is more worthy of Allah hastening its punishment in this life, in addition to what He has in store for its offender in the Hereafter, more than transgression and cutting the relations of the womb.) The act of Qabil included both of these. We are Allah's and to Him is our return.
The real reward for the deeds performed for the sake of God will be given in the Hereafter. However, sometimes even in this world certain occurrences show whether human actions have gained God’s approval. This happened in the case of Adam’s sons, Abel and Cain (Habil and Qabil). Abel’s offerings from his flocks of sheep and goats were accepted by God and he was duly blessed, but Cain’s offerings of his agricultural produce were not, and he remained unblessed. Cain then became so jealous of his younger brother that he threatened to kill him. Abel said that Cain’s offering had been rejected because Cain had no heartfelt fear of God and should, therefore, reform himself instead of threatening him. But, jealousy and enmity blur the truth and one can think only of how to eliminate one’s supposed enemy. Abel told Cain that he might raise his hand to murder him, but that he would not retaliate, because God had prohibited any fighting between one Muslim and another. Even if a Muslim wanted to assassinate his brother, the brother should not consider it legitimate to kill his attacker. This obviated the mutual clash which was otherwise inevitable, as well as the resulting endless chain of action and reaction in Muslim society. If two Muslims are bent on each other’s destruction, the guilt is divided between the two. But if one Muslim carries out his intention, while the other remains immersed in prayer, the attacker will not only shoulder the burden of his own sin, but also that of any sin which his victim might have commmitted had he not remained patient and prayerful.
Commentary
The Story of Habil (Abel) and Qabil (Cain)
In these verses, Allah Ta` a1a has instructed the Holy Prophet ﷺ that he should relate the story of the two sons of Adam truthfully to the people of the Book, or to the whole Ummah.
People who are blessed with insight into the Holy Qur'an know that it is no book of folklore, fiction or history where the purpose is to relate an event from the beginning to the end. But, events of the past and accounts of earlier peoples carry many lessons and wise counsels within their fold. That is the real essence of history. Then, in them, there are such conditions and circumstances as form the basis of different religious injunctions. In view of these very beneficial considerations, the Qur'an employs a methodology of its own throughout the text. It would, when the occasion warrants, narrate an event. Most of-ten, it would not narrate the whole event in one sequence and at one place. In fact, preference is given to narrating a particular segment from it which bears some element of purpose and is relevant at the given place.
This story of the two sons of Adam (علیہ السلام) is being narrated here in the same style. It has many lessons and good counsels for the present and future generations; and under them, mention has been made of many religious injunctions.
We shall proceed by explaining the words used in the text of the Qur'an following which you will have an idea of the main story, and after that we shall be talking about injunctions and rulings contained therein.
In the previous verses, mentioned there was the command of Jihad given to the Bani Isra'il and how cowardly and evasive they turned out to be in response. Set in contrast, the present story condemns unjust killing and the destruction it brings in its wake. The purpose is to bring the people to adhere to moderation and balance in this matter, for the way it is an error to cringe and back out from fighting and killing to uphold the truth and put an end to falsehood, similarly, starting to kill and fight unjustly amounts to a stock destruction of one's material and spiritual life both in the present world and in the Hereafter.
As for the expression: ابْنَيْ آدَمَ (ibniy Adama: the two sons of Adam) appearing in the first verse (27), it can be said that, for that matter, every human being, man and woman, is from the progeny of Adam (علیہ السلام) and everyone can be identified as being from among the children of Adam. But, according to the judgment of the majority of authentic scholars of Tafsir, the expression: ابْنَيْ آدَمَ at this place means the two real sons of Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) that is, Habil and Qabil. It was to relate their story that it was said: وَاتْلُ عَلَيْهِمْ نَبَأَ ابْنَيْ آدَمَ بِالْحَقِّ (and recite to them the story of the two sons of Adam truthfully).
While Reporting Historical Accounts, Caution and Truth are Mandatory
Here, by adding the word: بِالْحَقِّ (bil-haqq: truthfully), stress has been placed on an important principle to be observed while reporting historical narratives. Great caution is mandatory in this matter. These narratives should have nothing false in them, nothing contrary to the truth, nothing dubious or deceptive, nor should there be any change, increase or decrease, of any kind, in the narration of the original event. (Ibn Kathir)
This is not the only place where the Holy Qur'an has identified this principle. There are other places too where similar instructions appear that it be observed. In Surah 'Al ` Imran, it was said: إِنَّ هَـٰذَا لَهُوَ الْقَصَصُ الْحَقُّ (This is indeed the true narration - 3:62). In Surah Al-Kahf, it was said: نَّحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ نَبَأَهُم بِالْحَقِّ (We narrate to you their story with truth - 18:13). An d in Surah Maryam, it was said: ذَٰلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ ۚ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ (That was ` Isa son of Maryam - a Word of Truth ... -19:34). At all these places, by including the key word of Al-Haqq or The Truth with historical narrations, the importance of observing truth in reporting events has been made mandatory. The large number of disorders in this world generated through reporting of events usually issue forth from lack of caution in handling it as it should be handled. A little change of word or mode could distort the reality of the event. The religious codes and laws of past communities were lost through this trap door of negligence and lack of caution leaving their religious books to become collections of stories devoid of reliable authority. So, by adding a single word: بِالْحَقِّ (truthfully) at this place in the verse, a clear signal was given towards this important objective.
In addition to what has been said above, through this very word, the addressees of the Holy Qur'an are also being chastened and guided to the fact that their noble prophet, on him be the peace and blessing of Allah, who is a total Ummiyy (untaught by any human being), yet he is describing the events which took place thousands of years ago, absolutely true and correct. When so, how else could it be explained but that it was divinely revealed to a Divinely ordained prophet?
After this introduction, the event relating to these two sons of Adam was put in the following words by the Holy Qur'an: اِذْ قَرَّبَا قُرْبَانًا فَتُقُبِّلَ مِنْ أَحَدِهِمَا وَلَمْ يُتَقَبَّلْ مِنَ الْآخَرِ that is, both of them offered their sacrifices for Allah Ta` ala, but it was accepted from one of them and was not accepted from the other.
The word: قربان (Qurban ), in terms of Arabic lexical usage, refers to whatever is made the medium of nearness to someone; and in Islamic legal terminology, it means the Dhabihah or sacrifice which is offered to seek nearness to Allah Ta` ala.
The event of offering this sacrifice which has been reported on the basis of sound and strong chains of authorities and which has been declared by Commentator Ibn Kathir as the unanimously agreed upon position of all earlier and later ` Ulama is given below.
When Sayyidna Adam and Hawwa' (علیہما السلام) came to live in the world and started having children, it so happened that they had twins from every pregnancy, one of the two being a boy, while the other, a girl. That was a time when, among the children of Adam (علیہ السلام) there was no one other than brothers and sisters - and brothers and sisters cannot be married to one another. So, Allah Jalla Sha'nuhu, in terms of the need of the time, had promulgated a special provision in the religious law given to Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) that, as for a boy and girl born out of one pregnancy, they shall be regarded as real brothers and sisters among themselves and marriage between them shall be considered forbidden. But, for a boy born in the second pregnancy, a girl born in the first one shall not be legally taken as a real sister and marriage between them would be permissible.
But, what happened was that the girl born with the first boy, Qabil, was beautiful while the girl born with the second boy, Habil, was ugly. When came the time of marriage, the ugly girl born with Habil fell to the lot of Qabil according to rules. This enraged Qabil. He turned hostile to Habil and started resisting that the girl born with him should be the one given in marriage to him. Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) ، in view of the legal rule of procedure, did not accept the demand. However, to remove the division between Habil and Qabil, he proposed that they should both offer their respective sacrifice for Allah. Whoever. has his sacrifice accepted will be the one to have that girl. The reason is that Sayyidna Adam (علیہ السلام) was certain that the sacrifice to be accepted will be the sacrifice of the one who has the right to marry her, that is, the sacrifice of Habil.
In those days, an open sign of a sacrifice being accepted was that a fire would come from the sky and eat up the sacrifice; and the sacrifice which was not eaten up by the fire was the sign of its remaining unacceptable.
Now, the situation was that Habil was the owner of a flock of sheep and goats. He offered the sacrifice of a good spring lamb. Qabil was a farmer. He offered some grains as his sacrifice. As customary with them, a fire did come from the sky and ate up the sacrifice offered by Habil - and the sacrifice offered by Qabil remained lying where it was, untouched. Thereupon, hit by failure and disgrace, Qabil was further enraged. Unable to restrain it, he told his brother openly: لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ (I will kill you).
Habil did not respond to his angry remark with counter anger on the spot. He rather said something which was peaceful and principled. It even had an element of sympathetic concern for him: لَأَقْتُلَنَّكَ (Allah accepts only from the God-fearing) that is, if you had been God-fearing, practicing Taqwa and piety, your sacrifice too would have been accepted. Since you did not do so, the sacrifice was not accepted. Why blame me for it?
Also mentioned within this statement is the cure for the envy (hasad) of the envier (hasid), that is, when the envier sees that Allah Ta` ala has given someone a particular blessing which has not been given to him, then, he should take his deprivation as a result of his own practical shortcomings and sins and think of repenting from them and correcting his or her behaviour - not that one starts wishing and worrying about ways through which the other person could be made to lose the blessing he has - because this would not bring him any gain, in fact, it will become the cause of some loss to him, for acceptability with Allah depends on Taqwa (fear of Allah). (Mazhari)
Acceptability of Deeds Depends on Ikhlas (Sincerity) and Taqwa (Fear of Allah)
There appears in this dialogue between Habil and Qabil a sentence which has the status of an important principle: The acceptability of one's deeds and acts of worship depends on Taqwa. The deed of a person who has no Taqwa in him is not accepted. For this reason, the learned among the righteous elders (salaf) have said that this verse is a shot in the arms of those who are devoted to acts of worship and do deeds in the hope of finding the pleasure of Allah. And this was the reason why Sayyidna ` Amir ibn ` Abdullah was crying at the time of his death. People around him asked: 'As for you, you have been busy doing your ` Ibadat (acts of worship) and good deeds throughout your life, why, then, would you weep?' He said, 'You are saying this and ringing in my ears is this saying of Allah Ta` ala: إِنَّمَا يَتَقَبَّلُ اللَّـهُ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ (Allah accepts only from the God-fearing). I just do not know if any ` Ibadah of mine will be accepted, or not.'
Sayyidna ` Abdullah ibn Masud ؓ said: 'If I become certain that Allah Ta` ala has accepted some deed of mine, then, I would not surrender this blessing even if the whole world were to turn into solid gold and pass into my possession, in fact, I would take it to be nothing as compared to that blessing.'
Similarly, said Sayyidna Abu Ad-Darda' 'If it stands settled that one Salah of mine has found acceptance with Allah Ta` ala, then, that is far more than a whole world full of blessings for me.'
Sayyidna ` Umar ibn ` Abd al-` Aziz, may Allah be pleased with him, gave the following good counsel to a person in a letter he wrote to him.
"I tell you to hold on to Taqwa without which no deed is accepted; and mercy is not shown to anyone except those who observe Taqwa; and without it there is no Divine reward on anything. There are many who preach it but there are very few who practice it."
And Sayyidna al-Murtada ؓ said: 'Even the smallest deed done with Taqwa is not small. And how a deed which has been accepted can be called small? (Ibn Kathir)