The Bee — Verse 12
16:12 · an-Nahl
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وَسَخَّرَ لَكُمُ ٱلَّیۡلَ وَٱلنَّهَارَ وَٱلشَّمۡسَ وَٱلۡقَمَرَۖ وَٱلنُّجُومُ مُسَخَّرَ ٰتُۢ بِأَمۡرِهِۦۤۚ إِنَّ فِی ذَ ٰلِكَ لَءَایَـٰتࣲ لِّقَوۡمࣲ یَعۡقِلُونَ ١٢
wasakhara lakumu al-layla wal-nahāra wal-shamsa wal-qamara wal-nujūmu musakharātun bi-amrihi inna fī dhālika laāyātin liqawmin yaʿqilūn
The Bee / an-Nahl (16:12)
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No verses on this ayah are cited by 2 or more commentators using numeric S:A notation. All extracted references come from a single source's commentary.
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Tafsir Ibn Kathir (abridged) 1 verse
Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.
By His command He has made the night and day, the sun, moon, and stars all of benefit to you. There truly are signs in this for those who use their reason
wasakhara lakumu al-layla wal-nahāra wal-shamsa wal-qamara wal-nujūmu musakharātun bi-amrihi inna fī dhālika laāyātin liqawmin yaʿqilūn
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Tafsir Commentary
Signs in the Subjection of Night and Day, the Sun and the Moon, and in that which grows on Earth
Allah mentions the mighty signs and immense blessings to be found in His subjection of night and day, which follow one another; the sun and moon, which revolve; the stars, both fixed and moving through the skies, offering light by which people may find their way in the darkness. Each of (these heavenly bodies) travels in its own orbit, which Allah has ordained for it, and travels in the manner prescribed for it, without deviating in any way. All of them are under His subjugation, His control and His decree, as Allah says:
إِنَّ رَبَّكُمُ اللَّهُ الَّذِى خَلَقَ السَمَـوَتِ وَالاٌّرْضَ فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى عَلَى الْعَرْشِ يُغْشِى الَّيْلَ النَّهَارَ يَطْلُبُهُ حَثِيثًا وَالشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ وَالنُّجُومَ مُسَخَّرَتٍ بِأَمْرِهِ أَلاَ لَهُ الْخَلْقُ وَالاٌّمْرُ تَبَارَكَ اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعَـلَمِينَ
(Indeed, your Lord is Allah, Who created the heavens and the earth in Six Days, and then He rose (Istawa) over the Throne. He brings the night as a cover over the day, seeking it rapidly, and (He created) the sun, the moon, the stars (all) subjected to His command. Surely, His is the creation and commandment. Blessed is Allah, the Lord of all that exists!) (7:54) Thus Allah says;
إِنَّ فِى ذلِكَ لآيَـتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ
(Surely, in this are proofs for people who understand.) meaning, they are indications of His immense power and might, for those who think about Allah and understand His signs.
وَمَا ذَرَأَ لَكُمْ فِى الاٌّرْضِ مُخْتَلِفًا أَلْوَانُهُ
(And whatsoever He has created of varying colors on the earth for you. ) When Allah points out the features of the skies, He also points out the wondrous things that He has created on earth, the variety of its animals, minerals, plants and inanimate features, all having different colors and shapes, benefits and qualities.
إِنَّ فِى ذَلِكَ لآيَةً لِّقَوْمٍ يَذَّكَّرُونَ
(Verily, in this is a sign for people who reflect.) meaning (those who remember) the blessings of Allah and give thanks to Him for them.
And He disposed for you the night and the day and the sun wa’l-shamsa read in the accusative as a supplement to what precedes it; or read wa’l-shamsu in the nominative as a subject of a new sentence and the moon and the stars also read both ways are disposed musakhkharātin read in the accusative as a circumstantial qualifier or in the nominative musakhkharātun as a predicate by His command by His will. Surely in that there are signs for people who understand a people who reflect.
He it is who sends down water from heaven.... Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect... signs for a people who use intellect... a sign for a people who remember. He is an allusion to the Essence, who is an intimation of the attributes, and sends down reports about the acts. Thus you will know that God has Essence, attributes, and acts. He is eternal in Essence, noble in attributes, wise in acts; without associate in Essence, without ambiguity in attri- butes, and without cause in acts. The servants gazes upon His artisanry, then flee from the artisanry to gaze upon the attributes, then flee from the attributes to gaze upon the Essence. These are the stations of the wayfarers' traveling and the degrees of the recognizers' recognition. One must have reflection in gazing upon the artisanry, knowledge in gazing on the attributes, and remembrance in gazing on the Essence. This is why the Lord of the Worlds says, “Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect.” Then, after that, He says, “signs for a people who use intel- lect.” Then, after that, He says “a sign for a people who remember.” In other words, recognition will be gained in this order: first reflection, then knowledge, then, at that point, he will remember through the continuity of knowledge. First he reflects, putting his gaze in its place. If no defect falls into his gaze, then inevitably he gains knowledge; and in reality there is no difference between intellect and knowledge. Then, after that, the gaze becomes continuous, and the continuity of the gaze is the remembering of which He speaks. It has been said that He says “signs for a people who use intellect” in the plural only because someone gains many knowledges in order to become a recognizer, and every part of knowledge is gained through a different sign and indicator. The knower has signs and indicators before he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, because the indicator for one question is different from the in- dicator for another question. With one indicator he knows the necessity of gazing on Him, with many indicators he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, and with one indicator he knows that it is necessary to remember the various sorts of his knowledge.
He it is who sends down water from heaven.... Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect... signs for a people who use intellect... a sign for a people who remember. He is an allusion to the Essence, who is an intimation of the attributes, and sends down reports about the acts. Thus you will know that God has Essence, attributes, and acts. He is eternal in Essence, noble in attributes, wise in acts; without associate in Essence, without ambiguity in attri- butes, and without cause in acts. The servants gazes upon His artisanry, then flee from the artisanry to gaze upon the attributes, then flee from the attributes to gaze upon the Essence. These are the stations of the wayfarers' traveling and the degrees of the recognizers' recognition. One must have reflection in gazing upon the artisanry, knowledge in gazing on the attributes, and remembrance in gazing on the Essence. This is why the Lord of the Worlds says, “Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect.” Then, after that, He says, “signs for a people who use intel- lect.” Then, after that, He says “a sign for a people who remember.” In other words, recognition will be gained in this order: first reflection, then knowledge, then, at that point, he will remember through the continuity of knowledge. First he reflects, putting his gaze in its place. If no defect falls into his gaze, then inevitably he gains knowledge; and in reality there is no difference between intellect and knowledge. Then, after that, the gaze becomes continuous, and the continuity of the gaze is the remembering of which He speaks. It has been said that He says “signs for a people who use intellect” in the plural only because someone gains many knowledges in order to become a recognizer, and every part of knowledge is gained through a different sign and indicator. The knower has signs and indicators before he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, because the indicator for one question is different from the in- dicator for another question. With one indicator he knows the necessity of gazing on Him, with many indicators he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, and with one indicator he knows that it is necessary to remember the various sorts of his knowledge.
He it is who sends down water from heaven.... Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect... signs for a people who use intellect... a sign for a people who remember. He is an allusion to the Essence, who is an intimation of the attributes, and sends down reports about the acts. Thus you will know that God has Essence, attributes, and acts. He is eternal in Essence, noble in attributes, wise in acts; without associate in Essence, without ambiguity in attri- butes, and without cause in acts. The servants gazes upon His artisanry, then flee from the artisanry to gaze upon the attributes, then flee from the attributes to gaze upon the Essence. These are the stations of the wayfarers' traveling and the degrees of the recognizers' recognition. One must have reflection in gazing upon the artisanry, knowledge in gazing on the attributes, and remembrance in gazing on the Essence. This is why the Lord of the Worlds says, “Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect.” Then, after that, He says, “signs for a people who use intel- lect.” Then, after that, He says “a sign for a people who remember.” In other words, recognition will be gained in this order: first reflection, then knowledge, then, at that point, he will remember through the continuity of knowledge. First he reflects, putting his gaze in its place. If no defect falls into his gaze, then inevitably he gains knowledge; and in reality there is no difference between intellect and knowledge. Then, after that, the gaze becomes continuous, and the continuity of the gaze is the remembering of which He speaks. It has been said that He says “signs for a people who use intellect” in the plural only because someone gains many knowledges in order to become a recognizer, and every part of knowledge is gained through a different sign and indicator. The knower has signs and indicators before he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, because the indicator for one question is different from the in- dicator for another question. With one indicator he knows the necessity of gazing on Him, with many indicators he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, and with one indicator he knows that it is necessary to remember the various sorts of his knowledge.
He it is who sends down water from heaven.... Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect... signs for a people who use intellect... a sign for a people who remember. He is an allusion to the Essence, who is an intimation of the attributes, and sends down reports about the acts. Thus you will know that God has Essence, attributes, and acts. He is eternal in Essence, noble in attributes, wise in acts; without associate in Essence, without ambiguity in attri- butes, and without cause in acts. The servants gazes upon His artisanry, then flee from the artisanry to gaze upon the attributes, then flee from the attributes to gaze upon the Essence. These are the stations of the wayfarers' traveling and the degrees of the recognizers' recognition. One must have reflection in gazing upon the artisanry, knowledge in gazing on the attributes, and remembrance in gazing on the Essence. This is why the Lord of the Worlds says, “Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect.” Then, after that, He says, “signs for a people who use intel- lect.” Then, after that, He says “a sign for a people who remember.” In other words, recognition will be gained in this order: first reflection, then knowledge, then, at that point, he will remember through the continuity of knowledge. First he reflects, putting his gaze in its place. If no defect falls into his gaze, then inevitably he gains knowledge; and in reality there is no difference between intellect and knowledge. Then, after that, the gaze becomes continuous, and the continuity of the gaze is the remembering of which He speaks. It has been said that He says “signs for a people who use intellect” in the plural only because someone gains many knowledges in order to become a recognizer, and every part of knowledge is gained through a different sign and indicator. The knower has signs and indicators before he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, because the indicator for one question is different from the in- dicator for another question. With one indicator he knows the necessity of gazing on Him, with many indicators he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, and with one indicator he knows that it is necessary to remember the various sorts of his knowledge.
He it is who sends down water from heaven.... Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect... signs for a people who use intellect... a sign for a people who remember.He is an allusion to the Essence, who is an intimation of the attributes, and sends down reports about the acts. Thus you will know that God has Essence, attributes, and acts. He is eternal in Essence, noble in attributes, wise in acts; without associate in Essence, without ambiguity in attri- butes, and without cause in acts. The servants gazes upon His artisanry, then flee from the artisanry to gaze upon the attributes, then flee from the attributes to gaze upon the Essence. These are the stations of the wayfarers' traveling and the degrees of the recognizers' recognition.One must have reflection in gazing upon the artisanry, knowledge in gazing on the attributes, and remembrance in gazing on the Essence. This is why the Lord of the Worlds says, �Surely in that is a sign for a people who reflect.� Then, after that, He says, �signs for a people who use intel- lect.� Then, after that, He says �a sign for a people who remember.� In other words, recognition will be gained in this order: first reflection, then knowledge, then, at that point, he will remember through the continuity of knowledge. First he reflects, putting his gaze in its place. If no defect falls into his gaze, then inevitably he gains knowledge; and in reality there is no difference between intellect and knowledge. Then, after that, the gaze becomes continuous, and the continuity of the gaze is the remembering of which He speaks.It has been said that He says �signs for a people who use intellect� in the plural only because someone gains many knowledges in order to become a recognizer, and every part of knowledge is gained through a different sign and indicator. The knower has signs and indicators before he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, because the indicator for one question is different from the in- dicator for another question. With one indicator he knows the necessity of gazing on Him, with many indicators he becomes a recognizer of his Lord, and with one indicator he knows that it is necessary to remember the various sorts of his knowledge.
وسخَّر لكم الليل لراحتكم، والنهار لمعاشكم، وسخَّر لكم الشمس ضياء، والقمر نورًا ولمعرفة السنين والحساب، وغير ذلك من المنافع، والنجوم في السماء مذللات لكم بأمر الله لمعرفة الأوقات، ونضج الثمار والزروع، والاهتداء بها في الظلمات. إن في ذلك التسخير لَدلائلَ واضحةً لقوم سيعقلون عن الله حججه وبراهينه.
ينبه تعالى عباده على آياته العظام ومننه الجسام في تسخيره الليل والنهار يتعاقبان والشمس والقمر يدوران والنجوم الثوابت والسيارات في أرجاء السموات نورا وضياء ليهتدى بها في الظلمات وكل منها يسير في فلكه الذي جعله الله تعالى فيه يسير بحركة مقدرة لا يزيد عليها ولا ينقص عنها والجميع تحت قهره وسلطانه وتسخيره وتقديره وتسهيله كقوله "إن ربكم الله الذي خلق السموات والأرض في ستة أيام ثم استوى على العرش يغشي الليل النهار يطلبه حثيثا والشمس والقمر والنجوم مسخرات بأمره ألا له الخلق والأمر تبارك الله رب العالمين" ولهذا قال "إن في ذلك لآيات لقوم يعقلون" أي لدلالات على قدرته تعالى الباهرة وسلطانه العظيم لقوم يعقلون عن الله ويفهمون حججه.
وقوله ( سخر ) من التسخير بمعنى التذليل والتكليف ، يقال . سخر فلان فلانا تسخيرا ، إذا كلفه عملا بلا أجرة ، والمراد به هنا : الإِعداد والتهيئة لما يراد الانتفاع به أى : ومن آياته سبحانه الدالة على وحدانيته وقدرته ، أنه ( سَخَّرَ لَكُمُ الليل والنهار ) يتعاقبان فيكم لتسكنوا فى الليل ، ولتبتغوا الرزق بالنهار .وأنه - سبحانه - سخر لكم ( الشمس والقمر ) يدأبان فى سيرهما بدون كلل أو اضطراب ، بل يسيران من أجل منفعتكم ومصلحتكم بنظام ثابت ، كما قال - تعالى - : ( لاَ الشمس يَنبَغِي لَهَآ أَن تدْرِكَ القمر وَلاَ الليل سَابِقُ النهار وَكُلٌّ فِي فَلَكٍ يَسْبَحُونَ ) وأنه - سبحانه - أوجد النجوم مسخرات بأمره وإذنه ، لكى تهتدوا بها فى ظلمات البر والبحر .هذا وقد قرأ جمهور القراء هذه الأسماء : الليل والنهار . . . إلخ بالنصب على المفعولية لفعل ( سخر ) كما قرأ الجمهور . أيضاً . ( مسخرات ) بالنصب على الحالية .وقرأ ابن عامر : ( والشمس والقمر والنجوم ) بالرفع على الابتداء ، وقرأ - أيضا قوله - ( مسخرات ) ، بالرفع على أنه خبر عنها .وقرأ حفص برفع النجوم ومسخرات ، على أنهما مبتدأ وخبر : أما بقية الأسماء السابقة فقرأها بالنصب .وقوله ( بأمره ) متعلق بمسخرات . والمراد بأمره : إرادته ومشيئته وتدبيره ، الجارى على هذا الكون وفق حكمته وإذنه .ثم ختم - سبحانه - الآية بقوله : ( إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لآيَاتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ ) .أى : إن فى ذلك المذكور من تسخير الليل والنهار وغيرهما لمنفعتكم ومصلحتكم - يا بنى آدم - لآيات بينات ، ودلائل واضحات ، على وجوب العبادة لله - تعالى - وحده ، لقوم يعقلون نعم الله - تعالى - ، ويستدلون بها على وحدانيته - سبحانه - وقدرته .وشبيه بهذه الآية قوله - تعالى - ( إِنَّ رَبَّكُمُ الله الذي خَلَقَ السماوات والأرض فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ ثُمَّ استوى عَلَى العرش يُغْشِي الليل النهار يَطْلُبُهُ حَثِيثاً والشمس والقمر والنجوم مُسَخَّرَاتٍ بِأَمْرِهِ أَلاَ لَهُ الخلق والأمر تَبَارَكَ الله رَبُّ العالمين ).
يقول تعالى ذكره: ومن نِعَمه عليكم أيها الناس مع التي ذكرها قبل أن سخر لكم الليل والنهار يتعاقبان عليكم، هذا لتصرّفكم في معاشكم ، وهذا لسكنكم فيه ، ( وَالشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ ) لمعرفة أوقات أزمنتكم وشهوركم وسنينكم ، وصلاح معايشكم ( وَالنُّجُومَ مُسَخَّرَاتٍ ) لكم بأمر الله تجري في فلكها لتهتدوا بها في ظلمات البرّ والبحر ( إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ ) يقول تعالى ذكره: إن في تسخير الله ذلك على ما سخره لدلالات واضحات لقوم يعقلون حجج الله ويفهمون عنه تنبيهه إياهم.
( وسخر لكم ) [ ذلل لكم ] ( الليل والنهار والشمس والقمر والنجوم مسخرات ) مذللات ، ( بأمره ) أي : بإذنه ، وقرأ حفص ( والنجوم مسخرات ) بالرفع على الابتداء . ( إن في ذلك لآيات لقوم يعقلون )
آيات أخرى على دقيق صنع الله تعالى وعلمه ممزوجة بامتنان .وتقدم ما يفسّر هذه الآية في صدر سورة يونس . وتسخير هذه الأشياء تقدم عند قوله تعالى : { والشمس والقمر والنجوم مسخّرات بأمره ألا له الخلق والأمر } في أوائل سورة الأعراف ( 54 ) وفي أوائل سورة الرعد وفي سورة إبراهيم .وهذا انتقال للاستدلال بإتقان الصنع على وحدانية الصانع وعلمه ، وإدماج بين الاستدلال والامتنان . ونيطت الدلالات بوصف العقل لأن أصل العقل كاف في الاستدلال بها على الوحدانية والقدرة ، إذ هي دلائل بيّنة واضحة حاصلة بالمشاهدة كل يوم وليلة .وتقدم وجه إقحام لفظ ( قوم ) آنفاً ، وأن الجملة تذييل .وقرأ الجمهور جميع هذه الأسماء منصوبة على المفعولية لِفعل سخر . وقرأ ابن عامر { والشمسُ والقمرُ والنجومُ } بالرفع على الابتداء ورفع { مسخرات } على أنه خبر عنها . فنكتة اختلاف الإعراب الإشارة إلى الفرق بين التسخيرين . وقرأ حفص برفع { النجومُ } و { مسخراتٌ }. ونكتة اختلاف الأسلوب الفرق بين التسخيرين من حيث إن الأول واضح والآخر خفيّ لقلّة من يرقب حركات النجوم .والمراد بأمره أمر التكوين للنظام الشمسي المعروف .وقد أبدى الفخر في كتاب «درّة التنزيل» وجهاً للفرق بين إفراد آية في المرة الأولى والثالثة وبين جمع آيات في المرة الثانية : بأن ما ذكر أول وثالثاً يرجع إلى ما نجم من الأرض ، فجميعه آية واحدة تابعة لخلق الأرض وما تحتويه ( أي وهو كله ذو حالة واحدة وهي حالة النبات في الأرض في الأول وحالة واحدة وهي حالة الذرء في التناسل في الحيوان في الآية الثالثة ) وأما ما ذكر في المرة الثانية فإنه راجع إلى اختلاف أحوال الشمس والقمر والكواكب ، وفي كل واحد منها نظام يخصّه ودلائل تخالف دلائل غيره ، فكان ما ذكر في ذلك مجموع آيات ( أي لأن بعضها أعراض كالليل والنهار وبعضها أجرام لها أنظمة مختلفة ودلالات متعددة ).
أي: سخر لكم هذه الأشياء لمنافعكم وأنواع مصالحكم بحيث لا تستغنون عنها أبدا، فبالليل تسكنون وتنامون وتستريحون، وبالنهار تنتشرون في معايشكم ومنافع دينكم ودنياكم، وبالشمس والقمر من الضياء والنور والإشراق، وإصلاح الأشجار والثمار والنبات، وتجفيف الرطوبات، وإزالة البرودة الضارة للأرض، وللأبدان، وغير ذلك من الضروريات والحاجيات التابعة لوجود الشمس والقمر. وفيهما وفي النجوم من الزينة للسماء والهداية في ظلمات البر والبحر، ومعرفة الأوقات وحساب الأزمنة ما تتنوع دلالاتها وتتصرف آياتها، ولهذا جمعها في قوله { إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ } أي: لمن لهم عقول يستعملونها في التدبر والتفكر فيما هي مهيأة له مستعدة تعقل ما تراه وتسمعه، لا كنظر الغافلين الذين حظهم من النظر حظ البهائم التي لا عقل لها.
قوله تعالى : وسخر لكم الليل والنهار والشمس والقمر والنجوم مسخرات بأمره إن في ذلك لآيات لقوم يعقلون [ ص: 77 ] قوله تعالى : وسخر لكم الليل والنهار أي للسكون والأعمال ; كما قال : ومن رحمته جعل لكم الليل والنهار لتسكنوا فيه ولتبتغوا من فضله .والشمس والقمر والنجوم مسخرات بأمره أي مذللات لمعرفة الأوقات ونضج الثمار والزرع والاهتداء بالنجوم في الظلمات . وقرأ ابن عامر وأهل الشام والشمس والقمر والنجوم مسخرات بالرفع على الابتداء والخبر . الباقون بالنصب عطفا على ما قبله . وقرأ حفص عن عاصم برفع " والنجوم " ، مسخرات خبره . وقرئ والشمس والقمر والنجوم بالنصب . مسخرات بالرفع ، وهو خبر ابتداء محذوف أي هي مسخرات ، وهي في قراءة من نصبها حال مؤكدة ; كقوله : وهو الحق مصدقا .إن في ذلك لآيات لقوم يعقلون أي يعقلون عن الله ما نبههم عليه ووفقهم له .
The sun, the moon and the stars all revolve continuously in the vastness of space with total precision. On the earth, there are innumerable examples of God’s creation (animals, vegetation, rocks and minerals, etc.). The former phenomenon highlights the totally submissive aspect of creation, (musakhkharatun bi amrihi), while the latter phenomenon highlights the endless variety of creation (mukhtalifan alwanuhu). The first scene reminds man of the limitlessness of God’s power, while the second scene reminds him of the multiplicity of God’s attributes. These scenes are so wonderful that the keen-eyed observer cannot remain unaffected by them. In these things, he will see God’s majesty and His role as Sustainer; he will discover unseen realities hidden in external occurrences; by looking at God’s creations, he will be immersed in the realization of the Creator.
Before we move to the next verse, let us clarify the first sentence of verse 12: سَخَّرَ لَكُمُ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَ (And He has subjugated for you the day and the night). Here, 'subjugating the day and the night' means that Allah made them subservient to His command in order that they can serve man, pursuant to which the night brings comfort to him and the day smooths out the avenues of his work. 'Subjugating them' never means that the day and the night start alternating under human command.
(And He hath constrained the night and the day and the sun and the moon to be of service unto you) to be subservient to you, (and the stars are made subservient by His command) by His leave. (Lo! Herein) in the subservience of that which I have mentioned (indeed are portents) signs (for people who have sense) for people who act and believe that it is Allah Who made all these things subservient.
�and all kinds of fruit...! [And He disposed for you the night and the day and the sun and the moon and the stars.] Surely in that there are signs�He said:This is because the crops [mentioned] are of one species [i.e. fruit], whereas the night and day are two kinds, and likewise are the sun and moon. And He said: �signs in this for people who understand (yaʿqilūn) [16:12]. Know that God, Exalted is He, when He wished to make His knowledge apparent, deposited His knowledge in the intellect (ʿaql). Then He ruled that no one could have access to any of it [His knowledge] except through the intellect. Thus whoever has been deprived of his intellect has also been deprived of knowledge. His words: