The Hopes of the People of the Book
Allah made the confusion of the Jews and the Christians clear, since they claim that no one will enter Paradise, unless he is a Jew or a Christian. Similarly, Allah mentioned their claims in Surat Al-Ma'idah:
نَحْنُ أَبْنَاءُ اللَّهِ وَأَحِبَّاؤُهُ
(We are the children of Allah and His loved ones) (5:18).
Allah refuted this false claim and informed them that they will be punished because of their sins. Previously we mentioned their claim that the Fire would not touch them for more than a few days, after which they would be put in Paradise. Allah rebuked this claim, and He said about this baseless claim, m
تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْ
(These are their own desires). Abu Al-`Aliyah commented, "These are wishes that they wished Allah would answer, without basis." Similar was stated by Qatadah and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. Allah then said,
قُلْ
(Say) meaning, "Say O Muhammad:"
هَاتُواْ بُرْهَـنَكُمْ
("Produce your Burhan...") meaning, "Your proof", as Abu Al-`Aliyah, Mujahid, As-Suddi and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas stated. Qatadah said that the Ayah means, "Bring the evidence that supports your statement,
إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(if you are truthful) in your claim. "
Allah then said,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(Yes! But whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah (i.e. follows Allah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin) meaning, "Whoever performs deeds in sincerity, for Allah alone without partners." In a similar statement, Allah said,
فَإنْ حَآجُّوكَ فَقُلْ أَسْلَمْتُ وَجْهِىَ للَّهِ وَمَنِ اتَّبَعَنِ
(So if they dispute with you (Muhammad ) say: "I have submitted myself to Allah (in Islam), and (so have) those who follow me.") (3:20)
Abu Al-`Aliyah and Ar-Rabi` said that,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ
(Yes! But whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah) means, "Whoever is sincere with Allah."
Also, Sa`id bin Jubayr said that,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ
(Yes! But whoever submits) means, he is sincere,
وَجْهَهُ
(his face (himself)) meaning, in his religion.
وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(and he is a Muhsin) following the Messenger . For there are two conditions for deeds to be accepted; the deed must be performed for Allah's sake alone and conform to the Shari`ah. When the deed is sincere, but does not conform to the Shari`ah, then it will not be accepted. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَنْ عَمِلَ عَمَلًا لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ أَمْرُنَا فَهُوَ رَد»
(Whoever performs a deed that does not conform with our matter (religion), then it will be rejected.)
This Hadith was recorded by Muslim. Therefore, the good deeds of the priests and rabbis will not be accepted, even if they are sincerely for Allah alone, because these deeds do not conform with the method of the Messenger , who was sent for all mankind. Allah said regarding such cases,
وَقَدِمْنَآ إِلَى مَا عَمِلُواْ مِنْ عَمَلٍ فَجَعَلْنَاهُ هَبَآءً مَّنثُوراً
(And We shall turn to whatever deeds they (disbelievers, polytheists, sinners) did, and We shall make such deeds as scattered floating particles of dust.) (25:23)
وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ أَعْمَـلُهُمْ كَسَرَابٍ بِقِيعَةٍ يَحْسَبُهُ الظَّمْآنُ مَآءً حَتَّى إِذَا جَآءَهُ لَمْ يَجِدْهُ شَيْئاً
(As for those who disbelieved, their deeds are like a mirage in a desert. The thirsty one thinks it to be water, until he comes up to it, he finds it to be nothing.) (24:39) and,
وُجُوهٌ يَوْمَئِذٍ خَـشِعَةٌ - عَامِلَةٌ نَّاصِبَةٌ - تَصْلَى نَاراً حَامِيَةً - تُسْقَى مِنْ عَيْنٍ ءَانِيَةٍ
(Some faces, that Day will be humiliated. Laboring, weary. They will enter in the hot blazing Fire. They will be given to drink from a boiling spring) (88:2-5).
When the deed conforms to the Shari`ah outwardly, but the person did not perform it sincerely for Allah alone, the deed will also be rejected, as in the case of the hypocrites and those who do their deeds to show off. Similarly, Allah said,
إِنَّ الْمُنَـفِقِينَ يُخَـدِعُونَ اللَّهَ وَهُوَ خَادِعُهُمْ وَإِذَا قَامُواْ إِلَى الصَّلَوةِ قَامُواْ كُسَالَى يُرَآءُونَ النَّاسَ وَلاَ يَذْكُرُونَ اللَّهَ إِلاَّ قَلِيلاً
(Verily, the hypocrites seek to deceive Allah, but it is He Who deceives them. And when they stand up for As-Salah (the prayer), they stand with laziness to be seen by people, and they do not remember Allah but little.) (4:142) and,
فَوَيْلٌ لِّلْمُصَلِّينَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ عَن صَلَـتِهِمْ سَاهُونَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ يُرَآءُونَ - وَيَمْنَعُونَ الْمَاعُونَ
(So woe unto those performers of Salah (prayers) (hypocrites). Those who delay their Salah (from their stated fixed times). Those who do good deeds only to be seen (of men). And withhold Al-Ma`un (small kindnesses)) (107:4-7).
This is why Allah said,
فَمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو لِقَآءَ رَبِّهِ فَلْيَعْمَلْ عَمَلاً صَـلِحاً وَلاَ يُشْرِكْ بِعِبَادَةِ رَبِّهِ أَحَدَا
(So whoever hopes for the meeting with his Lord, let him work righteousness and associate none as a partner in the worship of his Lord) (18: 110).
He also said in this Ayah,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(Yes, but whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah (follows Allah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin).
Allah's statement,
فَلَهُمْ أَجْرُهُمْ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ وَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(Shall have their reward with their Lord, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve) guaranteed them the rewards and safety from what they fear and should avoid.
فَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
(There shall be no fear on them) in the future,
وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(nor shall they grieve) about what they abandoned in the past. Moreover, Sa`id bin Jubayr said,
فَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
"(There shall be no fear on them) in the Hereafter, and
وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(nor shall they grieve) about their imminent death."
The Jews and Christians dispute among Themselves out of Disbelief and Stubbornness
Allah said,
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَـرَى عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَـرَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ
(The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); and the Christians said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); though they both recite the Scripture.)
Allah explained the disputes, hatred and stubbornness that the People of the Book have towards each other. Muhammad bin Ishaq reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "When a delegation of Christians from Najran came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ , the Jewish rabbis came and began arguing with them before the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Rafi` bin Huraymilah said, `You do not follow anything,' and he reiterated his disbelief in Jesus and the Injil. Then a Christian man from Najran's delegation said to the Jews, `Rather, you do not follow anything,' and he reiterated his rejection of Musa's prophethood and his disbelief in the Torah. So Allah revealed the Ayah,
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَـرَى عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَـرَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ
(The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); and the Christians said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); though they both recite the Scripture. )"
Allah made it clear that each party read the affirmation of what they claimed to reject in their Book. Consequently, the Jews disbelieve in Jesus, even though they have the Torah in which Allah took their Covenant by the tongue of Moses to believe in Jesus. Also, the Gospel contains Jesus' assertion that Moses' prophethood and the Torah came from Allah. Yet, each party disbelieved in what the other party had.
Allah said,
كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ مِثْلَ قَوْلِهِمْ
(Like unto their word, said those who know not) thus exposing the ignorance displayed by the Jews and the Christians concerning their statements that we mentioned. There is a difference of opinion regarding the meaning of Allah's statement,
الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(who know not)
For instance, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Qatadah said that,
كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(Like unto their word, said those said those who know not) means, "The Christians said similar statements to the Jews." Ibn Jurayj asked `Ata' "Who are those `who know not"' `Ata' said, "Nations that existed before the Jews and the Christians and before the Torah and the Gospel." Also, As-Suddi said that,
قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(said those who know not) is in reference to the Arabs who said that Muhammad was not following anything (i. e. did not follow a true or existing religion). Abu Ja`far bin Jarir chose the view that this Ayah is general and that there is no evidence that specifically supports any of these explanations. So interpreting the Ayah in a general way is better. Allah knows best.
Allah said,
فَاللَّهُ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَـمَةِ فِيمَا كَانُواْ فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ
(Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection about that wherein they have been differing.) meaning, that Allah will gather them all on the Day of Return. On that Day, Allah will justly judge between them, for He is never unjust with anyone, even as little as the weight of an atom. This Ayah is similar to Allah's statement in Surat Al-Hajj (22:17),
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَالَّذِينَ هَادُواْ وَالصَّـبِئِينَ وَالنَّصَـرَى وَالْمَجُوسَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُواْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَفْصِلُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيـمَةِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَىْءٍ شَهِيدٌ
(Verily, those who believe (in Allah and in His Messenger Muhammad ), and those who are Jews, and the Sabians, and the Christians, and the Majus, and those who associate partners with Allah; truly, Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection. Verily, Allah is over all things a Witness).
Allah said,
قُلْ يَجْمَعُ بَيْنَنَا رَبُّنَا ثُمَّ يَفْتَحُ بَيْنَنَا بِالْحَقِّ وَهُوَ الْفَتَّاحُ الْعَلِيمُ
(Say: "Our Lord will assemble us all together (on the Day of Resurrection), then He will judge between us with truth. And He is the Just Judge, the Knower of the true state of affairs.") (34:26).
The Jews say ‘The Christians stand on nothing’ that can be used as support for their claims and they rejected Jesus; and the Christians say ‘The Jews stand on nothing’ that can be used as support for their claims and they rejected Moses; yet they both groups recite the Scripture revealed to them in the Scripture of the Jews there is the confirmation of Jesus and in that of the Christians there is the confirmation of Moses yatlūna’l-kitāba ‘they recite the Scripture’ the sentence is a circumstantial qualifier. Thus in the way that these have said the ignorant from among the Arabs and others say the like of what these say this last phrase mithla qawlihim ‘the like of what they say’ is the explication of dhālika ‘that way’ that is to say to every person of religion they would say ‘You have no basis’; God shall decide between them on the Day of Resurrection regarding their differences in religion and will admit the confirmer into Paradise and the falsifier into the Fire.
The Jews say, 'The Christians have nothing', because of their being veiled by their religion from their [the Jews'] religion; likewise say the Christians because of their being veiled by the esoteric aspect from the exoteric one, as the Jews are veiled from the esoteric aspect by the exoteric one, which is the situation today with the various schools of Islam; and the Christians say, 'The Jews stand on nothing'; yet they recite the Scripture, which contains what would guide them to the removal of that veil and seeing the truth of every religion and [every] dogmatic school, for the truth of the people of that religion or school is not false since they adhere to those beliefs: otherwise what is the difference between them and those who have neither knowledge nor scripture, as is the case with the polytheists, for what these [latter] say is the same as what the former say, nay they [the polytheists] are less blameworthy since there is only the proof of the intellect against them, while the others have both the proofs of the intellect and those of the Law. [Thus, the ignorant say the like of what these say]; God shall decide between them regarding their differences, [He shall decide between them] with the truth concerning their differences, on the Day of, the event of the major, Resurrection, and the manifestation of the Essential Unity upon the emergence of the Messiah (al-Mahdī), peace be upon him. According to ḥadīth it is that God will disclose Himself to His servants in the form of their belief and they will know Him, whereupon He will transform Himself from that form to another form and they will not know Him: thereupon they will all be misguided and veiled, except what God wills; and He is the One whose Oneness is affirmed but who is not tied to the form of His belief.
The Jews say, 'The Christians have nothing', because of their being veiled by their religion from their [the Jews'] religion; likewise say the Christians because of their being veiled by the esoteric aspect from the exoteric one, as the Jews are veiled from the esoteric aspect by the exoteric one, which is the situation today with the various schools of Islam; and the Christians say, 'The Jews stand on nothing'; yet they recite the Scripture, which contains what would guide them to the removal of that veil and seeing the truth of every religion and [every] dogmatic school, for the truth of the people of that religion or school is not false since they adhere to those beliefs: otherwise what is the difference between them and those who have neither knowledge nor scripture, as is the case with the polytheists, for what these [latter] say is the same as what the former say, nay they [the polytheists] are less blameworthy since there is only the proof of the intellect against them, while the others have both the proofs of the intellect and those of the Law. [Thus, the ignorant say the like of what these say]; God shall decide between them regarding their differences, [He shall decide between them] with the truth concerning their differences, on the Day of, the event of the major, Resurrection, and the manifestation of the Essential Unity upon the emergence of the Messiah (al-Mahdī), peace be upon him. According to ḥadīth it is that God will disclose Himself to His servants in the form of their belief and they will know Him, whereupon He will transform Himself from that form to another form and they will not know Him: thereupon they will all be misguided and veiled, except what God wills; and He is the One whose Oneness is affirmed but who is not tied to the form of His belief.
The Jews say �The Christians stand on nothing�; and the Christians say �The Jews stand on nothing�; yet they recite the scripture. Thus the ignorant say the like of what these say; God shall decide between them on the Day of Resurrection regarding their differences. The allusion in this verse is an inversion of its apparent sense. Today the enemies [of God] disclaim one another [as they have done in the past] but the friends [of God] also do something like that. Nonetheless it is said that the Sufis will remain in a good state as long as they quarrel and do not accept one other because if they were to accept one another they would stay with each other [rather than turning to God].
The Jews say �The Christians stand on nothing�; and the Christians say �The Jews stand on nothing�; yet they recite the scripture. Thus the ignorant say the like of what these say; God shall decide between them on the Day of Resurrection regarding their differences. The allusion in this verse is an inversion of its apparent sense. Today the enemies [of God] disclaim one another [as they have done in the past] but the friends [of God] also do something like that. Nonetheless it is said that the Sufis will remain in a good state as long as they quarrel and do not accept one other because if they were to accept one another they would stay with each other [rather than turning to God].
وقالت اليهود: ليست النصارى على شيء من الدين الصحيح، وكذلك قالت النصارى في اليهود وهم يقرؤون التوراة والإنجيل، وفيهما وجوب الإيمان بالأنبياء جميعًا. كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون من مشركي العرب وغيرهم مثل قولهم، أي قالوا لكل ذي دين: لست على شيء، فالله يفصل بينهم يوم القيامة فيما اختلفوا فيه مِن أمر الدين، ويجازي كلا بعمله.
وقوله تعالى" وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء وهم يتلون الكتاب " بين به تعالى تناقضهم وتباغضهم وتعاديهم وتعاندهم كما قال محمد بن إسحاق: حدثني محمد بن أبي محمد عن عكرمة أبو سعيد بن جبير عن ابن عباس قال: لما قدم أهل نجران من النصارى على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أتتهم أحبار يهود فتنازعوا عند رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال رافع بن حرملة: ما أنتم على شيء وكفر بعيسى وبالإنجيل وقال رجل من أهل نجران من النصارى لليهود: ما أنتم على شيء وجحد نبوة موسى وكفر بالتوراة فأنزل الله في ذلك من قولهما "وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء وهم يتلون الكتاب" قال إن كلا يتلو في كتابه تصديق من كفر به أن يكفر اليهود بعيسى وعندهم التوراة فيها ما أخذ الله عليهم على لسان موسى بالتصديق بعيسى وفي الإنجيل ما جاء به عيسى بتصديق موسى وما جاء من التوراة من عند الله وكل يكفر بما في يد صاحبه وقال مجاهد في تفسير هذه الآية قد كانت أوائل اليهود والنصارى على شيء وقال قتادة "وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء" قال: بلى قد كانت أوائل النصارى على شيء ولكنهم ابتدعوا وتفرقوا "وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء" قال بلى قد كانت أوائل اليهود على شيء ولكنهم ابتدعوا وتفرقوا وعنه رواية أخرى كقول أبي العالية والربيع بن أنس في تفسير هذه الآية "وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء" هؤلاء أهل الكتاب الذين كانوا على عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وهذا القول يقتضي أن كلا من الطائفتين صدقت فيما رمت به الطائفة الأخرى ولكن ظاهر سياق الآية يقتضي ذمهم فيما قالوا من علمهم بخلاف ذلك ولهذا قال تعالى "وهم يتلون الكتاب" أي وهم يعلمون شريعة التوراة والإنجيل كل منهما قد كانت مشروعة في وقت ولكنهم تجاهدوا فيما بينهم عنادا وكفرا ومقابلة للفاسد بالفاسد كما تقدم عن ابن عباس ومجاهد وقتادة في الرواية الأولى عنه في تفسيرها والله أعلم وقوله "كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم" بين بهذا جهل اليهود والنصارى فيما تقابلوه من القول وهذا من باب الإيماء والإشارة وقد اختلف فيما عني بقوله تعالى "الذين لا يعلمون" فقال الربيع بن أنس وقتادة "كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون" قالا: وقالت النصارى مثل قول اليهود وقيلهم وقال ابن جريج: قلت لعطاء من هؤلاء الذين لا يعلمون؟ قال أمم كانت قبل اليهود والنصارى وقبل التوراة والإنجيل وقال السدي كذلك "قال الذين لا يعلمون" فهم العرب قالوا ليس محمد على شيء واختار أبو جعفر بن جرير أنها عامة تصلح للجميع وليس ثم دليل قاطع يعين واحدا من هذه الأقوال والحمل على الجميع أولى والله أعلم وقوله تعالى "فالله يحكم بينهم يوم القيامة فيما كانوا فيه يختلفون" أي أنه تعالى يجمع بينهم يوم المعاد ويفصل بينهم بقضائه العدل الذي لا يجور فيه ولا يظلم مثقال ذرة وهذه الآية كقوله تعالى في سورة الحج "إن الذين آمنوا والذين هادوا والصابئين والنصارى والمجوس والذين أشركوا" إن الله يفصل بينهم يوم القيامة "إن الله على كل شيء شهيد" وكما قال تعالى "قل يجمع بيننا ربنا ثم يفتح بيننا بالحق وهو الفتاح العليم".
ثم بين القرآن بعد ذلك أن أهل الكتاب قد دأبوا على تضليل بعضهم البعض ، وأن الخلاف بينهم قد أدى إلى التنازع والتخاصم فقال :( وَقَالَتِ اليهود لَيْسَتِ النصارى . . . )الآية الكريمة معطوفة على قوله - تعالى - قبل ذلك : ( وَقَالُواْ لَن يَدْخُلَ الجنة إِلاَّ مَن كَانَ هُوداً أَوْ نصارى ) إلخ ، لزيادة بيان طبيعة أهل الكتاب ، المعوجة ، وأن رمي المخالف لهم بأنه ضال شنشنة فيهم .والشيء : يطلق على الموجود ، أو ما يصح أن يعلم ويخبر عنه ، وقد ينفى مبالغة في عدم الاعتداد به واليهود كفرت عيسى - عليه السلام - ومازالوا يزعمون أن المسيح المبشر به في التوارة لم يأت ، وسيأتي بعد ، فهم يعتقدون أن النصارى باتباعهم له ليسوا على أمر حقيقي من التدين ، والنصارى تكفر اليهود لعدم إيمانهم بالمسيح الذي جاء لإتمام شريعتهم ، ونشأ عن هذه النزاع عداوة اشتدت بها الأهواء والتعتصب حتى صار كل فريق منهم يطعن في دين الآخر ، وينفى عنه أن يكون له أصل من الحق .وجملة ( وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الكتاب ) حالية ، والكتاب للجنس . أي : قالوا ذلك وحالهم أنهم من أهل العلم والتلاوة للكتب ، إذ اليهود يقرءون والنصارى يقرءون الإِنجيل ، وحق من حمل التوارة والإِنجيل وغيرهما من كتب الله وآمن به ألا يكفر بالباقي ، لأن كل واحد من الكتابين مصدق للثاني ، شاهد بصحته وكذلك كتب الله جميعاً متواردة على تصديق بعضها البعض .وقوله : ( كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الذين لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ مِثْلَ قَوْلِهِمْ ) معناه : كما أن أهل الكتاب قد قال كل فريق منهم فيمن خالفه إنه ليس على شيء من الدين الحق . فكذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون ، وهم مشركوا العرب ، في شأن المسلمين . إنهم ليسوا على شيء من الدين الحق ، فتشابهت قلوب هؤلاء وقلوب أولئك في الزيغ والضلال .والهدف الذي ترمى إليه هذه الجملة ، هو أن إنكار اليهود والنصارى لرسالة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم لا ينبغي أن يثيير شبهة على عدم صحتها ، حيث يسبق إلى أذهان الضعفاء من الناس أن تلاوتهم للكتاب تجعهلم أعرف بالنبوة الصادقة من غيرها . فكأن القرآن يقول : إن تلاوتهم للكتاب وحدها لا ينبغي أن تكون شبهه .ألا ترون اليهود والنصارى وهم يتلون الكتاب كيف أنكر كل فريق منهما أن يكون الآخر على شيء حقيقي من التدين ، فسبيلهم في إنكار دين الإِسلام كسبيل المشركين الذين أنكروه عن جهالة به .وفي هذه الجملة توبيخ شديد لأهل الكتاب ، حيث نظموا أنفسهم - مع علمهم - في سلك من لا يعلم .وقوله : ( فالله يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ القيامة فِيمَا كَانُواْ فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ ) . صدر بالفاء ، لأن التوعد بالحكم بينهم يوم القيامة ، وإظهار ما أكنته ضمائرهم من الهوى والضلال ، متفرع عن هذه المقالات ومسبب عنها ، وهو خبر المقصود منه التوبيخ والوعيد .والضمير المجرور بإضافة بين إليه راجع إلى الفرق الثلاث ، وما كانوا فيه يختلفون يعم ما ذكر وغيره وقيل الضمير يعود على اليهود والنصارى .والاختلاف : تقابل رأيين فيما ينبغي انفراد الرأي فيه .ولم تصرح الآية الكريمة بماذا يحكم الله بينهم ، لأنهن من المعلوم أن من مظاهر حكم الله يوم القيامة إثابة من كان على حق ، وعقاب من كان على باطل .وبذلك تكون الآية الكريمة قد فضحت أهل الكتاب ، حيث بينت كيف أن كل فريق منهم قد رمى صاحبه بالضلال ، وفي هذا تثبيت للمؤمنين ونهى لهم عن أن ينهجوا نهجهم .
القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَارَى عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَارَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَابَقال أبو جعفر: ذكر أن هذه الآية نـزلت في قوم من أهل الكتابين تنازعوا عند رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، فقال بعضهم لبعض.* ذكر من قال ذلك:1811- حدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا سلمة ، وحدثنا أبو كريب قال، حدثنا يونس بن بكير ، قالا جميعا- حدثنا محمد بن إسحاق قال، حدثني محمد بن أبي محمد مولى زيد بن ثابت قال، حدثني سعيد بن جبير أو عكرمة ، عن ابن عباس قال، لما قدم أهل نجران من النصارى على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، أتتهم أحبار يهود ، فتنازعوا عند رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال رافع بن حريملة: ما أنتم على شيء ، وكفر بعيسى ابن مريم وبالإنجيل. فقال رجل من أهل نجران من النصارى: ما أنتم على شيء ، وجحد نبوة موسى وكفر بالتوراة. فأنـزل الله عز وجل في ذلك من قولهما: (وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء) ، إلى قوله: فِيمَا كَانُوا فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ (1)1812- حُدثت عن عمار قال، حدثنا ابن أبي جعفر ، عن أبيه ، عن الربيع قوله: (وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء) ، قال: هؤلاء أهل الكتاب الذين كانوا على عهد النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم.* * *قال أبو جعفر: وأما تأويل الآية ، فإن قالت اليهود: ليست النصارى في دينها على صواب! ، وقالت النصارى: ليست اليهود في دينها على صواب! وإنما أخبر الله عنهم بقيلهم ذلك للمؤمنين ، إعلاما ، منه لهم بتضييع كل فريق منهم حكم الكتاب الذي يظهر الإقرار بصحته وبأنه من عند الله ، وجحودهم مع ذلك ما أنـزل الله فيه من فروضه ، لأن الإنجيل الذي تدين بصحته وحقيته النصارى ، يحقق ما في التوراة من نبوة موسى عليه السلام، وما فرض الله على بني إسرائيل فيها من الفرائض ، وأن التوراة التي تدين بصحتها وحقيقتها اليهود تحقق نبوة عيسى عليه السلام ، وما جاء به من الله من الأحكام والفرائض.ثم قال كل فريق منهم للفريق الآخر ما أخبر الله عنهم في قوله: (وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء) ، مع تلاوة كل واحد من الفريقين كتابه الذي يشهد على كذبه في قيله ذلك. فأخبر جل ثناؤه أن كل فريق منهم قال ما قال من ذلك ، على علم منهم أنهم فيما قالوه مبطلون ؛ وأتوا ما أتوا من كفرهم بما كفروا به على معرفة منهم بأنهم فيه ملحدون.فإن قال لنا قائل: أو كانت اليهود والنصارى بعد أن بعث الله رسوله على شيء ، فيكون الفريق القائل منهم ذلك للفريق الآخر مبطلا في قيله ما قال من ذلك؟قيل: قد روينا الخبر الذي ذكرناه عن ابن عباس قبل ، من أن إنكار كل فريق منهم ، إنما كان إنكارا لنبوة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ، الذي ينتحل التصديق به ، وبما جاء به الفريق الآخر ، لا دفعا منهم أن يكون الفريق الآخر في الحال التي بعث الله فيها نبينا صلى الله عليه وسلم على شيء من دينه ، بسبب جحوده نبوة نبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم. وكيف يجوز أن يكون معنى ذلك إنكار كل فريق منهم أن يكون الفريق الآخر على شيء بعد بعثة نبينا صلى الله عليه وسلم ، وكلا الفريقين كان جاحدا نبوة نبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم في الحال التي أنـزل الله فيها هذه الآية؟ ولكن معنى ذلك: وقالت اليهود: ليست النصارى على شيء من دينها منذ دانت دينها ، وقالت النصارى: ليست اليهود على شيء منذ دانت دينها. وذلك هو معنى الخبر الذي رويناه عن ابن عباس آنفا. فكذب الله الفريقين في قيلهما ما قالا. كما:-1813- حدثنا بشر بن معاذ قال، حدثنا يزيد قال، حدثنا سعيد ، عن قتادة قوله: (وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء) ، قال: بلى ! قد كانت أوائل النصارى على شيء ، ولكنهم ابتدعوا وتفرقوا ، وقالت النصارى: (ليست اليهود على شيء)، ولكن القوم ابتدعوا وتفرقوا.1814- حدثنا القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج ، عن ابن جريج: (وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء) ، قال: قال مجاهد: قد كانت أوائل اليهود والنصارى على شيء.* * *وأما قوله: (وهم يتلون الكتاب) ، فإنه يعني به كتاب الله التوراة والإنجيل ، وهما شاهدان على فريقي اليهود والنصارى بالكفر ، وخلافهم أمر الله الذي أمرهم به فيه. كما:-1815- حدثنا أبو كريب قال، حدثنا يونس بن بكير - وحدثنا ابن حميد قال، حدثنا سلمة بن الفضل - قالا جميعا، حدثنا ابن إسحاق قال، حدثني محمد بن أبي محمد مولى زيد بن ثابت قال، حدثني سعيد بن جبير أو عكرمة ، عن ابن عباس في قوله: (وهم يتلون الكتاب كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم) ، أي كل يتلو في كتابه تصديق ما كفر به: أي يكفر اليهود بعيسى وعندهم التوراة فيها ما أخذ الله عليهم من الميثاق على لسان موسى بالتصديق بعيسى عليه السلام ، وفي الإنجيل مما جاء به عيسى تصديقُ موسى ، وما جاء به من التوراة من عند الله ; وكل يكفر بما في يد صاحبه. (2)* * *القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لا يَعْلَمُونَ مِثْلَ قَوْلِهِمْقال أبو جعفر: اختلف أهل التأويل في الذين عنى الله بقوله: (كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون) . فقال بعضهم بما:-1816- حدثني به المثنى قال، حدثنا إسحاق قال، حدثنا ابن أبي جعفر ، عن أبيه ، عن الربيع ، (قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم)، قال: وقالت النصارى مثل قول اليهود قبلهم.1817- حدثنا بشر بن سعيد ، عن قتادة: (قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم) ، قال: قالت النصارى مثل قول اليهود قبلهم.* * *وقال آخرون بما:-1818- حدثنا به القاسم قال، حدثنا الحسين قال، حدثني حجاج قال، قال ابن جريج: قلت لعطاء: من هؤلاء الذين لا يعلمون؟ قال: أمم كانت قبل اليهود والنصارى ، وقبل التوراة والإنجيل.* * *وقال بعضهم: عنى بذلك مشركي العرب ، لأنهم لم يكونوا أهل كتاب فنسبوا إلى الجهل ، ونفي عنهم من أجل ذلك العلم.* ذكر من قال ذلك:1819- حدثني موسى بن هارون قال، حدثنا عمرو قال، حدثنا أسباط ، عن السدي: (كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم)، فهم العرب ، قالوا: ليس محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم على شيء.* * *قال أبو جعفر: والصواب من القول في ذلك عندنا أن يقال: إن الله تبارك وتعالى أخبر عن قوم وصفهم بالجهل ، ونفى عنهم العلم بما كانت اليهود والنصارى به عالمين - أنهم قالوا بجهلهم نظير ما قال اليهود والنصارى بعضها لبعض مما أخبر الله عنهم أنهم قالوه في قوله: وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَارَى عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَارَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ . وجائز أن يكونوا هم المشركين من العرب ، وجائز أن يكونوا أمة كانت قبل اليهود والنصارى. ولا أمة أولى أن يقال هي التي عنيت بذلك من أخرى ، إذْ لم يكن في الآية دلالة على أي من أي ، ولا خبر بذلك عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ثبتت حجته من جهة نقل الواحد العدل ، ولا من جهة النقل المستفيض.وإنما قصد الله جل ثناؤه بقوله: (كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم) ، إعلام المؤمنين أن اليهود والنصارى قد أتوا من قيل الباطل ، وافتراء الكذب على الله ، وجحود نبوة الأنبياء والرسل ، وهم أهل كتاب يعلمون أنهم فيما يقولون مبطلون ، وبجحودهم ما يجحدون من ملتهم خارجون ، وعلى الله مفترون ، مثل الذي قاله أهل الجهل بالله وكتبه ورسله ، الذين لم يبعث الله لهم رسولا ولا أوحى إليهم كتابا.وهذه الآية تنبئ عن أن من أتى شيئا من معاصي الله على علم منه بنهي الله عنها ، فمصيبته في دينه أعظم من مصيبة من أتى ذلك جاهلا به . لأن الله تعالى ذكره عظم توبيخ اليهود والنصارى بما وبخهم به في قيلهم ما أخبر عنهم بقوله: وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَارَى عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَارَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ ، من أجل أنهم أهل كتاب قالوا ما قالوا من ذلك على علم منهم أنهم مبطلون.* * *القول في تأويل قوله تعالى : فَاللَّهُ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فِيمَا كَانُوا فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ (113)قال أبو جعفر : يعني بذلك جل ثناؤه: فالله يقضي فيفصل بين هؤلاء المختلفين ، = القائل بعضهم لبعض: لستم على شيء من دينكم - يوم قيام الخلق لربهم من قبورهم - فيتبين المحق منهم من المبطل ، بإثابة المحق ما وعد أهل طاعته على أعماله الصالحة ، ومجازاته المبطل منهم بما أوعد أهل الكفر به على كفرهم به = فيما كانوا فيه يختلفون من أديانهم ومللهم في دار الدنيا.* * *وأما " القيامة " فهي مصدر من قول القائل: " قمت قياما وقيامة "، كما يقال: " عدت فلانا عيادة " و " صنت هذا الأمر صيانة ".* * *وإنما عنى " بالقيامة " قيام الخلق من قبورهم لربهم . فمعنى " يوم القيامة ": يوم قيام الخلائق من قبورهم لمحشرهم.------------------الهوامش :(1) الأثر : 1811 - في سيرة ابن هشام 2 : 197 - 198 .(2) الأثر : 1815 - في سيرة ابن هشام 2 : 198 .
قوله ( وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء ) نزلت في يهود المدينة ونصارى أهل نجران وذلك أن وفد نجران لما قدموا على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أتاهم أحبار اليهود : فتناظروا حتى ارتفعت أصواتهم فقالت لهم اليهود ، ما أنتم على شيء من الدين ، وكفروا بعيسى والإنجيل ، وقالت لهم النصارى : ما أنتم على شيء من الدين ، وكفروا بموسى والتوراة فأنزل الله تعالى ( وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء وهم يتلون الكتاب ) [ وكلا الفريقين يقرءون الكتاب ، قيل : معناه ليس في كتبهم هذا الاختلاف فدل تلاوتهم الكتاب ومخالفتهم ما فيه على كونهم على الباطل ( كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون ) يعني : آباءهم الذين مضوا ( مثل قولهم ) قال مجاهد : يعني : عوام النصارى ، وقال مقاتل : يعني مشركي العرب ، كذلك قالوا في نبيهم محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وأصحابه : إنهم ليسوا على شيء من الدين .وقال عطاء : أمم كانت قبل اليهود والنصارى مثل قوم نوح وهود وصالح ولوط وشعيب عليهم السلام قالوا لنبيهم : إنه ليس على شيء ( فالله يحكم بينهم يوم القيامة ) يقضي بين المحق والمبطل ( فيما كانوا فيه يختلفون ) الدين
معطوف على قوله : { وقالوا لن يدخل الجنة إلا من كان هوداً أو نصارى } [ البقرة : 111 ] لزيارة بيان أن المجازفة دأبهم وأن رمي المخالف لهم بأنه ضال شنشنة قديمة فيهم فهم يرمون المخالفين بالضلال لمجرد المخالفة ، فقديماً ما رمت اليهود النصارى بالضلال ورمت النصارى اليهود بمثله فلا تعجبوا من حكم كل فريق منهم بأن المسلمين لا يدخلون الجنة ، وفي ذلك إنحاء على أهل الكتاب وتطمين لخواطر المسلمين ودفع الشبهة عن المشركين بأنهم يتخذون من طعن أهل الكتاب في الإسلام حجة لأنفسهم على مناوأته وثباتاً على شركهم .والمراد من القول التصريح بالكلام الدال فهم قد قالوا هذا بالصراحة حين جاء وفد نجران إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وفيهم أعيان دينهم من النصارى فلما بلغ مقدمهم اليهود أتوهم وهم عند النبيء صلى الله عليه وسلم فناظروهم في الدين وجادلوهم حتى تسابوا فكفر اليهود بعيسى وبالإنجيل وقالوا للنصارى ما أنتم على شيء فكفر وفد نجران بموسى وبالتوراة وقالوا لليهود لستم على شيء .وقولهم { على شيء } نكرة في سياق النفي والشيء الموجود هنا مبالغة أي ليسوا على أمر يعتد به . فالشيء المنفي هو العرفي أو باعتبار صفة محذوفة على حد قول عباس بن مرداس :وقد كنت في الحرب ذا تُدْرَا ... فلم أُعْطَ شيئاً ولم أُمنعأي لم أعط شيئاً نافعاً مغنياً بدليل قوله ولم أُمنع ، وسئل رسول الله عن الكهان فقال : «ليسوا بشيء» ، فالصيغة صيغة عموم والمراد بها في مجاري الكلام نفي شيء يعتد به في الغرض الجاري فيه الكلام بحسب المقامات فهي مستعملة مجازاً كالعام المراد به الخصوص أي ليسوا على حظ من الحق فالمراد هنا ليستْ على شيء من الحق وذلك كناية عن عدم صحة ما بين أيديهم من الكتاب الشرعي فكل فريق من الفريقين رمَى الآخر بأن ما عنده من الكتاب لاحظ فيه من الخير كما دل عليه قوله بعده : { وهم يتلون الكتاب } فإن قوله : { وهم يتلون الكتاب } جملة حالية جيء بها لمزيد التعجب من شأنهم أن يقولوا ذلك وكل فريق منهم يتلون الكتاب وكل كتاب يتلونه مشتمل على الحق لو اتبعه أهله حق اتباعه ، ولا يخلو أَهل كتاب حق من أن يتبعوا بعض ما في كتابهم أو جل ما فيه فلا يصدق قولُ غيرهم أنهم ليسوا على شيء .وجيء بالجملة الحالية لأن دلالتها على الهيئة أقوى من دلالة الحال المفردة لأن الجملة الحالية بسبب اشتمالها على نسبة خبرية تفيد أن ما كان حقه أن يكون خبراً عدل به عن الخبر لادعاء أنه معلوم اتصاف المخبر عنه به فيؤتى به في موقع الحال المفردة على اعتبار التذكير به ولفت الذهن إليه فصار حالاً له .وضمير قوله : { هم } عائد إلى الفريقين وقيل عائد إلى النصارى لأنهم أقرب مذكور .والتعريف في ( الكتاب ) جعله صاحب «الكشاف» تعريف الجنس وهو يرمي بذلك إلى أن المقصود أنهم أهل علم كما يقال لهم أهل الكتاب في مقابلة الأميين ، وحداه إلى ذلك قوله عقبه { كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون } فالمعنى أنهم تراجموا بالنسبة إلى نهاية الضلال وهم من أهل العلم الذين لا يليق بهم المجازفة ومن حقهم الإنصاف بأن يبينوا مواقع الخطأ عند مخالفيهم .وجعل ابن عطية التعريف للعهد وجعل المعهود التوراة أي لأنها الكتاب الذي يقرأه الفريقان . ووجه التعجيب على هذا الوجه أن التوراة هي أصل للنصرانية والإنجيل ناطق بحقيتها فكيف يَسُوغُ للنصارى ادعاء أنها ليست بشيء كما فعلت نصارى نجران ، وأن التوراة ناطقة بمجيء رسل بعد موسى فكيف ساغ لليهود تكذيب رسول النصارى .وإذا جعل الضمير عائداً للنصارى خاصة يحتمل أن يكون المعهود التوراة كما ذكرنا أو الإنجيل الناطق بأحقية التوراة وفي { يتلون } دلالة على هذا لأنه يصير التعجب مشرباً بضرب من الاعتذار أعني أنهم يقرأون دون تدبر وهدا من التهكم وإلا لقال وهم يعلمون الكتاب وبهذا يتبين أن ليست هذه الآية واردة للانتصار لأحد الفريقين أو كليهما .وقوله : { كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم } أي يشبه هذا القول قول فريق آخر غير الفريقين وهؤلاء الذين لا يعلمون هم مقابل الذين يتلون الكتاب وأريد بهم مشركو العرب وهم لا يعلمون لأنهم أمّيون وإطلاق { الذين لا يعلمون } على المشركين وارد في القرآن من ذلك قوله الآتي : { وقال الذين لا يعلمون لولا يكلمنا الله أو تأتينا آية } [ البقرة : 118 ] بدليل قوله : { كذلك قال الذين من قبلهم مثل قولهم } [ البقرة : 118 ] يعني كذلك قال اليهود والنصارى ، والمعنى هنا أن المشركين كذبوا الأديان كلها اليهودية والنصرانية والإسلام والمقصود من التشبيه تشويه المشبه به بأنه مشابه لقول أهل الضلال البحت .وهذا استطراد للإنحاء على المشركين فيما قابلوا به الدعوة الإسلامية ، أي قالوا للمسلمين مثل مقالة أهل الكتابين بعضهم لبعض وقد حكى القرآن مقالتهم في قوله : { إذ قالوا ما أنزل الله على بشر من شيء } [ الأنعام : 91 ] .والتشبيه المستفاد من الكاف في { كذلك } تشبيه في الادعاء على أنهم ليسوا على شيء والتقدير مثل ذلك القول الذي قالته اليهود والنصارى قال الذين لا يعلمون ، ولهذا يكون لفظ { مثل قولهم } تأكيداً لما أفاده كاف التشبيه وهو تأكيد يشير إلى أن المشابهة بين قول { الذين لا يعلمون } وبين قول اليهود والنصارى مشابهة تامة لأنهم لما قالوا { ما أنزل الله على بشر من شيء } قد كذَّبوا اليهود والنصارى والمسلمين .وتقديم الجار والمجرور على متعلقه وهو { قال } إما لمجرد الاهتمام ببيان الماثلة وإما ليغني عن حرف العطف في الانتقال من كلام إلى كلام إيجازاً بديعاً لأن مفاد حرف العطف التشريك ومفاد كاف التشبيه التشريك إذ التشبيه تشريك في الصفة .ولأجل الاهتمام أو لزيادته أكد قوله { كذلك } بقوله { مثل قولهم } فهو صفة أيضاً لمعمول قالوا المحذوف أي قالوا مقولاً مثل قولهم . ولك أن تجعل { كذلك } تأكيداً لمثل قولهم وتعتبر تقديمه من تأخير ، والأول أظهر .وجوز صاحب «الكشف» وجماعة أن لا يكون قوله : { مثلَ قولهم } أو قوله : { كذلك } تأكيداً للآخر وأن مرجع التشبيه إلى كيفية القول ومنهجه في صدوره عن هَوىً ، ومرجع المماثلة إلى المماثلة في اللفظ فيكون على كلامه تكريراً في التشبيه من جهتين للدلالة على قوة التشابه .وقولُه : { فالله يحكم بينهم } الآية ، جاء بالفاء لأن التوعد بالحكم بينهم يوم القيامة وإظهار ما أكنته ضمائرهم من الهوى والحسد متفرع عن هذه المقالات ومسبب عنها وهو خبر مراد به التوبيخ والوعيد والضمير المجرور بإضافة ( بين ) راجع إلى الفرق الثلاث و ( ما كانوا فيه يختلفون ) يعم ما ذكر وغيره . والجملة تذييل .
وذلك أنه بلغ بأهل الكتاب الهوى والحسد, إلى أن بعضهم ضلل بعضا, وكفر بعضهم بعضا, كما فعل الأميون من مشركي العرب وغيرهم. فكل فرقة تضلل الفرقة الأخرى, ويحكم الله في الآخرة بين المختلفين بحكمه العدل, الذي أخبر به عباده, فإنه لا فوز ولا نجاة إلا لمن صدق جميع الأنبياء والمرسلين, وامتثل أوامر ربه, واجتنب نواهيه, ومن عداهم, فهو هالك.
قوله تعالى : وقالت اليهود ليست النصارى على شيء وقالت النصارى ليست اليهود على شيء وهم يتلون الكتاب كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم فالله يحكم بينهم يوم القيامة فيما كانوا فيه يختلفون [ ص: 73 ] معناه ادعى كل فريق منهم أن صاحبه ليس على شيء ، وأنه أحق برحمة الله منه . وهم يتلون الكتاب يعني التوراة والإنجيل ، والجملة في موضع الحال .كذلك قال الذين لا يعلمون مثل قولهم فالله يحكم بينهم يوم القيامة فيما كانوا فيه يختلفون والمراد ب الذين لا يعلمون في قول الجمهور : كفار العرب ; لأنهم لا كتاب لهم . وقال عطاء : المراد أمم كانت قبل اليهود والنصارى . الربيع بن أنس : المعنى كذلك قالت اليهود قبل النصارى . ابن عباس : قدم أهل نجران على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فأتتهم أحبار يهود ، فتنازعوا عند النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ، وقالت كل فرقة منهم للأخرى لستم على شيء ، فنزلت الآية .
To the Israelites the criterion of truth was their association with the prophets and saints. That was why they believed that their community was in the right while other communities were in the wrong. As for the Christians, they considered themselves unique in that God’s ‘beloved son’ had been sent to them. Even the polytheists of Makkah thought of themselves as superior to others, basing their claim on the fact that they were the guardians of God’s Sacred House. Thus every nation had set its own self-styled religious standards, according to which they themselves inevitably appeared to be in the right, and everyone else in the wrong. Their actions, however, did not substantiate their claims. For one thing, they had become divided into sects, though all of them swore allegiance to the divine scriptures. They took every opportunity to deny others the right to enter places of worship, though they would say that they were doing this to protect the sanctity of these places. In fact they were ruining them, for places of worship become derelict when people are denied the right of worship there. If a worshipper has the correct attitude, he will never deny the right to worship to those who come to do so; he will never persecute those who come to serve the Lord. When one is truly conscious of God’s greatness and one’s own helplessness before Him, one’s humility will show in one’s dealings with others: one will not seek to harm one’s fellow men in any way, let alone deny them their fundamental right to worship God.
The Jews and the Christians were hostile not only to the Muslims, but also to each other. They had forgotten the essence of religion --that is, adherence to the true and authentic doctrines, and performance of good deeds as laid down by the Shari'ah -- and had identified it with a mere affiliation to a racial or social community. Each of the two groups claimed that it had the exclusive right to go to the Paradise, without having any argument to substantiate the claim. The Jews read the Torah, while the Christians read the Evangel, and they could have easily seen that the two Books confirm each other. Each party used to assert, in its malice, that the religion of the other was baseless. This gave an excuse to the mushrikin (associators) who, in spite of their ignorance, began to say the same of both the religions.
The Holy Qur'an dismisses these pretensions as mere fancy and self-delusion. It declares that other people too will go to Paradise who have, in their time, been following the Shari'ah of their own prophet, and who, now that the Holy Qur'an also has abrogated all the earlier Divine Books, follow the Islamic Shari'ah. Verse 112 lays down the general principle in this respect, which is accepted by the followers of all the Divine Books. The essence of religion, whether it be Islam or Christianity or Judaism, lies in two things. (1) One should obey Allah in one's belief as well as in one's actions. (2) This obedience should not arise from expediency, but one should surrender oneself to divine commandments in all sincerity. Moreover, it is not enough to be worthy of Paradise merely to have a sincere intention to obey Allah, and then to invent, according to one's own fancy, the modes and forms of obedience, for it is absolutely essential that the forms of worship and the modes of obedience should be no other than those which Allah Himself has appointed through the agency of His prophets -- it goes without saying that since the revelation of the Holy Qur'an this can only mean accepting and following the Islamic Shari'ah. We may add that in connection with the first of these two principles, the Holy Qur'an employs the Arabic word اَسلمَ : Aslama which signifies total submission to Allah, and in connection with the second word Muhsin محسن ، which signifies "one who performs good deeds" according to the Shari'ah.
The differences between the Jews and the Christians
In so far as these verses deal with the claims of the Jews and the Christians, the point of the argument is this:- Having laid down the two principles the acceptance of which makes one worthy of Paradise, the Holy Qur'an suggests that they should now try to find out who is really acting upon them. Obviously, one who keeps following an injunction even after it has been abrogated cannot be described as obedient, and hence the Jews and the Christians no longer deserve this title. After the abrogation of an injunction, obedience consists in acting upon the new injunction which has replaced the earlier one. This condition is now being fulfilled only by the Muslims who have accepted the latest and the last Prophet ؓ and his Shari'ah. Hence, they alone shall now be considered worthy of Paradise. The condition of one's being sincere in one's obedience excludes the hypocrites too, for the Sha-ri` ah counts them among the infidels, and thus assigns them to Hell.
Verse 112 also announces the reward of those who act upon these principles -- on the Day of Judgment, they shall have nothing to fear, nor shall they grieve, as angels will give them good tidings. As for the debates among the Jews, the Christians and the associators, Verse 113 declares that Allah will Himself decide the question finally on the Day of Judgment. In fact, the question has already been settled on the basis of what Allah has revealed in His Books as well as on the basis of rational argument; the final decision on the Day of Judgment will be of the visible kind -- those who follow the Truth will be sent to Paradise, while those who go after falsehood will be cast down in Hell.
These verses provide a warning to the Muslims as well, lest they too should delude themselves like the Jews and the Christians, and suppose that merely because they belong to the social community of Muslims and can, as such, claim to be Muslims, whereby they can dispense with the need to obey Allah and to follow the Shari` ah, and yet receive the rewards Allah has promised to give to true Muslims. Even Muslims have no right to hope for these rewards until and unless they submit themselves totally, in thought and deed both, to the commandments of Allah and His Prophet ﷺ .
Allah then mentions the claims of the Jews and Christians that their respective religion is the true Religion, saying: (And Jews) the Jews of Medina (say Christians follow nothing) as religion from God and there is no true religion except Judaism, (and Christians) the Christians of Najran (say Jews follow nothing) as religion from God and there is no true religion except Christianity; (though both are readers of the Scripture) both parties read the Book and do not believe in it and further claim things that are not mentioned therein. (Even thus spoke those who know not) knew the Oneness of Allah through their own forefathers; and it is said this means: they knew the Book of Allah from others. (Allah will judge between them) between the Jews and Christians (on the Day of Resurrection concerning that wherein they differ).
The Jews say ‘The Christians stand on nothing’ that can be used as support for their claims and they rejected Jesus; and the Christians say ‘The Jews stand on nothing’ that can be used as support for their claims and they rejected Moses; yet they both groups recite the Scripture revealed to them in the Scripture of the Jews there is the confirmation of Jesus and in that of the Christians there is the confirmation of Moses yatlūna’l-kitāba ‘they recite the Scripture’ the sentence is a circumstantial qualifier. Thus in the way that these have said the ignorant from among the Arabs and others say the like of what these say this last phrase mithla qawlihim ‘the like of what they say’ is the explication of dhālika ‘that way’ that is to say to every person of religion they would say ‘You have no basis’; God shall decide between them on the Day of Resurrection regarding their differences in religion and will admit the confirmer into Paradise and the falsifier into the Fire.
The Hopes of the People of the Book
Allah made the confusion of the Jews and the Christians clear, since they claim that no one will enter Paradise, unless he is a Jew or a Christian. Similarly, Allah mentioned their claims in Surat Al-Ma'idah:
نَحْنُ أَبْنَاءُ اللَّهِ وَأَحِبَّاؤُهُ
(We are the children of Allah and His loved ones) (5:18).
Allah refuted this false claim and informed them that they will be punished because of their sins. Previously we mentioned their claim that the Fire would not touch them for more than a few days, after which they would be put in Paradise. Allah rebuked this claim, and He said about this baseless claim, m
تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْ
(These are their own desires). Abu Al-`Aliyah commented, "These are wishes that they wished Allah would answer, without basis." Similar was stated by Qatadah and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. Allah then said,
قُلْ
(Say) meaning, "Say O Muhammad:"
هَاتُواْ بُرْهَـنَكُمْ
("Produce your Burhan...") meaning, "Your proof", as Abu Al-`Aliyah, Mujahid, As-Suddi and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas stated. Qatadah said that the Ayah means, "Bring the evidence that supports your statement,
إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(if you are truthful) in your claim. "
Allah then said,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(Yes! But whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah (i.e. follows Allah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin) meaning, "Whoever performs deeds in sincerity, for Allah alone without partners." In a similar statement, Allah said,
فَإنْ حَآجُّوكَ فَقُلْ أَسْلَمْتُ وَجْهِىَ للَّهِ وَمَنِ اتَّبَعَنِ
(So if they dispute with you (Muhammad ) say: "I have submitted myself to Allah (in Islam), and (so have) those who follow me.") (3:20)
Abu Al-`Aliyah and Ar-Rabi` said that,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ
(Yes! But whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah) means, "Whoever is sincere with Allah."
Also, Sa`id bin Jubayr said that,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ
(Yes! But whoever submits) means, he is sincere,
وَجْهَهُ
(his face (himself)) meaning, in his religion.
وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(and he is a Muhsin) following the Messenger . For there are two conditions for deeds to be accepted; the deed must be performed for Allah's sake alone and conform to the Shari`ah. When the deed is sincere, but does not conform to the Shari`ah, then it will not be accepted. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَنْ عَمِلَ عَمَلًا لَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ أَمْرُنَا فَهُوَ رَد»
(Whoever performs a deed that does not conform with our matter (religion), then it will be rejected.)
This Hadith was recorded by Muslim. Therefore, the good deeds of the priests and rabbis will not be accepted, even if they are sincerely for Allah alone, because these deeds do not conform with the method of the Messenger , who was sent for all mankind. Allah said regarding such cases,
وَقَدِمْنَآ إِلَى مَا عَمِلُواْ مِنْ عَمَلٍ فَجَعَلْنَاهُ هَبَآءً مَّنثُوراً
(And We shall turn to whatever deeds they (disbelievers, polytheists, sinners) did, and We shall make such deeds as scattered floating particles of dust.) (25:23)
وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ أَعْمَـلُهُمْ كَسَرَابٍ بِقِيعَةٍ يَحْسَبُهُ الظَّمْآنُ مَآءً حَتَّى إِذَا جَآءَهُ لَمْ يَجِدْهُ شَيْئاً
(As for those who disbelieved, their deeds are like a mirage in a desert. The thirsty one thinks it to be water, until he comes up to it, he finds it to be nothing.) (24:39) and,
وُجُوهٌ يَوْمَئِذٍ خَـشِعَةٌ - عَامِلَةٌ نَّاصِبَةٌ - تَصْلَى نَاراً حَامِيَةً - تُسْقَى مِنْ عَيْنٍ ءَانِيَةٍ
(Some faces, that Day will be humiliated. Laboring, weary. They will enter in the hot blazing Fire. They will be given to drink from a boiling spring) (88:2-5).
When the deed conforms to the Shari`ah outwardly, but the person did not perform it sincerely for Allah alone, the deed will also be rejected, as in the case of the hypocrites and those who do their deeds to show off. Similarly, Allah said,
إِنَّ الْمُنَـفِقِينَ يُخَـدِعُونَ اللَّهَ وَهُوَ خَادِعُهُمْ وَإِذَا قَامُواْ إِلَى الصَّلَوةِ قَامُواْ كُسَالَى يُرَآءُونَ النَّاسَ وَلاَ يَذْكُرُونَ اللَّهَ إِلاَّ قَلِيلاً
(Verily, the hypocrites seek to deceive Allah, but it is He Who deceives them. And when they stand up for As-Salah (the prayer), they stand with laziness to be seen by people, and they do not remember Allah but little.) (4:142) and,
فَوَيْلٌ لِّلْمُصَلِّينَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ عَن صَلَـتِهِمْ سَاهُونَ - الَّذِينَ هُمْ يُرَآءُونَ - وَيَمْنَعُونَ الْمَاعُونَ
(So woe unto those performers of Salah (prayers) (hypocrites). Those who delay their Salah (from their stated fixed times). Those who do good deeds only to be seen (of men). And withhold Al-Ma`un (small kindnesses)) (107:4-7).
This is why Allah said,
فَمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو لِقَآءَ رَبِّهِ فَلْيَعْمَلْ عَمَلاً صَـلِحاً وَلاَ يُشْرِكْ بِعِبَادَةِ رَبِّهِ أَحَدَا
(So whoever hopes for the meeting with his Lord, let him work righteousness and associate none as a partner in the worship of his Lord) (18: 110).
He also said in this Ayah,
بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِلَّهِ وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ
(Yes, but whoever submits his face (himself) to Allah (follows Allah's religion of Islamic Monotheism) and he is a Muhsin).
Allah's statement,
فَلَهُمْ أَجْرُهُمْ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ وَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(Shall have their reward with their Lord, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve) guaranteed them the rewards and safety from what they fear and should avoid.
فَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
(There shall be no fear on them) in the future,
وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(nor shall they grieve) about what they abandoned in the past. Moreover, Sa`id bin Jubayr said,
فَلاَ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ
"(There shall be no fear on them) in the Hereafter, and
وَلاَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ
(nor shall they grieve) about their imminent death."
The Jews and Christians dispute among Themselves out of Disbelief and Stubbornness
Allah said,
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَـرَى عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَـرَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ
(The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); and the Christians said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); though they both recite the Scripture.)
Allah explained the disputes, hatred and stubbornness that the People of the Book have towards each other. Muhammad bin Ishaq reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "When a delegation of Christians from Najran came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ , the Jewish rabbis came and began arguing with them before the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Rafi` bin Huraymilah said, `You do not follow anything,' and he reiterated his disbelief in Jesus and the Injil. Then a Christian man from Najran's delegation said to the Jews, `Rather, you do not follow anything,' and he reiterated his rejection of Musa's prophethood and his disbelief in the Torah. So Allah revealed the Ayah,
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَـرَى عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَـرَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ عَلَى شَىْءٍ وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَـبَ
(The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); and the Christians said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e. are not on the right religion); though they both recite the Scripture. )"
Allah made it clear that each party read the affirmation of what they claimed to reject in their Book. Consequently, the Jews disbelieve in Jesus, even though they have the Torah in which Allah took their Covenant by the tongue of Moses to believe in Jesus. Also, the Gospel contains Jesus' assertion that Moses' prophethood and the Torah came from Allah. Yet, each party disbelieved in what the other party had.
Allah said,
كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ مِثْلَ قَوْلِهِمْ
(Like unto their word, said those who know not) thus exposing the ignorance displayed by the Jews and the Christians concerning their statements that we mentioned. There is a difference of opinion regarding the meaning of Allah's statement,
الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(who know not)
For instance, Ar-Rabi` bin Anas and Qatadah said that,
كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(Like unto their word, said those said those who know not) means, "The Christians said similar statements to the Jews." Ibn Jurayj asked `Ata' "Who are those `who know not"' `Ata' said, "Nations that existed before the Jews and the Christians and before the Torah and the Gospel." Also, As-Suddi said that,
قَالَ الَّذِينَ لاَ يَعْلَمُونَ
(said those who know not) is in reference to the Arabs who said that Muhammad was not following anything (i. e. did not follow a true or existing religion). Abu Ja`far bin Jarir chose the view that this Ayah is general and that there is no evidence that specifically supports any of these explanations. So interpreting the Ayah in a general way is better. Allah knows best.
Allah said,
فَاللَّهُ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَـمَةِ فِيمَا كَانُواْ فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ
(Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection about that wherein they have been differing.) meaning, that Allah will gather them all on the Day of Return. On that Day, Allah will justly judge between them, for He is never unjust with anyone, even as little as the weight of an atom. This Ayah is similar to Allah's statement in Surat Al-Hajj (22:17),
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَالَّذِينَ هَادُواْ وَالصَّـبِئِينَ وَالنَّصَـرَى وَالْمَجُوسَ وَالَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُواْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَفْصِلُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيـمَةِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَىْءٍ شَهِيدٌ
(Verily, those who believe (in Allah and in His Messenger Muhammad ), and those who are Jews, and the Sabians, and the Christians, and the Majus, and those who associate partners with Allah; truly, Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection. Verily, Allah is over all things a Witness).
Allah said,
قُلْ يَجْمَعُ بَيْنَنَا رَبُّنَا ثُمَّ يَفْتَحُ بَيْنَنَا بِالْحَقِّ وَهُوَ الْفَتَّاحُ الْعَلِيمُ
(Say: "Our Lord will assemble us all together (on the Day of Resurrection), then He will judge between us with truth. And He is the Just Judge, the Knower of the true state of affairs.") (34:26).
The Jews say, 'The Christians have nothing', because of their being veiled by their religion from their [the Jews'] religion; likewise say the Christians because of their being veiled by the esoteric aspect from the exoteric one, as the Jews are veiled from the esoteric aspect by the exoteric one, which is the situation today with the various schools of Islam; and the Christians say, 'The Jews stand on nothing'; yet they recite the Scripture, which contains what would guide them to the removal of that veil and seeing the truth of every religion and [every] dogmatic school, for the truth of the people of that religion or school is not false since they adhere to those beliefs: otherwise what is the difference between them and those who have neither knowledge nor scripture, as is the case with the polytheists, for what these [latter] say is the same as what the former say, nay they [the polytheists] are less blameworthy since there is only the proof of the intellect against them, while the others have both the proofs of the intellect and those of the Law. [Thus, the ignorant say the like of what these say]; God shall decide between them regarding their differences, [He shall decide between them] with the truth concerning their differences, on the Day of, the event of the major, Resurrection, and the manifestation of the Essential Unity upon the emergence of the Messiah (al-Mahdī), peace be upon him. According to ḥadīth it is that God will disclose Himself to His servants in the form of their belief and they will know Him, whereupon He will transform Himself from that form to another form and they will not know Him: thereupon they will all be misguided and veiled, except what God wills; and He is the One whose Oneness is affirmed but who is not tied to the form of His belief.
The Jews say, 'The Christians have nothing', because of their being veiled by their religion from their [the Jews'] religion; likewise say the Christians because of their being veiled by the esoteric aspect from the exoteric one, as the Jews are veiled from the esoteric aspect by the exoteric one, which is the situation today with the various schools of Islam; and the Christians say, 'The Jews stand on nothing'; yet they recite the Scripture, which contains what would guide them to the removal of that veil and seeing the truth of every religion and [every] dogmatic school, for the truth of the people of that religion or school is not false since they adhere to those beliefs: otherwise what is the difference between them and those who have neither knowledge nor scripture, as is the case with the polytheists, for what these [latter] say is the same as what the former say, nay they [the polytheists] are less blameworthy since there is only the proof of the intellect against them, while the others have both the proofs of the intellect and those of the Law. [Thus, the ignorant say the like of what these say]; God shall decide between them regarding their differences, [He shall decide between them] with the truth concerning their differences, on the Day of, the event of the major, Resurrection, and the manifestation of the Essential Unity upon the emergence of the Messiah (al-Mahdī), peace be upon him. According to ḥadīth it is that God will disclose Himself to His servants in the form of their belief and they will know Him, whereupon He will transform Himself from that form to another form and they will not know Him: thereupon they will all be misguided and veiled, except what God wills; and He is the One whose Oneness is affirmed but who is not tied to the form of His belief.
وذلك أنه بلغ بأهل الكتاب الهوى والحسد, إلى أن بعضهم ضلل بعضا, وكفر بعضهم بعضا, كما فعل الأميون من مشركي العرب وغيرهم. فكل فرقة تضلل الفرقة الأخرى, ويحكم الله في الآخرة بين المختلفين بحكمه العدل, الذي أخبر به عباده, فإنه لا فوز ولا نجاة إلا لمن صدق جميع الأنبياء والمرسلين, وامتثل أوامر ربه, واجتنب نواهيه, ومن عداهم, فهو هالك.
To the Israelites the criterion of truth was their association with the prophets and saints. That was why they believed that their community was in the right while other communities were in the wrong. As for the Christians, they considered themselves unique in that God’s ‘beloved son’ had been sent to them. Even the polytheists of Makkah thought of themselves as superior to others, basing their claim on the fact that they were the guardians of God’s Sacred House. Thus every nation had set its own self-styled religious standards, according to which they themselves inevitably appeared to be in the right, and everyone else in the wrong. Their actions, however, did not substantiate their claims. For one thing, they had become divided into sects, though all of them swore allegiance to the divine scriptures. They took every opportunity to deny others the right to enter places of worship, though they would say that they were doing this to protect the sanctity of these places. In fact they were ruining them, for places of worship become derelict when people are denied the right of worship there. If a worshipper has the correct attitude, he will never deny the right to worship to those who come to do so; he will never persecute those who come to serve the Lord. When one is truly conscious of God’s greatness and one’s own helplessness before Him, one’s humility will show in one’s dealings with others: one will not seek to harm one’s fellow men in any way, let alone deny them their fundamental right to worship God.
The Jews and the Christians were hostile not only to the Muslims, but also to each other. They had forgotten the essence of religion --that is, adherence to the true and authentic doctrines, and performance of good deeds as laid down by the Shari'ah -- and had identified it with a mere affiliation to a racial or social community. Each of the two groups claimed that it had the exclusive right to go to the Paradise, without having any argument to substantiate the claim. The Jews read the Torah, while the Christians read the Evangel, and they could have easily seen that the two Books confirm each other. Each party used to assert, in its malice, that the religion of the other was baseless. This gave an excuse to the mushrikin (associators) who, in spite of their ignorance, began to say the same of both the religions.
The Holy Qur'an dismisses these pretensions as mere fancy and self-delusion. It declares that other people too will go to Paradise who have, in their time, been following the Shari'ah of their own prophet, and who, now that the Holy Qur'an also has abrogated all the earlier Divine Books, follow the Islamic Shari'ah. Verse 112 lays down the general principle in this respect, which is accepted by the followers of all the Divine Books. The essence of religion, whether it be Islam or Christianity or Judaism, lies in two things. (1) One should obey Allah in one's belief as well as in one's actions. (2) This obedience should not arise from expediency, but one should surrender oneself to divine commandments in all sincerity. Moreover, it is not enough to be worthy of Paradise merely to have a sincere intention to obey Allah, and then to invent, according to one's own fancy, the modes and forms of obedience, for it is absolutely essential that the forms of worship and the modes of obedience should be no other than those which Allah Himself has appointed through the agency of His prophets -- it goes without saying that since the revelation of the Holy Qur'an this can only mean accepting and following the Islamic Shari'ah. We may add that in connection with the first of these two principles, the Holy Qur'an employs the Arabic word اَسلمَ : Aslama which signifies total submission to Allah, and in connection with the second word Muhsin محسن ، which signifies "one who performs good deeds" according to the Shari'ah.
The differences between the Jews and the Christians
In so far as these verses deal with the claims of the Jews and the Christians, the point of the argument is this:- Having laid down the two principles the acceptance of which makes one worthy of Paradise, the Holy Qur'an suggests that they should now try to find out who is really acting upon them. Obviously, one who keeps following an injunction even after it has been abrogated cannot be described as obedient, and hence the Jews and the Christians no longer deserve this title. After the abrogation of an injunction, obedience consists in acting upon the new injunction which has replaced the earlier one. This condition is now being fulfilled only by the Muslims who have accepted the latest and the last Prophet ؓ and his Shari'ah. Hence, they alone shall now be considered worthy of Paradise. The condition of one's being sincere in one's obedience excludes the hypocrites too, for the Sha-ri` ah counts them among the infidels, and thus assigns them to Hell.
Verse 112 also announces the reward of those who act upon these principles -- on the Day of Judgment, they shall have nothing to fear, nor shall they grieve, as angels will give them good tidings. As for the debates among the Jews, the Christians and the associators, Verse 113 declares that Allah will Himself decide the question finally on the Day of Judgment. In fact, the question has already been settled on the basis of what Allah has revealed in His Books as well as on the basis of rational argument; the final decision on the Day of Judgment will be of the visible kind -- those who follow the Truth will be sent to Paradise, while those who go after falsehood will be cast down in Hell.
These verses provide a warning to the Muslims as well, lest they too should delude themselves like the Jews and the Christians, and suppose that merely because they belong to the social community of Muslims and can, as such, claim to be Muslims, whereby they can dispense with the need to obey Allah and to follow the Shari` ah, and yet receive the rewards Allah has promised to give to true Muslims. Even Muslims have no right to hope for these rewards until and unless they submit themselves totally, in thought and deed both, to the commandments of Allah and His Prophet ﷺ .