The Message of Messenger of Allah ﷺ is True
Allah begins to prove the truth of prophethood after He stated that there is no deity worthy of worship except Him. Allah said to the disbelievers,
وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِى رَيْبٍ مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا
(And if you (Arab pagans, Jews, and Christians) are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down (i.e. the Qur'an) to Our servant) meaning, Muhammad ,
فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ
(then produce a Surah (chapter)) meaning, similar to what he brought to you. Hence, if you claim that what he was sent with did not come from Allah, then produce something similar to what he has brought to you, using the help of anyone you wish instead of Allah. However, you will not be able to succeed in this quest. Ibn `Abbas said that,
شُهَدَآءَكُمُ
(your witnesses) means "Aids." Also, As-Suddi reported that Abu Malik said the Ayah means, "Your partners, meaning, some other people to help you in that. Meaning then go and seek the help of your deities to support and aid you." Also, Mujahid said that,
وَادْعُواْ شُهَدَآءَكُم
(and call your witnesses) means, "People, meaning, wise and eloquent men who will provide the testimony that you seek."
The Challenge
Allah challenged the disbelievers in various parts of the Qur'an. For instance, Allah said in Surat Al-Qasas (28:49),
قُلْ فَأْتُواْ بِكِتَـبٍ مِّنْ عِندِ اللَّهِ هُوَ أَهْدَى مِنْهُمَآ أَتَّبِعْهُ إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(Say (to them, O Muhammad ): "Then bring a Book from Allah, which is a better guide than these two (the Tawrah (Torah) and the Qur'an), that I may follow it, if you are truthful"). Also, Allah said in Surat Al-Isra' (17:88),
قُل لَّئِنِ اجْتَمَعَتِ الإِنسُ وَالْجِنُّ عَلَى أَن يَأْتُواْ بِمِثْلِ هَـذَا الْقُرْءَانِ لاَ يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ وَلَوْ كَانَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ ظَهِيرًا
(Say: "If mankind and the Jinn were together to produce the like of this Qur'an, they could not produce the like thereof, even if they helped one another.") Allah said in Surat Hud (11:13),
أَمْ يَقُولُونَ افْتَرَاهُ قُلْ فَأْتُواْ بِعَشْرِ سُوَرٍ مِّثْلِهِ مُفْتَرَيَاتٍ وَادْعُواْ مَنِ اسْتَطَعْتُمْ مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(Or they say, "He (Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) forged it (the Qur'an)." Say: "Bring you then ten forged Surahs (chapters) like it, and call whomsoever you can, other than Allah (to your help), if you speak the truth!"), and in Surat Yunus (10:37-38),
وَمَا كَانَ هَـذَا الْقُرْءَانُ أَن يُفْتَرَى مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلَـكِن تَصْدِيقَ الَّذِى بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ وَتَفْصِيلَ الْكِتَابِ لاَ رَيْبَ فِيهِ مِن رَّبِّ الْعَـلَمِينَ - أَمْ يَقُولُونَ افْتَرَاهُ قُلْ فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّثْلِهِ وَادْعُواْ مَنِ اسْتَطَعْتُمْ مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(And this Qur'an is not such as could ever be produced by other than Allah (Lord of the heavens and the earth), but it is a confirmation of (the revelation) which was before it (i.e. the Tawrah, and the Injil), and a full explanation of the Book (i.e. Laws decreed for mankind) ـ wherein there is no doubt ـ from the Lord of all that exists.) (Or do they say: "He (Muhammad ) has forged it" Say: "Bring then a Surah (chapter) like it, and call upon whomsoever you can besides Allah, if you are truthful!"). All of these Ayat were revealed in Makkah.
Allah also challenged the disbelievers in the Ayat that were revealed in Al-Madinah. In this Ayah, Allah said,
وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِى رَيْبٍ
(And if you (Arab pagans, Jews, and Christians) are in Rayb) meaning, doubt.
مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا
(Concerning that which We have sent down (i.e. the Qur'an) to Our servant) meaning, Muhammad ,
فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّن مِّثْلِهِ
(then produce a Surah (chapter) the like thereof) meaning, similar to the Qur'an. This is the Tafsir of Mujahid, Qatadah, Ibn Jarir At-Tabari, Az-Zamakhshari and Ar-Razi. Ar-Razi said that this is the Tafsir of `Umar, Ibn Mas`ud, Ibn `Abbas, Al-Hasan Al-Basri and the majority of the scholars. And he gave preference to this view and mentioned the fact that Allah has challenged the disbelievers as individuals and as groups, whether literate or illiterate, thus making the challenge truly complete. This type of challenge is more daring than simply challenging the disbelievers who might not be literate or knowledgeable. This is why Allah said,
فَأْتُواْ بِعَشْرِ سُوَرٍ مِّثْلِهِ
(Bring you then ten forged Surahs (chapters) like it) (11:13), and,
لاَ يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ
(They could not produce the like thereof) (17:88).
Therefore, this is a general challenge to the Arab disbelievers, the most eloquent among all nations. Allah challenged the Arab disbelievers both in Makkah and Al-Madinah several times, especially since they had tremendous hatred and enmity for the Prophet ﷺ and his religion. Yet, they were unable to succeed in answering the challenge, and this is why Allah said,
فَإِن لَّمْ تَفْعَلُواْ وَلَن تَفْعَلُواْ
(But if you do it not, and you can never do it), indicating that they will never be able to answer the challenge. This is another miracle, in that, Allah clearly stated without doubt that the Qur'an will never be opposed or challenged by anything similar to it, for eternity. This is a true statement that has not been changed until the present and shall never change. How can anyone be able to produce something like the Qur'an, when the Qur'an is the Word of Allah Who created everything How can the words of the created ever be similar to the Words of the Creator
Examples of the Miracle of the Qur'an
Whoever reads through the Qur'an will realize that it contains various levels of superiority through both the apparent and hidden meanings that it mentions. Allah said,
الركِتَـبَأُحْكِمَتْ ءايَـتُهُ ثُمَّ فُصِّلَتْ مِن لَّدُنْ حَكِيمٍ خَبِيرٍ
(Alif Lam Ra. (This is) a Book, the verses whereof are perfect (in every sphere of knowledge, etc.), and then explained in detail from One (Allah), Who is Wise and well-acquainted (with all things)) (11:1)
So the expressions in the Qur'an are perfect and its meanings are explained. Further, every word and meaning in the Qur'an is eloquent and cannot be surpassed. The Qur'an also mentioned the stories of the people of the past; and these accounts and stories occurred exactly as the Qur'an stated. Also, the Qur'an commanded every type of righteousness and forbade every type of evil, just as Allah stated,
وَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ صِدْقاً وَعَدْلاً
(And the Word of your Lord has been fulfilled in truth and in justice) (6:115). meaning, true in the stories it narrates and just in its Laws. The Qur'an is true, just and full of guidance. It does not contain exaggerations, lies or falsehood, unlike Arabic and other types of poems that contained lies. These poems, conform with the popular statement, "The most eloquent speech is the one that contains the most lies!" Sometimes, one would find a long poem that mainly contains descriptions of women, horses or alcohol. Or, the poem might contain praise or the description of a certain person, horse, camel, war, incident, fear, lion, or other types of items and objects. Such praise or descriptions do not bring any benefit, except shed light on the poet's ability to clearly and eloquently describe such items. Yet, one will only be able to find one or two sentences in many long poems that elaborate on the main theme of the poem, while the rest of the poem contains insignificant descriptions and repetitions.
As for the Qur'an, it is entirely eloquent in the most perfect manner, as those who have knowledge in such matters and understand Arabic methods of speech and expressions concur. When one reads through the stories in the Qur'an, he will find them fruitful, whether they were in extended or short forms, repeated or not. The more these stories are repeated, the more fruitful and beautiful they become. The Qur'an does not become old when one repeats reciting it, nor do the scholars ever get bored with it. When the Qur'an mentions the subject of warning and promises, it presents truths that would make solid, firm mountains shake, so what about the comprehending, understanding hearts When the Qur'an promises, it opens the hearts and the ears, making them eager to attain the abode of peace - Paradise - and to be the neighbors of the Throne of the Most Beneficent. For instance, on the subject of promises and encouragement, the Qur'an said,
فَلاَ تَعْلَمُ نَفْسٌ مَّآ أُخْفِىَ لَهُم مِّن قُرَّةِ أَعْيُنٍ جَزَآءً بِمَا كَانُواْ يَعْمَلُونَ
(No person knows what is kept hidden for them of joy as a reward for what they used to do) (32:17), and,
وَفِيهَا مَا تَشْتَهِيهِ الاٌّنْفُسُ وَتَلَذُّ الاٌّعْيُنُ وَأَنتُمْ فِيهَا خَـلِدُونَ
((There will be) therein all that inner selves could desire, and all that eyes could delight in and you will abide therein forever) (43:71).
On the subject of warning and discouragement;
أَفَأَمِنتُمْ أَن يَخْسِفَ بِكُمْ جَانِبَ الْبَرِّ
(Do you then feel secure that He will not cause a side of the land to swallow you up) (17:68), and,
أَءَمِنتُمْ مَّن فِى السَّمَآءِ أَن يَخْسِفَ بِكُمُ الاٌّرْضَ فَإِذَا هِىَ تَمُورُ - أَمْ أَمِنتُمْ مِّن فِى السَّمَآءِ أَن يُرْسِلَ عَلَيْكُمْ حَـصِباً فَسَتَعْلَمُونَ كَيْفَ نَذِيرِ
(Do you feel secure that He, Who is over the heaven (Allah), will not cause the earth to sink with you, and then it should quake Or do you feel secure that He, Who is over the heaven (Allah), will not send against you a violent whirlwind Then you shall know how (terrible) has been My warning) (67:16-17).
On the subject of threats, the Qur'an said,
فَكُلاًّ أَخَذْنَا بِذَنبِهِ
(So We punished each (of them) for his sins) (29:40). Also, on the subject of soft advice, the Qur'an said,
أَفَرَأَيْتَ إِن مَّتَّعْنَـهُمْ سِنِينَ - ثُمَّ جَآءَهُم مَّا كَانُواْ يُوعَدُونَ - مَآ أَغْنَى عَنْهُمْ مَّا كَانُواْ يُمَتَّعُونَ
(Tell Me, (even) if We do let them enjoy for years. And afterwards comes to them that (punishment) which they had been promised. All that with which they used to enjoy shall not avail them) (26:205-207).
There are many other examples of the eloquence, beauty, and benefits of the Qur'an.
When the Qur'an is discussing Laws, commandments and prohibitions, it commands every type of righteous, good, pleasing and beneficial act. It also forbids every type of evil, disliked and amoral act. Ibn Mas`ud and other scholars of the Salaf said, "When you hear what Allah said in the Qur'an, such as,
يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ
(O you who believe!), then listen with full attention, for it either contains a type of righteousness that Allah is enjoining, or an evil that He is forbidding." For instance, Allah said,
يَأْمُرُهُم بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَـهُمْ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَيُحِلُّ لَهُمُ الطَّيِّبَـتِ وَيُحَرِّمُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَبَـئِثَ وَيَضَعُ عَنْهُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ وَالاٌّغْلَـلَ الَّتِى كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ
(He (Muhammad ) commands them for Al-Ma`ruf (i.e. Islamic Monotheism and all that Islam has ordained); and forbids them from Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief, polytheism of all kinds, and all that Islam has forbidden); he allows them as lawful At-Tayyibat(i.e. all good and lawful things), and prohibits them as unlawful Al-Khaba'ith (i.e. all evil and unlawful things), he releases them from their heavy burdens and from the fetters (bindings) that were upon them) (7:157).
When the Ayat mention Resurrection and the horrors that will occur on that Day, and Paradise and the Fire and the joys and safe refuge that Allah prepared for His loyal friends, or torment and Hell for His enemies, these Ayat contain glad tidings or warnings. The Ayat then call to perform good deeds and avoid evil deeds, making the life of this world less favorable and the Hereafter more favorable. They also establish the correct methods and guide to Allah's straight path and just legislation, all the while ridding the hearts of the evil of the cursed devil.
The Qur'an is the Greatest Miracle given to the Prophet ﷺ
The Two Sahihs record that Abu Hurayrah said that the Prophet ﷺ said,
«مَا مِنْ نَبِيَ مِنَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ إِلَّا قَدْ أُعْطِيَ مِنَ الآيَاتِ مَا آمَنَ عَلَى مِثْلِهِ الْبَشَرُ، وَإنَّمَا كَانَ الَّذِي أُوتِيتُه وَحْيًا أَوْحَاهُ اللهُ إِلَيَّ فَأَرْجُو أَنْ أَكُونَ أَكْثَرَهُمْ تَابِعًا يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَة»
(Every Prophet was given a miracle, the type of which brings mankind to faith. What I was given is a revelation that Allah sent down to me. Yet, I hope that I will have the most following on the Day of Resurrection.)
This is the wording narrated by Muslim. The Prophet ﷺ stated that among the Prophets he was given a revelation, meaning, he was especially entrusted with the miraculous Qur'an that challenged mankind to produce something similar to it. As for the rest of the divinely revealed Books, they were not miraculous according to many scholars. Allah knows best. The Prophet ﷺ was also aided with innumerable signs and indications that testify to the truth of his prophethood and what he was sent with, all thanks and praise is due to Allah.
Meaning of `Stones
Allah said,
فَاتَّقُواْ النَّارَ الَّتِى وَقُودُهَا النَّاسُ وَالْحِجَارَةُ أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَـفِرِينَ
(Then fear the Fire (Hell) whose fuel is men and stones, prepared for the disbelievers) (2:24).
`Fuel' is wood, or similar substances, used to start and feed a fire. Similarly, Allah said,
وَأَمَّا الْقَـسِطُونَ فَكَانُواْ لِجَهَنَّمَ حَطَباً
(And as for the Qasitun (disbelievers who deviated from the right path), they shall be firewood for Hell) (72:15), and,
إِنَّكُمْ وَمَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ حَصَبُ جَهَنَّمَ أَنتُمْ لَهَا وَارِدُونَ
لَوْ كَانَ هَـؤُلاءِ ءَالِهَةً مَّا وَرَدُوهَا وَكُلٌّ فِيهَا خَـلِدُونَ
(Certainly you (disbelievers) and that which you are worshipping now besides Allah, are (but) fuel for Hell! (Surely) you enter it. Had these (idols) been alihah (gods), they would not have entered there (Hell), and all of them will abide therein) (21:98-99).
The stones mentioned here are the giant, rotten, black, sulfuric stones that become the hottest when heated, may Allah save us from this evil end. It was also reported that the stones mentioned here are the idols and rivals that were worshipped instead of Allah, just as Allah said,
إِنَّكُمْ وَمَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ حَصَبُ جَهَنَّمَ
(Certainly you (disbelievers) and that which you are worshipping now besides Allah,are (but) fuel for Hell!) (21:28).
Allah's statement,
أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَـفِرِينَ
(prepared for the disbelievers)
It appears most obvious that it refers to the Fire that is fueled by men and stones, and it also may refer to the stones themselves. There is no contradiction between these two views, because they are dependent upon each other. `Prepared' means, it is `kept' and will surely touch those who disbelieve in Allah and His Messenger . Ibn Ishaq narrated that Muhammad said that `Ikrimah or Sa`id bin Jubayr said that Ibn `Abbas said,
أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَـفِرِينَ
(prepared for the disbelievers),
"For those who embrace the disbelief that you (disbelievers) have embraced."
Jahannam (Hellfire) exists now
Many of the Imams of the Sunnah used this Ayah to prove that the Fire exists now. This is because Allah said,
أُعِدَّتْ
(prepared) meaning, prepared and kept. There are many Hadiths on this subject. For instance, the Prophet ﷺ said,
«تَحَاجَّتِ الْجَنَّةُ وَالنَّار»
(Paradise and the Fire had an argument..)
Also, the Prophet ﷺ said,
«اسْتَأْذَنَتِ النَّارُ رَبَّهَا فَقَالَتْ: رَبِّ أَكَلَ بَعضِي بَعْضًا فَأذِنَ لَهَا بِنَفَسَيْنِ: نَفَسٍ فِي الشِّتَاءِ وَنَفَسٍ فِي الصَّيْف»
(The Fire sought the permission of her Lord. She said, 'O my Lord! Some parts of me consumed the other parts.' And Allah allowed her two periods to exhale, one in winter and one in summer.)
Also, there is a Hadith recorded from Ibn Mas`ud that the Companions heard the sound of a falling object. When they asked about it, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«هَذَا حَجَرٌ أُلْقِيَ بِهِ مِنْ شَفِيرِ جَهَنَّمَ مُنْذُ سَبْعِينَ سَنَةً، الْآنَ وَصَلَ إِلى قَعْرِهَا»
(This is a stone that was thrown from the top of Jahannam seventy years ago, but only now reached its bottom.) This Hadith is in Sahih Muslim.
There are many Hadiths that are Mutawatir (narrated by many different chains of narrations) on this subject, such as the Hadiths about the eclipse prayer, the night of Isra' etc.
Allah's statements,
فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّن مِّثْلِهِ
(Then produce a Surah (chapter) of the like thereof) (2:23), and,
بِسُورَةٍ مِّثْلِهِ
(A Surah (chapter) like it) (10:38) this includes the short and long Surahs of the Qur'an. Therefore, the challenge to creation stands with regards to both the long and short Surahs, and there is no disagreement that I know of on this fact between the scholars of old and new. Before he became Muslim, `Amr bin Al-`As met Musaylimah the Liar who asked him, "What has recently been revealed to your fellow (meaning Muhammad ) in Makkah" `Amr said, "A short, yet eloquent Surah." He asked, "What is it" He said,
وَالْعَصْرِ - إِنَّ الإِنسَـنَ لَفِى خُسْرٍ
(By Al-`Asr (the time). Verily, man is in loss,) (103:1-2)
Musaylimah thought for a while and said, "A similar Surah was also revealed to me." `Amr asked, "What is it" He said, "O Wabr, O Wabr (i.e. a wild cat), you are but two ears and a chest, and the rest of you is unworthy and thin." `Amr said, "By Allah! You know that I know that you are lying."
And if you are in doubt in uncertainty concerning what We have revealed to Our servant Muhammad (s) of the Qur’ān that it is from God then bring a sūra like it that is also revealed min mithlihi min is explicative that is a sūra like it in its eloquence fine arrangement and its bestowal of knowledge of the Unseen; a sūra is a passage with a beginning and end made up of a minimum of three verses; and call your witnesses those other gods that you worship besides God that is other than Him so that it can be seen if you are truthful in your claim that Muhammad (s) speaks it from himself. So do this for you are also fluent speakers of Arabic like him. When they could not do this God said
If you are in doubt about what We have sent down on Our servant, then bring a surah the like of it. The previous verse was an affirmation of tawḤīd, an argument against the Arab associaters. This verse is an affirmation of prophecy, an argument against the Folk of the Book and the Dhimma. The formula of the Shahadah comprises two sides: the affirmation of tawḤīd and the affirmation of prophecy. As long as the servant does not acknowledge and believe in both and does not act as demanded by both, he has not entered into the circle of the submission. Affirming prophecy is to know that MuṣṬafā is the chosen of the Real and the best of creatures. You accept his prophecy with spirit and heart. You take his words, deeds, customs, and conduct as your leader and guide. You know in reality that his words are the revelation of the Real, his expla- nation the road of the Real, his decree the religion of the Real, and his utterances and conveyance of the message in the state of life and death the argument of the Real. Adam was still inside the curtain of water and clay when the secret of MuḤammad's created disposition had bound its waist before the Exalted Threshold and the gaze of the Real's gentleness had reached his spirit. This is alluded to in his words, “I was a prophet when Adam was between water and clay.” Then bring a surah the like of it. This spreads the carpet of the Qur'an's exaltedness from the folds of its holiness. Thus the non-privy will place the hand of rejection on their breasts and He may remove the mask of its beauty for those burnt by passion. Then you will see the unmasked beauty of the Qur'an's face- when it shows its face, speak with the tongue of remembrance. [DS 495]
If you are in doubt about what We have sent down on Our servant, then bring a surah the like of it. The previous verse was an affirmation of tawḤīd, an argument against the Arab associaters. This verse is an affirmation of prophecy, an argument against the Folk of the Book and the Dhimma. The formula of the Shahadah comprises two sides: the affirmation of tawḤīd and the affirmation of prophecy. As long as the servant does not acknowledge and believe in both and does not act as demanded by both, he has not entered into the circle of the submission. Affirming prophecy is to know that MuṣṬafā is the chosen of the Real and the best of creatures. You accept his prophecy with spirit and heart. You take his words, deeds, customs, and conduct as your leader and guide. You know in reality that his words are the revelation of the Real, his expla- nation the road of the Real, his decree the religion of the Real, and his utterances and conveyance of the message in the state of life and death the argument of the Real. Adam was still inside the curtain of water and clay when the secret of MuḤammad's created disposition had bound its waist before the Exalted Threshold and the gaze of the Real's gentleness had reached his spirit. This is alluded to in his words, “I was a prophet when Adam was between water and clay.” Then bring a surah the like of it. This spreads the carpet of the Qur'an's exaltedness from the folds of its holiness. Thus the non-privy will place the hand of rejection on their breasts and He may remove the mask of its beauty for those burnt by passion. Then you will see the unmasked beauty of the Qur'an's face- when it shows its face, speak with the tongue of remembrance. [DS 495]
If you are in doubt about what We have sent down on Our servant, then bring a surah the like of it. The previous verse was an affirmation of tawḤīd, an argument against the Arab associaters. This verse is an affirmation of prophecy, an argument against the Folk of the Book and the Dhimma. The formula of the Shahadah comprises two sides: the affirmation of tawḤīd and the affirmation of prophecy. As long as the servant does not acknowledge and believe in both and does not act as demanded by both, he has not entered into the circle of the submission. Affirming prophecy is to know that MuṣṬafā is the chosen of the Real and the best of creatures. You accept his prophecy with spirit and heart. You take his words, deeds, customs, and conduct as your leader and guide. You know in reality that his words are the revelation of the Real, his expla- nation the road of the Real, his decree the religion of the Real, and his utterances and conveyance of the message in the state of life and death the argument of the Real. Adam was still inside the curtain of water and clay when the secret of MuḤammad's created disposition had bound its waist before the Exalted Threshold and the gaze of the Real's gentleness had reached his spirit. This is alluded to in his words, “I was a prophet when Adam was between water and clay.” Then bring a surah the like of it. This spreads the carpet of the Qur'an's exaltedness from the folds of its holiness. Thus the non-privy will place the hand of rejection on their breasts and He may remove the mask of its beauty for those burnt by passion. Then you will see the unmasked beauty of the Qur'an's face- when it shows its face, speak with the tongue of remembrance. [DS 495]
If you are in doubt about what We have sent down on Our servant, then bring a surah the like of it. The previous verse was an affirmation of tawḤīd, an argument against the Arab associaters. This verse is an affirmation of prophecy, an argument against the Folk of the Book and the Dhimma. The formula of the Shahadah comprises two sides: the affirmation of tawḤīd and the affirmation of prophecy. As long as the servant does not acknowledge and believe in both and does not act as demanded by both, he has not entered into the circle of the submission. Affirming prophecy is to know that MuṣṬafā is the chosen of the Real and the best of creatures. You accept his prophecy with spirit and heart. You take his words, deeds, customs, and conduct as your leader and guide. You know in reality that his words are the revelation of the Real, his expla- nation the road of the Real, his decree the religion of the Real, and his utterances and conveyance of the message in the state of life and death the argument of the Real. Adam was still inside the curtain of water and clay when the secret of MuḤammad's created disposition had bound its waist before the Exalted Threshold and the gaze of the Real's gentleness had reached his spirit. This is alluded to in his words, “I was a prophet when Adam was between water and clay.” Then bring a surah the like of it. This spreads the carpet of the Qur'an's exaltedness from the folds of its holiness. Thus the non-privy will place the hand of rejection on their breasts and He may remove the mask of its beauty for those burnt by passion. Then you will see the unmasked beauty of the Qur'an's face- when it shows its face, speak with the tongue of remembrance. [DS 495]
If you are in doubt about what We have sent down on Our servant, then bring a surah the like of it.The previous verse was an affirmation of tawḤīd, an argument against the Arab associaters. This verse is an affirmation of prophecy, an argument against the Folk of the Book and the Dhimma. The formula of the Shahadah comprises two sides: the affirmation of tawḤīd and the affirmation of prophecy. As long as the servant does not acknowledge and believe in both and does not act as demanded by both, he has not entered into the circle of the submission.Affirming prophecy is to know that MuṣṬafā is the chosen of the Real and the best of creatures. You accept his prophecy with spirit and heart. You take his words, deeds, customs, and conduct as your leader and guide. You know in reality that his words are the revelation of the Real, his expla- nation the road of the Real, his decree the religion of the Real, and his utterances and conveyance of the message in the state of life and death the argument of the Real. Adam was still inside the curtain of water and clay when the secret of MuḤammad's created disposition had bound its waist before the Exalted Threshold and the gaze of the Real's gentleness had reached his spirit. This is alluded to in his words, �I was a prophet when Adam was between water and clay.�Then bring a surah the like of it. This spreads the carpet of the Qur'an's exaltedness from the folds of its holiness. Thus the non-privy will place the hand of rejection on their breasts and He may remove the mask of its beauty for those burnt by passion.Then you will see the unmasked beauty of the Qur'an's face-when it shows its face, speak with the tongue of remembrance. [DS 495]
وإن كنتم -أيها الكافرون المعاندون- في شَكٍّ من القرآن الذي نَزَّلناه على عبدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، وتزعمون أنه ليس من عند الله، فهاتوا سورة تماثل سورة من القرآن، واستعينوا بمن تقدرون عليه مِن أعوانكم، إن كنتم صادقين في دعواكم.
ثم شرع تعالى في تقرير النبوة بعد أن قرر أنه لا إله إلا هو فقال مخاطبا للكافرين "وإن كنتم في ريب مما نزلنا على عبدنا" يعني محمدا صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم فأتوا بسورة من مثل ما جاء به إن زعمتم أنه من عند غير الله فعارضوه بمثل ما جاء به واستعينوا على ذلك بمن شئتم من دون الله فإنكم لا تستطيعون ذلك قال ابن عباس شهداءكم أعوانكم وقال السدي عن أبي مالك شركاءكم أي قوما آخرين يساعدونكم على ذلك أي استعينوا بآلهتكم في ذلك يمدونكم وينصرونكم وقال مجاهد وادعوا شهداءكم قال ناس يشهدون به يعني حكام الفصحاء وقد تحداهم الله تعالى بهذا في غير موضع من القرآن فقال في سورة القصص "قل فأتوا بكتاب من عند الله هو أهدى منهما أتبعه إن كنتم صادقين" وقال في سورة سبحان "قل لئن اجتمعت الإنس والجن على أن يأتوا بمثل هذا القرآن لا يأتون بمثله ولو كان بعضهم لبعض ظهيرا" وقال في سورة هود "أم يقولون افتراه قل فأتوا بعشر سور مثله مفتريات وادعوا من استطعتم من دون الله إن كنتم صادقين" وقال في سورة يونس "وما كان هذا القرآن أن يفترى من دون الله ولكن تصديق الذي بين يديه وتفصيل الكتاب لا ريب فيه من رب العالمين أم يقولون افتراه قل فأتوا بسورة من مثله وادعو من استطعتم من دون الله إن كنتم صادقين" وكل هذه الآيات مكية ثم تحداهم بذلك أيضا في المدينة فقال في هذه الآية "وإن كنتم في ريب" أي شك "مما نزلنا على عبدنا" يعني محمدا صلى الله عليه وسلم "فأتوا بسورة من مثله" يعني من مثل القرآن قاله مجاهد وقتادة واختاره ابن جرير والطبري والزمخشري والرازي ونقله عن عمر وابن مسعود وابن عباس والحسن البصري وأكثر المحققين ورجح ذلك بوجوه من أحسنها أنه تحداهم كلهم متفرقين ومجتمعين سواء في ذلك أميهم وكتابيهم وذلك أكمل في التحدي وأشمل من أن يتحدى آحادهم الأميين ممن لا يكتب ولا يعاني شيئا من العلوم وبدليل قوله تعالى "فأتوا بعشر سور مثله" وقوله لا يأتون بمثله. وقال بعضهم من مثل محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم يعني من رجل أمى مثله. والصحيح الأول لأن التحدي عام لهم كلهم مع أنهم أفصح الأمم وقد تحداهم بهذا في مكة والمدينة مرات عديدة مع شدة عداوتهم له وبغضهم لدينه ومع هذا أعجزوا عن ذلك.
وبعد أن ساق - سبحانه - في هاتين الآيتين البراهين الساطعة الدالة على وحدانية الله؛ ونفي عقيدة الشرك ، أورد بعد ذلك الدلائل الدالة على صدق النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فيما يبلغه عن ربه ، وعلى أن هذا القرآن ليس من صنع بشر ، وإنما هو كلام واهب القوى والقدر فقال - تعالى - :( وَإِن كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا على عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّن مِّثْلِهِ . . . )في هاتين الآيتين انتقال لإِثبات الجزء الثاني من جزأى الإِيمان ، وهو صدق النبي صلى الله عليه وسل - في رسالته ، بعد أن تم إثبات الجزء الأول من ذلك وهو وحدانية الله - تعالى - وعظيم قدرته .والمعنى : إن رتبتم أيها المشركون في شأن هذا القرآن الذي أنزلناه على عبدنا محمد على مهل وتدريج ، فأتوا أنتم بسورة من مثله في سمو الرتبة ، وعلو الطبقة واستعينوا على ذلك بآلهتكم وبكل من تتوقعون منهم العون ، ليساعدوكم في مهمتكم ، أو ليشهدوا لكم أنكم أتيتم بما يمائله ، إن كنتم صادقين في زعمكم أنكم تقدرون على معارضة القرآن الكريم .والمقصود بقوله : ( وَإِن كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا على عَبْدِنَا . . . ) نفي الريب عن المنزل عليه - وهو محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم - بنفيه عن المنزل وهو القرآن الكريم .والتعبير عن اعتقادهم في حقه بالريب للإِيذان بأن أقصى ما يمكن صدوره عنهم هو الارتياب في شأنه ، أو للتنبيه على أن كلامهم في شأن القرآن هو بمنزلة الريب الضعيف لكمال وضوح الدلائل الدالة على أن القرآن من عند الله - تعالى- .وعبر بقوله : ( وَإِن كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ ) ولم يقل : وإن ارتبتم فيما نزلنا ، للإِشارة إلى أن ذات القرآن لا يتطرق إليها ريب ، ولا يطير إلى أفقها شرارة من شك ، وأنه إن أثير حوله أي شك فمرجعه إلى انطماس بصيرتهم ، وضعف تفكيرهم ، واستيلاء الحقد والعناد على نفوسهم .وأني بإن المفيدة للشك مع أن كونهم في ريب مما نزل على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أمر محقق ، تنزيلا للمحقق منزلة المشكوك فيه ، وتنزيهاً لساحة القرآن عن أن يتحقق الشك فيه من أي أحد ، وتوبيخاً لهم على وضعهم الأمور في غير مواضعها .ووجه الإِتيان بفي الدالة على الظرفية ، للإِشارة إلى أنهم قد امتلكهم الريب وأحاط بهم إحاطة الظرف بالمظروف .وقال ( نَزَّلْنَا ) دون أنزلنا ، لأن المراد النزول على سبيل التدريج ، ومن المعروف أن القرآن قد نزل منجما في مدة تزيد على عشرين سنة .قال صاحب الكشاف : ( فإن قلت : لم قيل : ( مما نزلنا ) على لفظ التنزيل دون الإِنزال؟ قلت : لأن المراد النزول على سبيل التدريج والتنجيم وذلك أنهم كانوا يقولون : لو كان هذا القرآن من عند الله ، لم ينزل هكذا نجوماً سورة بعد سورة ، وآيات عقب آيات ، على حسب النوازل ، وعلى سنن ما نرى عليه أهل الخطابة والشعر من جود ما يوجد منهم مفرقاً حيناً فحيناً حسب ما يعن لهم من الأحوال المتجددة . . . فقيل لهم : إن ارتبتم في هذا الذي وقع إنزاله هكذا على مهل وتدريج ، فهاتوا أنتم نوبة واحدة من نوبة ، وهاتوا نجماً فردا من نجومه : سورة من أصغر السور ، أو آيات شتى مفترقات ، وهذا غاية التبكيت ومنتهى إزاحة العلل ) اه ملخصاً .والمراد بالعبد في قوله - تعالى - : ( على عَبْدِنَا ) محمد - صلى الله عليه وسلم - وفي إضافته إلى الله - تعالى - تنبيه على شرف منزلته عنده ، واختصاصه به .وفي ذكره صلى الله عليه وسلم باسم العبودية ، تذكير لأمته بهذا المعنى ، حتى لا يغالوا في تعظيمه فيدعوا ألوهية كما غالت بعض الفرق في تعظيم أبنيائها أو زعمائهم فادعت ألوهيتهم .والسورة : الطائفة من القرآن المسماة باسم خاص ، والتي أقلها ثلاث آيات ، والضمير في قوله ( من مثله ) يعود على المنزل وهو القرآو .والمراد من مثل القرآن : ما يشابهه في حسن النظم ، وبراعة الأسلوب وحكمة المعنى . وهذا الوجه من الإِعجاز يتحقق في كل سورة .وقيل : إن الضمير في قوله ( من مثله ) يعود على المنزل عليه القرآن ، وهو - النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم - ولكن الرأي الأول أرجح .قال الإِمام الرازي ما ملخصه : وعود الضمير إلى القرىن أرجح لوجوه :أحدها : أن ذلك مطابق لسائر الآيات الواردة في باب التحدي لا سيما ما ذكره في سورة يونس من قوله : ( فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّن مِّثْلِهِ . . . ) .وثانيها : أن البحث إنما وقع في المنزل وهو القرآن ، لأنه قال : ( وَإِن كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا . . . ) فوجب صرف الضمير إليه ، ألا ترى أن المعنى ، وإن ارتبتم في أن القرآن منزل من عند الله فهاتوا أنتم شيئاً مما يماثله ، وقضية الترتيب لو كان الضمير مردودا إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أن يقال : وإن ارتبتم في أن محمدا منزل عليه فهاتوا قرآنا مثله .وثالثها : أن الضمير للو كان عائدا إلى القرآن لاقتضى كونهم عاجزين عن الإِتيان بمثله سواء اجتمعوا أو انفردوا وسواء كانوا أميين أو عالمين ، أما لو كان عائداً إلى محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم فذلك لا يقتضي إلا كون آحادهم من الأميين عاجزين عنه ، لأنه لا يكون مثل محمد إلا الشخص الأمي ، فأما لو اجتمعوا وكانوا قارئين لم يكونوا مثل محمد ، لأن الجماعة لا تماثل الواحد . والقارئ لا يكون مثل الأمي ، ولا شك أن الإِعجاز على الوجه الأول أقوى .ورابعها : أننا لو صرفنا الضمير إلى محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم لكان ذلك يوهم أن صدور مثل القرآن مما لم يكن مثل محمد في كونه أميا ممكن ، ولو صرفناه إلى القرآن لدل ذلك على أن صدور مثله من الأمي ومن غير الأمي ممتنع فكان هذا أولى .وقوله - تعالى - : ( وادعوا شُهَدَآءَكُم مِّن دُونِ الله ) معطوف على قوله : ( فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ ) .وادعوا : من الدعاء ، والمراد به هنا : طلب حضور المدعو أي : نادوهم .وشهداءكم : أي : آلهتكم ، جمع شهيد وهو القائم بالشهادة ، فقد كانوا يزعمون أن آلهتهم تشهد لهم يوم القيامة بأنهم على حق .وقيل : الشهداء جمع شهيد بمعنى الحاضر أو الناصر أو الإِمام ، وكأنه سمى به لأنه يحضر المجالس وتبمر بمحضره الأمور .ودون : بمعنى غير : وتطلق في أصل اللغة على أدنى مكان من الشيء ، ومنه تدوين الكتب لأنه إدناء البعض من البعض ، ودونك هذا أي : خذه من أدنى مكان منك ، ثم استعير للتفاوت في الرتب فقيل : زيد دون عمرو أي : في الشرف ، ومنه الشيء الدون ، ثم اتسع فيه فاستعمل في كل تجاوز حد إلى حد ، وتخطى أمر إلى أمر .قال الجمل : ( والمعنى ) : وادعوا إلى المعارضة من حضركم أو رجوتم معونته من إنسكم وجنكم وآلهتكم غير الله ، فإنه لا يقدر على أن يأتي بمثله إلا الله . . ، أو ادعوا من دون الله شهداء يشهدون لكم بأن ما أتيتم به مثله ، ولا تستشهدوا بالله ، فإن الاستشهاد به من عادة المبهوت العاجز عن إقامة الحجة ، أو شهداءكم الذين اتخذتموهم من دون الله آلأهة وزعمتم أنها تشهد لكم يوم القيامة . . . .وفي أمرهم بدعوة أصنامهم وهي جماد ، وفي تسميتها شهداء مع إضافتها إليهم مع أنه لا تعقل ولا تنطق ، في كل ذلك أقوى ألوان التهكم ، لكي يثير في نفوسهم من الألم ما قد يكون سبباً لتنبيههم ، إلى جهلهم ، وانصرافهم عن ضلالهم .وقوله - تعالى - : ( إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ ) جملة معترضة في آخر الكلام وجواب الشرط محذوف دل عليه الكلام السابق دلالة واضحة حتى صار ذكره في نظم الكلام مما ينزل به عن مرتبة البلاغة .والمعنى : إن كنتم صادقين في زعمكم أنكم تقدرون على معارضة القرآن فأتوا بسورة من مثله . وادعوا آلهتكم وبلغاءكم وجميع البشر ليعينوكم أو ليشهدو لكم أنكم أتيتم بما يماثله في حكمة معانيه وحسن بيانه .وفي هذه الآية الكريمة إثارة لحماستهم ، إذ عرض بعدم صدقهم ، فتتوفر دواعيهم على المعارضة التي زعموا أنهم أهل لها .
القول في تأويل قوله : وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِمَّا نَـزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِنْ مِثْلِهِقال أبو جعفر: وهذا من الله عز وجل احتجاجٌ لنبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم على مشركي قومه من العرب ومنافقيهم، وكفار أهل الكتاب وضُلالهم، الذين افتتح بقصَصهم قولَه جل ثناؤه: إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَأَنْذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنْذِرْهُمْ ، وإياهم يخاطب بهذه الآيات, وضُرباءَهم يَعني بها (150) ، قال الله جلّ ثناؤه: وإن كنتم أيها المشركون من العرب والكفارُ من أهل الكتابين، في شكٍّ -وهو الريب- مما نـزّلنا على عبدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم من النور والبرهان وآيات الفرقان: أنه من عندي, وأنّي الذي أنـزلته إليه, فلم تُؤمنوا به ولم تصدّقوه فيما يقول, فأتوا بحجة تدفع حُجته، لأنكم تعلمون أن حجةَ كلّ ذي نبوّة على صدقه في دعوَاه النبوة: أن يأتي ببرهان يَعجز عن أن يأتيَ بمثله جَميعُ الخلق. ومن حجة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم على صدقه، وبُرْهانه على حقيقة نبوته (151) ، وأنّ ما جاء به من عندي - عَجزُ جميعكم وجميع من تستعينون به من أعوانكم وأنصاركم، عن أن تَأتوا بسورةٍ من مثله. وإذا عَجزتم عن ذلك -وأنتم أهل البراعة في الفصاحة والبلاغة والذَّرابة (152) - فقد علمتم أن غيركم عما عَجزتم عنه من ذلك أعْجزُ. كما كانَ برهانُ من سَلف من رُسلي وأنبيائي على صدْقه، وحُجتهُ على نبوته من الآيات، ما يَعجز عن الإتيان بمثله جميعُ خلقي. فيتقرر حينئذ عندكم أنّ محمدًا لم يتقوَّله ولم يختلقْه, لأنّ ذلك لو كان منه اختلافًا وتقوُّلا لم تعجزوا وجميع خلقي عن الإتيان بمثله. لأن محمدًا صلى الله عليه وسلم لم يَعْدُ أن يكون بَشرًا مثلكم, وفي مثل حالكم في الجسم وبَسطة الخلق وذرَابة اللسان - فيمكن أن يُظنّ به اقتدارٌ على ما عَجزْتم عنه, أو يتوهم منكم عجزٌ عما اقتدر عليه.ثم اختلف أهل التأويل في تأويل قوله: " فأتوا بسورَة من مثله ".491- فحدثنا بشر بن معاذ, قال: حدثنا يزيد, عن سعيد, عن قتادة: " فأتوا بسورة من مثله "، يعني: من مثل هذا القرآن حقًّا وصدْقًا، لا باطل فيه ولا كذب.492- حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى, قال: أنبأنا عبد الرزّاق, قال: أخبرنا &; 1-374 &; مَعمر، عن قتادة في قوله: " فأتوا بسورة من مثله "، يقول: بسورة مثلِ هذا القرآن (153) .493- حدثني محمد بن عمرو الباهلي, قال: حدثنا أبو عاصم, عن عيسى بن ميمون, عن عبد الله بن أبي نَجيح, عن مجاهد: " فأتوا بسورة من مثله "، مثلِ القرآن.494- حدثنا المثنى, قال: حدثنا أبو حُذيفة, قال: حدثنا شِبْل، عن ابن أبي نَجيح، عن مجاهد، مثله.495- حدثنا القاسم, قال: حدثنا الحسين, قال: حدثني حجاج, عن ابن جُريج, عن مجاهد: " فأتوا بسورة مِنْ مثله "، قال: " مثله " مثلِ القرآن (154) .فمعنى قول مجاهد وقتادة اللذين ذكرنا عنهما (155) : أن الله جلّ ذكره قال لمن حاجَّه في نبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم من الكفار: فأتوا بسورة من مثل هذا القرآن من كلامكم أيتها العرب, كما أتى به محمد بلغاتكم ومعاني منطقكم.وقد قال قوم آخرون: إن معنى قوله: " فأتُوا بسورة من مثله "، من مثل محمد من البشر , لأن محمدًا بشر مثلكم (156) .قال أبو جعفر: والتأويل الأول، الذي قاله مجاهد وقتادة، هو التأويل الصحيح. لأن الله جَل ثناؤه قال في سُورة أخرى: أَمْ يَقُولُونَ افْتَرَاهُ قُلْ فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِثْلِهِ [سورة يونس: 38]، ومعلومٌ أنّ السورة ليست لمحمد بنظير ولا شبيه, فيجوزُ أنْ يقال: فأتُوا بسورة مثل محمد.فإن قال قائل: إنك ذكرتَ أن الله عني بقوله (157) " ، فأتوا بسورة من مثله "، &; 1-375 &; من مثل هذا القرآن, فهل للقرآن من مثل فيقال: ائتوا بسورة من مثله؟قيل: إنه لم يعنِ به: ائتُوا بسورة من مثله في التأليف والمعاني التي باينَ بها سائرَ الكلام غيرَه, وإنما عنى: ائتوا بسورة من مثله في البيان، لأنّ القرآن أنـزله الله بلسان عربيّ, فكلام العرب لا شك له مثلٌ في معنى العربية. فأمّا في المعنى الذي باين به القرآن سائرَ كلام المخلوقين, فلا مثلَ له من ذلك الوجه ولا نظيرَ ولا شبيه.وإنما احتجّ الله جلّ ثناؤه عليهم لنبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم بما احتج به لهُ عليهم من القرآن (158) ، إذْ ظهر عجز القوم عن أن يأتوا بسورة من مثله في البيان, إذْ كان القرآن بيانًا مثلَ بيانهم, وكلامًا نـزل بلسانهم, فقال لهم جلّ ثناؤه: وإن كنتم في رَيب من أنّ ما أنـزلتُ على عَبدي من القرآن من عندي, فأتوا بسورة من كلامكم الذي هو مثلُه في العربية, إذْ كنتم عربًا, وهو بيانٌ نظيرُ بيانكم, وكلامٌ شبيهُ كلامِكم. فلم يكلفهم جل ثناؤه أن يأتوا بسورة من غير اللسان الذي هو نظيرُ اللسان الذي نـزل به القرآن, فيقدِرُوا أن يقولُوا: كلفتنا ما لو أحسنَّاه أتينا به, وإنا لا نقدر على الإتيان به لأنا لسنا من أهل اللسان الذي كلفتنا الإتيان به, فليس لك علينا بهذا حجة (159) . لأنا - وإن عَجزنا عن أن نأتي بمثله من غير ألسنتنا لأنّا لسنا من أهله (160) - ففي الناس خلقٌ كثير من غير أهل لساننا يقدرُ على أن يأتيَ بمثله من اللسان الذي كلفتنا الإتيان به. ولكنه جل ثناؤه قال لهم: ائتوا بسورة مثله, لأن مثله من الألسن ألسنكم (161) ، وأنتم - إن كان محمدٌ اختلقه وافتراه, إذا اجتمعتم وتظاهرتُم على الإتيان بمثل سورة منه من لسانكم وبيانكم - &; 1-376 &; أقدرُ على اختلاقه ورَصْفِه وتأليفه من محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم (162) ، وإن لم تكونوا أقدرَ عليه منه، فلن تعجزوا -وأنتم جميعٌ- عما قدَر عليه محمدٌ من ذلك وهو وحيدٌ (163) ، إن كنتم صادقين في دعواكم وزعمكم أنّ محمدًا افتراه واختلقه، وأنه من عند غيرِي.واختلف أهل التأويل في تأويل قوله : وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِمَّا نَـزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِنْ مِثْلِهِ وَادْعُوا شُهَدَاءَكُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ (23)فقال ابن عباس بما:496- حدثنا به محمد بن حميد, قال: حدثنا سلمة, عن ابن إسحاق, عن محمد بن أبي محمد مولى زيد بن ثابت, عن عكرمة, أو عن سعيد, عن ابن عباس: " وادعوا شُهداءكم من دون الله "، يعني أعوانكم على ما أنتم عليه, إن كنتم صادقين.497- حدثني محمد بن عمرو, قال: حدثنا أبو عاصم, عن عيسى, عن ابن أبي نَجيح, عن مجاهد: " وادعوا شُهداءكم "، ناس يَشهدون.498- حدثني المثنى, قال: حدثنا أبو حُذيفة, قال: حدثنا شِبْل، عن ابن أبي نَجيح، عن مجاهد، مثله.499- حدثنا أبو كريب, قال: حدثنا وكيع، عن سفيان, عن رجل, عن مجاهد, قال: قوم يشهدون لكم.&; 1-377 &;500- حدثنا القاسم, قال: حدثنا الحسين, قال: حدثني حجاج, عن ابن جُريج, عن مجاهد: " وادعوا شهداءكم "، قال: ناس يشهدون. قال ابن جُريج: " شهداءكم " عليها إذا أتيتم بها - أنها مثلُه، مثل القرآن (164) .وذلك قول الله لمن شكّ من الكفار فيما جاء به محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم . وقوله " فادعوا "، يعني: استنصروا واستغيثوا (165) ، كما قال الشاعر:فَلَمَّــا الْتَقَــتْ فُرْسَـانُنَا وَرِجَـالُهُمْدَعَـوْا: يَـا لَكَـعْبٍ! وَاعْتَزَيْنَـا لِعَامِرِ (166)يعني بقوله: " دعوْا يالكعب "، استنصرُوا كعبًا واستغاثوا بهم (167) .وأما الشهداء، فإنها جمعُ شهيد, كما الشركاء جمع شريك (168) ، والخطباء جمع خطيب. والشهيد يسمى به الشاهدُ على الشيء لغيره بما يحقِّق دَعواه. وقد يسمَّى به المشاهِدُ للشيء، كما يقال: فلان جليسُ فلان -يعني به مُجالسَه, ونديمه - يعني به مُنادِمَه, وكذلك يقال: شهيده - يعني به مُشاهِدَه.فإذا كانت " الشهداء " محتملةً أن تكون جمعَ" الشهيد " الذي هو منصرف للمعنيين اللذين وصفتُ, فأولى وجهيه بتأويل الآية ما قاله ابن عباس, وهو أن يكون معناه: واستنصروا على أن تأتوا بسورة من مثله أعوانَكم وشُهداءكم الذين يُشاهدونكم ويعاونونكم على تكذيبكم الله ورسوله، ويظاهرونكم على كفركم ونفاقكم، إن كنتم مُحقّين في جُحودكم أنّ ما جاءكم به محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم اختلاق وافتراء, لتمتحنوا أنفسكم وغيرَكم: هل تقدرون على أن تأتوا بسورة من &; 1-378 &; مثله، فيقدرَ محمد على أن يأتي بجميعه من قِبَل نَفسه اختلاقًا؟وأما ما قاله مجاهد وابن جُريج في تأويل ذلك، فلا وجه له. لأن القوم كانوا على عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أصنافًا ثلاثة: أهل إيمان صحيح, وأهل كفر صحيح, وأهلَ نفاق بين ذلك. فأهل الإيمان كانوا بالله وبرسوله مؤمنين, فكان من المحال أن يدّعي الكفار أن لهم شُهداء - على حقيقة ما كانوا يأتون به، لو أتوا باختلاق من الرسالة, ثم ادَّعوا أنه للقرآن نَظير - من المؤمنين (169) . فأما أهلُ النفاق والكفر، فلا شكّ أنهم لو دُعُوا إلى تَحقيق الباطل وإبطال الحق لتتارعوا إليه مع كفرهم وضَلالهم (170) ، فمن أي الفريقين كانت تكون شُهداؤهم لو ادعوْا أنهم قد أتوْا بسورة من مثل القرآن (171) ؟ولكنْ ذلك كما قال جل ثناؤه: قُلْ لَئِنِ اجْتَمَعَتِ الإِنْسُ وَالْجِنُّ عَلَى أَنْ يَأْتُوا بِمِثْلِ هَذَا الْقُرْآنِ لا يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ وَلَوْ كَانَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ ظَهِيرًا [سورة الإسراء: 88]، فأخبر جل ثناؤه في هذه الآية، أنّ مثل القرآن لا يأتي به الجنّ والإنس ولو تظاهروا وتعاونوا على الإتيان به، وتحدَّاهم بمعنى التوبيخ لهم في سورة البقرة فقال تعالى: " وإنْ كنتم في ريب مما نـزلنا على عبدنا فأتوا بسورة من مثله وادعوا شهداءكم من دون الله إنْ كنتمْ صَادقين ". يعني بذلك: إن كنتم في شَكّ في صدق محمد فيما جاءكم به من عندي أنه من عندي, فأتوا بسورة &; 1-379 &; من مثله, وليستنصر بعضُكم بعضًا على ذلك إن كنتم صادقين في زعمكم، حتى تعلموا أنكم إذْ عَجزتم عن ذلك - أنّه لا يقدر على أن يأتي به محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، ولا من البشر أحدٌ, ويَصحَّ عندكم أنه تنـزيلي وَوحيي إلى عبدي.-------------------الهوامش :(150) في المطبوعة : "وأخبر بأهم نعوتها" ، وهي في المخطوطة"+وحرناهم تعنى بها" غير منقوطة ولا بينة ، فاختار المصححون لها قراءة لا تحمل معنى! والضرباء : جمع ضريب؛ فلان ضريب فلان : نظيره أو مثله .(151) في المطبوعة : "وبرهانه على نبوته" .(152) في المطبوعة : "والدارية" ، ولا معنى لها هنا ، وستأتي بعد أسطر على الصواب . والذرابة : الحدة في كل شيء ، وحدة اللسان وفصاحته ولدده . ذرب الرجل يذرب ذربًا وذرابة : فصح وصار حديد اللسان ، فهو ذرب اللسان (بفتح الذال وكسر الراء) .(153) الأثر 492- في الدر المنثور 1 : 35 ، والشوكاني 1 : 40 .(154) الآثار 493 - 495 في الدر المنثور 1 : 35 ، والشوكاني 1 : 40 ، وابن كثير 1 : 108 .(155) في المطبوعة : "اللذين ذكرنا عنهما" .(156) يعني فأتوا بسورة من عند بشر مثل محمد .(157) في المطبوعة : "إنك ذكرت" ، بغير فاء .(158) في المطبوعة : "بما احتج له عليهم" ، أسقط"به" .(159) في المطبوعة : "حجة بهذا" على التأخير .(160) في المطبوعة : "لسنا بأهله" .(161) في المطبوعة : "ألسنتكم" .(162) يقول : "وأنتم . . . أقدر على اختلاقه . . " ، مبتدأ وخبر ، وما بينهما فصل . وفي المطبوعة مكان"ورصفه" ، "ووضعه" . والرصف : ضم الشيء بعضه إلى بعض ونظمه وإحكامه حتى يستوي . ومنه : كلام رصيف : أي محكم لا اختلاف فيه .(163) في المطبوعة"وهو وحده" ، وهذه أجود .(164) الآثار 496 - 500 : في ابن كثير 1 : 108 بعضها ، والدر المنثور 1 : 35 ، والشوكاني 1 : 40 ، وفي المخطوطة في بعض المواضع : "أناس" مكان"ناس" ، وهما سواء .(165) في المطبوعة : "واستعينوا" ، وهما متقاربتان ، والأولى أجود ، وهي كذلك في معاني القرآن للفراء 1 : 19 .(166) البيت للراعي النميري ، اللسان (عزا) . واعتزى : انتسب ، ودعا في الحرب بمثل قوله : يا لفلان ، أو يا للمهاجرين ، أو يا للأنصار ، والاسم العزاء والعزوة ، وهي دعوى المستغيث .(167) في المطبوعة : "واستعانوا" ، كما سلف في أختها قبل .(168) في المطبوعة : "كالشركاء" .(169) قوله"من المؤمنين" متعلق بقوله آنفًا "أن لهم شهداء . . " ، يعني شهداء من المؤمنين . ثم فصل ، لأن قوله"على حقيقة ما كانوا يأتون به . . " متعلق أيضًا ، بشهداء .(170) في المطبوعة : "لسارعوا إليه مع كفرهم وضلالهم" . وتترع إلى الشيء : تسرع إليه ، يقال في التسرع إلى الشر وما لا ينبغي . وما في المخطوطة"تتارعوا" صحيح في اشتقاق العربية ، وإن لم تذكره المعاجم ، وهو مثل تسرع وتسارع ، سواء .(171) في المطبوعة"فمن أي الفرق . . " ، وكلام الطبري استفهام واستنكار . لأن من المحال أن يشهد المؤمنون على هذا الباطل ، والكفار وأهل النفاق يتسرعون إلى الشهادة بالباطل لإبطال الحق ، فكان محالا أن يكون معنى"الشهداء" هنا : الذين يشهدون لهم ، أن ما جاءوا به نظير ما جاء به رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من عند الله تعالى . وصار حتما أن يكون معنى"الشهداء" : الذين يظاهرونهم ويعاونونهم ، كما جاء في الآية التالية .
{وإن كنتم في ريب} أي (وإن) كنتم في شك، لأن الله تعالى علم أنهم شاكون.{مما نزلنا} يعني القرآن.{على عبدنا} محمد.{فأتوا} أمر تعجيز.{بسورة} والسورة قطعة من القرآن معلومة الأول والآخر من أسأرت أي أفضلت، حذفت الهمزة، وقيل: السورة اسم للمنزلة الرفيعة، ومنه سور البناء لارتفاعه؛ سميت سورة لأن القارئ ينال بقراءتها منزلة رفيعة حتى يستكمل المنازل باستكماله سور القرآن.{من مثله} أي مثل القرآن (( ومن )) صلة، كقوله تعالى: {قل للمؤمنين يغضوا من أبصارهم} [30-النور]وقيل: الهاء في مثله راجعة لمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم يعني: من مثل محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم أمي لا يحسن الخط والكتابة [ قال محمود هاهنا من مثله دون سائر السور، لأن مِن للتبعيض وهذه السورة أول القرآن بعد الفاتحة فأدخل (مِن) ليعلم أن التحدي واقع على جميع سور القرآن، ولو أدخل (مِن) في سائر السور كان التحدي واقعاً على جميع سور القرآن، ولو أدخل خفي سائر السور كان التحدي واقعاً على بعض السور ].{وادعوا شهداءكم} أي واستعينوا بآلهتكم التي تعبدونها.{من دون الله} قال مجاهد: "ناساً يشهدون لكم".{إن كنتم صادقين} أن محمداً صلى الله عليه وسلم يقوله من تلقاء نفسه فلما تحداهم عجزوا.فقال:
انتقال لإثبات الجزء الثاني من جزئي الإيمان بعد أن تم إثبات الجزء الأول من ذلك بما قدمه من قوله تعالى : { يا أيها الناس اعبدوا ربكم } [ البقرة : 21 ] الخ . فتلك هي المناسبة التي اقتضت عطف هذه الجملة على جملة : { يا أيها الناس اعبدوا ربكم ، } ولأن النهي عن أن يجعلوا لله أنداداً جاء من عند الله فهم بمظنة أن ينكروا أن الله نهى عن عبادة شفعائه ومقربيه لأنهم من ضَلالهم كانوا يدَّعون أن الله أمرهم بذلك قال تعالى : { وقالوا لو شاء الرحمن ما عبدناهم } [ الزخرف : 20 ] فقد اعتلوا لعبادة الأصنام بأن الله أقامها وسائط بينه وبينهم ، فزادت بهذا مناسبةُ عطف قوله : { وإن كنتم في ريب } عقب قوله : { فلا تجعلوا لله أنداداً } [ البقرة : 22 ] . وأتى بإنْ في تعليق هذا الشرط وهو كونهم في ريب وقد علم في فن المعاني اختصاص إن بمقام عدم الجزم بوقوع الشرط ، لأن مدلول هذا الشرط قد حَفَّ به من الدلائل ما شأنه أن يقلَع الشرط من أصله بحيث يكون وقوعه مفروضاً فيكون الإتيان بإن مع تحقق المخاطب علم المتكلم بتحقق الشرط توبيخاً على تحقق ذلك الشرط ، كأن ريبهم في القرآن مستضعف الوقوع .ووجه ذلك أن القرآن قد اشتطت ألفاظه ومعانيه على ما لو تدبره العقل السليم لجزم بكونه من عند الله تعالى فإنه جاء على فصاحة وبلاغة ما عهدوا مثلهما من فحول بلغائهم ، وهم فيهم متوافرون متكاثرون حتى لقد سجد بعضهم لبلاغته واعترف بعضهم بأنه ليس بكلام بشر . وقد اشتمل من المعاني على ما لم يطرقه شعراؤهم وخطباؤهم وحكماؤهم ، بل وعلى ما لم يبلغ إلى بعضه علماء الأمم . ولم يزل العلم في طول الزمان يظهر خبايا القرآن ويبرهن على صدق كونه من عند الله فهذه الصفات كافية لهم في إدراك ذلك وهم أهل العقول الراجحة والفطنة الواضحة التي دلت عليها أشعارهم وأخبارهم وبداهتهم ومناظرتهم ، والتي شهد لهم بها الأمم في كل زمان ، فكيف يبقى بعد ذلك كله مسلك للريب فيه إليهم فضلاً عن أن يكونوا منغمسين فيه .ووجه الإتيان بفي الدالة على الظرفية الإشارة إلى أنهم قد امتلكهم الريب وأحاط بهم إحاطة الظرف بالمظروف . واستعارة ( في ) لمعنى الملابسة شائعة في كلام العرب كقولهم هو في نعمة .وأتى بفعل نَزَّل دون أنزل لأن القرآن نزل نجوماً . وقد تقدم في أول التفسير أن فعَّل يدل على التقضي شيئاً فشيئاً على أن صاحب «الكشاف» قد ذكر أن اختياره هنا في مقام التحدي لمراعاة ما كانوا يقولون { لولا نزل عليه القرآن جملة واحدة } [ الفرقان : 32 ] فلما كان ذلك من مثارات شبههم ناسب ذكره في تحديهم أن يأتوا بسورة مثله منجمة .والسورة قطعة من القرآن معينة فتميزه عن غيرها من أمثالها بمبدأ ونهاية تشتمل على ثلاث آيات فأكثر في غرض تام أو عدة أغراض .وجعلُ لفظ سورة اسماً جنسياً لأجزاء من القرآن اصطلاحٌ جاء به القرآن . وهي مشتقة من السور وهو الجدار الذي يحيط بالقرية أو الحظيرة ، فاسم السورة خاص بالأجزاء المعينة من القرآن دون غيره من الكتب وقد تقدم تفصيله في المقدمة الثامنة من مقدمات هذا التفسير ، وإنما كان التحدي بسورة ولم يكن بمقدار سورة من آيات القرآن لأن من جملة وجوه الإعجاز أموراً لا تظهر خصائصها إلا بالنظر إلى كلام مستوفى في غرض من الأغراض وإنما تنزل سور القرآن في أغراض مقصودة فلا غنى عن مراعاة الخصوصيات المناسبة لفواتح الكلام وخواتمه بحسب الغرض ، واستيفاء الغرض المسوق له الكلام ، وصحة التقسيم ، ونكت الإجمال والتفصيل ، وأحكام الانتقال من فن إلى آخر من فنون الغرض ، ومناسبات الاستطراد والاعتراض والخروج والرجوع ، وفصل الجمل ووصلها ، والإيجاز والإطناب ، ونحو ذلك مما يرجع إلى نكت مجموع نَظم الكلام ، وتلك لا تظهر مطابقتهاجلية إلا إذا تم الكلام واستَوفَى الغرضُ حقه ، فلا جرم كان لنظم القرآن وحسن سَبكه إعجازٌ يفوت قدرة البشر هو غير الإعجاز الذي لِجُمله وتراكيبه وفصَاحةِ ألفاظه . فكانت السورة من القرآن بمنزلة خطبة الخطيب وقصيدة الشاعر لا يُحكم لها بالتفوق إلا باعتبارات مجموعها بعد اعتبار أجزائها . قال الطيبي في «حاشية الكشاف» عند قوله تعالى : { فلم تقتلوهم } في سورة الأنفال ( 17 ) ، ولسر النظم القرآني كان التحدي بالسورة وإن كانت قصيرة دون الآيات وإن كانت ذوات عدد .والتنكير للإفراد أو النوعية ، أي بسورة واحدة من نوع السور وذلك صادق بأقل سورة ترجمت باسم يخصها ، وأقل السور عددَ آيات سورةُ الكوثر ، وقد كان المشركون بالمدينة تبعاً للمشركين بمكة وكان نزول هذه السورة في أول العهد بالهجرة إلى المدينة فكان المشركون كلهم ألْباً على النبيء يتداولون الإغراء بتكذيبه وصد الناس عن اتباعه ، فأعيد لهم التحدي بإعجاز القرآن الذي كان قد سبق تحديهم به في سورة يونس وسورة هود وسورة الإسراء .وقد كان التحدي أولاً بالإتيان بكتاببٍ مثل ما نزل منه ففي سورة الإسراء ( 88 ) : { قُل لئن اجتمعت الإنس والجن على أن يأتوا بمثل هذا القرآن لا يأتون بمثله ولو كان بعضهم لبعض ظهيراً } فلما عجزوا استُنزلوا إلى الإتيان بعشْرِ سور مثله في سورة هود ، ثم استنزلوا إلى الإتيان بسورة من مثله في سورة يونس .والمِثْل أصله المَثيل والمُشابه تمامَ المشابهة فهو في الأصل صفة يتبع موصوفاً ثم شاع إطلاقه على الشيء المشابه المكافىء .والضمير في قوله : من مثله } يجوز أن يعود إلى ( مَا نَزّلنا ) أي من مِثل القرآن ، ويجوز أن يعود إلى { عبدنا } فإن أعيد إلى ( ما نزلنا ) أي من مثل القرآن فالأظهر أن ( من ) ابتدائية أي سورة مأخوذة من مثل القرآن أي كتاب مثل القرآن والجار والمجرور صفة لسورة ، ويحتمل أن تكون ( من ) تبعيضية أو بيانية أو زائدة ، وقد قيل بذلك كله ، وهي وجوه مرجوحة ، وعلى الجميع فالجار والمجرور صفة لسورة ، أي هي بعض مثل ما نزلنا ، ومِثل اسم حينئذٍ بمعنى المماثل ، أو سورة مثل ما نزلنا و ( مثل ) صفةٌ على احتمالي كون ( من ) بيانية أو زائدة ، وكل هذه الأوجه تقتضي أن المِثل سواء كان صفة أو اسماً فهو مثل مقدَّر بناء على اعتقادهم وفرضهم ولا يقتضي أن هذا المثل موجود لأن الكلام مسوق مساق التعجيز .وإن أُعيد الضمير لعبدنا فمن لتعدية فعل ( ائتوا ) وهي ابتدائية وحينئذٍ فالجار والمجرور ظرف لغو غير مستقر . ويجوز كون الجار والمجرور صفة لسورة على أنه ظرف مستقر والمعنى فيهما ائتوا بسورة منتزعة من رجل مثل محمد في الأمية ، ولفظ مثل إذن اسْم .وقد تبين لك أن لفظ ( مثل ) في الآية لا يحتمل أن يكون المراد به الكناية عن المضاف إليه على طريقة قوله تعالى : { ليس كمثله شيء } [ الشورى : 11 ] بناء على أن لفظ ( مِثل ) كناية عن المضاف إليه إذ لا يستقيم المعنى أن يكون التقدير فأتوا بسورة من القرآن ، أو من محمد خلافاً لمن توهم ذلك من كلام «الكشاف» وإنما لفظ مثل مستعمل في معناه الصريح إلا أنه أشبه المكنَّى به عن نفس المضاففِ هُو إليه من حيث إن المِثل هنا على تقدير الاسمية غير متحقق الوجود إلا أن سبب انتفاء تحققه هو كونه مفروضاً فإن كون الأمر للتعجيز يقتضي تعذر المأمور ، فليس شيء من هاته الوجوه بمقتضضٍ وجود مثل للقرآن حتى يُراد به بعض الوجوه كما توهمه التفتزاني .وعندي أن الاحتمالات التي احتملها قوله : { من مثله } كلها مرادة لرد دعاوى المكذبين في اختلاف دعاويهم فإن منهم من قال : القرآن كلامُ بشر ، ومنهم من قال : هو مكتتب من أساطير الأولين ، ومنهم من قال : إنما يعلمه بشر . وهاته الوجوه في معنى الآية تُفند جميع الدعاوى فإن كان كلام بشر فأتوا بمماثله أو بمثله ، وإن كان من أساطير الأولين فأتوا أنتم بجزء من هذه الأساطير ، وإن كان يُعلمه بشر فأتوا أنتم من عنده بسورة فما هو ببخيل عنكم إن سألتموه . وكل هذا إرخاء لعنان المعارضة وتسجيل للإعجاز عند عدمها . فالتحدي على صدق القرآن هو مجموع مماثلةِ القرآن في ألفاظه وتراكيبه ، ومماثلة الرسول المنزَّل عليه في أنه أمي لم يسبق له تعليم ولا يعلم الكتب السالفة ، قال تعالى : { أو لم يكفهم أنا أنزلنا عليك الكتاب } [ العنكبوت : 51 ] . فذلك معنى المماثلة فلو أتوا بشيء من خُطببِ أو شعر بلغائهم غير مشتمل على ما يشتمل عليه القرآن من الخصوصيات لم يكن ذلك إتياناً بما تحداهم به ، ولو أتوا بكلام مشتمل على معان تشريعية أو من الحكمة من تأليف رجل عالم حكيم لم يكن ذلك إتياناً بما تحداهم به .فليس في جعل ( من ) ابتدائية إيهام إجْزاء أن يأتوا بشيء من كلام بلغائهم لأن تلك مماثلة غير تامة .وقولُه تعالى : { وادعوا شهداءكم من دون الله } معطوف على { فأتوا بسورة } أي ائتوا بها وادعوا شهداءكم . والدعاء يستعمل بمعنى طلب حضور المدعو ، وبمعنى استعطافه وسؤاله لفعل ما ، قال أبو فراس يخاطب سيف الدولة ليفديه من أسر ملك الروم :دَعَوْتُك للجفن القريح المسهد ... لديّ وللنوم الطريد المشردوالشهداء جمع شهيد فعيل بمعنى فاعل من شهد إذا حضر ، وأصله الحاضر قال تعالى : { ولا يَأْبَ الشهداء إذا ما دُعُوا } [ البقرة : 282 ] ثم استعمل هذا اللفظ فيما يلازمه الحضور مجازاً أو كناية لا بأصل وضع اللفظ ، وأطلق على النصير على طريقة الكناية فإن الشاهد يؤيد قول المشهود فينصره على معارضه ولا يطلق الشهيد على الإمام والقدوة وأثبته البيضاوي ولا يعرف في كتب اللغة ولا في كلام المفسرين . ولعله انجر إليه من تفسير «الكشاف» لحاصل معنى الآية فتوهمه معنى وضعياً فالمراد هنا ادعوا آلهتكم بقرينة قوله : { من دون الله } أي ادعوهم من دون الله كدأبكم في الفزع إليهم عند مهماتكم معرضين بدعائهم واستنجادهم عن دعاء الله واللجأ إليه ففي الآية إدماج توبيخهم على الشرك في أثناء التعجيز عن المعارضة وهذا الإدماج من أفانين البلاغة أن يكون مراد البليغ غرضين فيقرن الغرض المسوق له الكلام بالغرض الثاني وفيه تظهر مقدرة البليغ إذ يأتي بذلك الاقتران بدون خروج عن غرضه المسوق له الكلام ولا تكلف . قال الحرث بن حلّزة :آذنتنا ببينها أسماءُ ... رب ثاوٍ يَمَلّ منه الثّواءُفإن قوله رب ثاو عند ذكر بعد الحبيبة والتحسر منه كناية عن أن ليست هي من هذا القبيل الذي يمل ثواؤه . وقد قضى بذلك حق إرضائها بأنه لا يحفل بإقامة غيرها ، وقد عد الإدماج من المحسنات البديعة وهو جدير بأن يعد في الأبواب البلاغية في مبحث الإطناب أو تخريج الكلام على خلاف مقتضى الظاهر ، فإن آلهتهم أنصار لهم في زعمهم .ويجوز أن يكون المراد ادعوا نصراءكم من أهل البلاغة فيكون تعجيزاً للعامة والخاصة ، وادعوا من يشهد بمماثلة ما أتيتم به لما نزلنا ، على نحو قوله تعالى : { قل هلم شهداءكم الذين يشهدون أن الله حرم هذا } [ الأنعام : 150 ] ويكون قوله : { من دون الله } على هذه الوجوه حالاً من الضمير في ( ادعوا ) أو من ( شهداءكم ) أي في حال كونكم غير داعين لذلك الله أو حال كون الشهداء غير الله بمعنى اجعلوا جانب الله الذي أنزل الكتاب كالجانب المشهود عليه فقد أذناكم بذلك تيسيراً عليكم لأن شدة تسجيل العجز تكون بمقدار تيسير أسباب العمل ، وجوز أن يكون ( دون ) بمعنى أمام وبين يدي يعني ادعوا شهداءكم بين يدي الله ، واستشهد له بقول الأعشى :تريك القَذى من دونها وهي دونهُ ... إذا ذاقَها من ذاقها يتمطِّقكما جوز أن يكون { من دون الله } بمعنى من دون حزب الله وهم المؤمنون أي أحضروا شهداء من الذين هم على دينكم فقد رضيناهم شهوداً فإن البارع في صناعة لا يرضى بأن يشهد بتصحيح فاسدها وعكسه إباءَة أن ينسب إلى سوء المعرفة أو الجور ، وكلاهما لا يرضاه ذو المروءة وقديماً كانت العرب تتنافر وتتحاكم إلى عقلائها وحكامها فما كانوا يحفظون لهم غلطاً أو جوراً . وقد قال السموأل :إنا إذا مالت دواعي الهوى ... وأنصت السامع للقائللا نجعل الباطل حقاً ولا ... نلظ دون الحق بالباطلنخاف أن تسفه أحلامنا ... فنخمُل الدهر مع الخاملوعلى هذا التفسير يجىء قول الفقهاء إن شهادة أهل المعرفة بإثبات العيوب أو بالسلامة لا تشترط فيها العدالة ، وكنت أعلل ذلك في دروس الفقه بأن المقصود من العدالة تحقق الوازع عن شهادة الزور ، وقد قام الوازع العلمي في شهادة أهل المعرفة مقام الوازع الديني لأن العارف حريص ما استطاع أن لا يؤثر عنه الغلط والخطأ وكفى بذلك وازعاً عن تعمده وكفى بعلمه مظنة لإصابة الصواب فحصل المقصود من الشهادة .وقوله : { إن كنتم صادقين } اعتراض في آخر الكلام وتذييل . أتى بإن الشرطية التي الأصل في شرطها أن يكون غير مقطوع بوقوعه لأن صدقهم غير محتمل الوقوع وإن كنتم صادقين في أن القرآن كلام بشر وإنكم أتيتم بمثله .والصدق ضد الكذب وهما وصفان للخبر لا يخلو عن أحدهما فالصدق أن يكون مدلول الكلام الخبري مطابقاً ومماثلاً للواقع في الخارج أي في الوجود الخارجي احترازاً عن الوجود الذهني ، والكذب ضد الصدق وهو أن يكون مدلول الكلام الخبري غير مطابق أي غير مماثل للواقع في الخارج ، والكلام موضوع للصدق وأما الكذب فاحتمال عقلي والإنشاء لا يوصف بصدق ولا كذب إذ لا معنى لمطابقته لما في نفس الأمر لأنه إيجاد للمعنى لا للأمور الخارجية . هذا معنى الصدق والكذب في الإطلاق المشهور . وقد يطلق الكذب صفة ذم فيلاحظ في معناه حينئذٍ أن مخالفته للواقع كانت عن تعمد فتوهم الجاحظ أن ماهية الكذب تتقوم من عدم مطابقة الخبر للواقع وللاعتقاد معاً وسرى هذا التقوم إلى ماهية الصدق فجعل قوامها المطابقة للخارج والاعتقاد معاً ومن هنا أثبت الواسطة بين الصدق والكذب ، وقريب منه قول الراغب ، ويشبه أن يكون الخلاف لفظياً ومحل بسطه في علمي الأصول والبلاغة .والمعنى إن كنتم صادقين في دعوى أن القرآن كلام بشر ، فحذف متعلق ( صادقين ) لدلالة ما تقدم عليه ، وجواب الشرط محذوف تدل عليه جملة مقدرة بعد جملة : { وادعوا شهداءكم من دون الله } إذ التقدير فتأتون بسورة من مثله ودل على الجملة المقدرة قوله قبلها : { فأتوا بسورة من مثله } وتكون الجملة المقدرة دليلاً على جواب الشرط فتصير جملة { إن كنتم صادقين } تكريراً للتحدي .وفي هذه الآية إثارة لحماسهم إذ عرض بعدم صدقهم فتتوفر دواعيهم على المعارضة .
وهذا دليل عقلي على صدق رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم, وصحة ما جاء به، فقال: { وإن كنتم } معشر المعاندين للرسول, الرادين دعوته, الزاعمين كذبه في شك واشتباه, مما نزلنا على عبدنا, هل هو حق أو غيره ؟ فهاهنا أمر نصف، فيه الفيصلة بينكم وبينه، وهو أنه بشر مثلكم, ليس بأفصحكم ولا بأعلمكم وأنتم تعرفونه منذ نشأ بينكم, لا يكتب ولا يقرأ، فأتاكم بكتاب زعم أنه من عند الله, وقلتم أنتم أنه تقوَّله وافتراه، فإن كان الأمر كما تقولون, فأتوا بسورة من مثله, واستعينوا بمن تقدرون عليه من أعوانكم وشهدائكم, فإن هذا أمر يسير عليكم، خصوصا وأنتم أهل الفصاحة والخطابة, والعداوة العظيمة للرسول، فإن جئتم بسورة من مثله, فهو كما زعمتم, وإن لم تأتوا بسورة من مثله وعجزتم غاية العجز, ولن تأتوا بسورة من مثله، ولكن هذا التقييم على وجه الإنصاف والتنزل معكم، فهذا آية كبرى, ودليل واضح [جلي] على صدقه وصدق ما جاء به, فيتعين عليكم اتباعه, واتقاء النار التي بلغت في الحرارة العظيمة [والشدة], أن كانت وقودها الناس والحجارة, ليست كنار الدنيا التي إنما تتقد بالحطب, وهذه النار الموصوفة معدة ومهيأة للكافرين بالله ورسله. فاحذروا الكفر برسوله, بعد ما تبين لكم أنه رسول الله. وهذه الآية ونحوها يسمونها آيات التحدي, وهو تعجيز الخلق أن يأتوا بمثل هذا القرآن، قال تعالى { قُلْ لَئِنِ اجْتَمَعَتِ الْإِنْسُ وَالْجِنُّ عَلَى أَنْ يَأْتُوا بِمِثْلِ هَذَا الْقُرْآنِ لَا يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ وَلَوْ كَانَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ ظَهِيرًا } وكيف يقدر المخلوق من تراب, أن يكون كلامه ككلام رب الأرباب؟ أم كيف يقدر الناقص الفقير من كل الوجوه, أن يأتي بكلام ككلام الكامل, الذي له الكمال المطلق, والغنى الواسع من كل الوجوه؟ هذا ليس في الإمكان, ولا في قدرة الإنسان، وكل من له أدنى ذوق ومعرفة [بأنواع] الكلام, إذا وزن هذا القرآن العظيم بغيره من كلام البلغاء, ظهر له الفرق العظيم. وفي قوله: { وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ } إلى آخره, دليل على أن الذي يرجى له الهداية من الضلالة: [هو] الشاك الحائر الذي لم يعرف الحق من الضلال، فهذا إذا بين له الحق فهو حري بالتوفيق إن كان صادقا في طلب الحق. وأما المعاند الذي يعرف الحق ويتركه, فهذا لا يمكن رجوعه, لأنه ترك الحق بعد ما تبين له, لم يتركه عن جهل, فلا حيلة فيه. وكذلك الشاك غير الصادق في طلب الحق, بل هو معرض غير مجتهد في طلبه, فهذا في الغالب أنه لا يوفق. وفي وصف الرسول بالعبودية في هذا المقام العظيم, دليل على أن أعظم أوصافه صلى الله عليه وسلم, قيامه بالعبودية, التي لا يلحقه فيها أحد من الأولين والآخرين. كما وصفه بالعبودية في مقام الإسراء، فقال: { سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي أَسْرَى بِعَبْدِهِ } وفي مقام الإنزال، فقال: { تَبَارَكَ الَّذِي نَزَّلَ الْفُرْقَانَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ } وفي قوله: { أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَافِرِينَ } ونحوها من الآيات, دليل لمذهب أهل السنة والجماعة, أن الجنة والنار مخلوقتان خلافا للمعتزلة، وفيها أيضا, أن الموحدين وإن ارتكبوا بعض الكبائر لا يخلدون في النار, لأنه قال: { أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَافِرِينَ } فلو كان [عصاة الموحدين] يخلدون فيها, لم تكن معدة للكافرين وحدهم، خلافا للخوارج والمعتزلة. وفيها دلالة على أن العذاب مستحق بأسبابه, وهو الكفر, وأنواع المعاصي على اختلافها
قوله تعالى : وإن كنتم في ريب مما نزلنا على عبدنا فأتوا بسورة من مثله وادعوا شهداءكم من دون الله إن كنتم صادقين[ ص: 222 ] قوله تعالى : وإن كنتم في ريب أي في شك " مما نزلنا " يعني القرآن ، والمراد المشركون الذين تحدوا ، فإنهم لما سمعوا القرآن قالوا : ما يشبه هذا كلام الله ، وإنا لفي شك منه ، فنزلت الآية . ووجه اتصالها بما قبلها أن الله سبحانه لما ذكر في الآية الأولى الدلالة على وحدانيته وقدرته ذكر بعدها الدلالة على نبوة نبيه ، وأن ما جاء به ليس مفترى من عنده .قوله على عبدنا يعني محمدا صلى الله عليه وسلم . والعبد مأخوذ من التعبد وهو التذلل ، فسمي المملوك - من جنس ما يفعله - عبدا لتذلله لمولاه ، قال طرفة :إلى أن تحامتني العشيرة كلها وأفردت إفراد البعير المعبدأي المذلل . قال بعضهم : لما كانت العبادة أشرف الخصال والتسمي بها أشرف الخطط ، سمى نبيه عبدا ، وأنشدوا :يا قوم قلبي عند زهراء يعرفه السامع والرائيلا تدعني إلا بيا عبدها فإنه أشرف أسمائيفأتوا بسورة الفاء جواب الشرط ، ائتوا مقصور لأنه من باب المجيء ، قاله ابن كيسان . وهو أمر معناه التعجيز ; لأنه تعالى علم عجزهم عنه . والسورة واحدة السور . وقد تقدم الكلام فيها وفي إعجاز القرآن ، فلا معنى للإعادة . و " من " في قوله " من مثله " زائدة ، كما قال فأتوا بسورة مثله والضمير في مثله عائد على القرآن عند الجمهور من العلماء ، كقتادة ومجاهد وغيرهما . وقيل : يعود على التوراة والإنجيل . فالمعنى فأتوا بسورة من كتاب مثله فإنها تصدق ما فيه . وقيل : يعود على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم . المعنى : من بشر أمي مثله لا يكتب ولا يقرأ . فمن على هذين التأويلين للتبعيض ، والوقف على مثله ليس بتام ; لأن وادعوا نسق عليه .قوله تعالى : وادعوا شهداءكم معناه أعوانكم ونصراءكم . الفراء : آلهتكم . وقال ابن كيسان : فإن قيل كيف ذكر الشهداء هاهنا ، وإنما يكون الشهداء ليشهدوا أمرا ، أو ليخبروا بأمر شهدوه ، وإنما قيل لهم : فأتوا بسورة من مثله ؟ فالجواب : أن المعنى استعينوا بمن وجدتموه من علمائكم ، وأحضروهم ليشاهدوا ما تأتون به ، فيكون الرد على الجميع أوكد في الحجة عليهم .[ ص: 223 ] قلت : هذا هو معنى قول مجاهد . قال مجاهد : معنى : وادعوا شهداءكم أي ادعوا ناسا يشهدون لكم ، أي يشهدون أنكم عارضتموه . النحاس : " شهداءكم " نصب بالفعل ، جمع شهيد ، يقال : شاهد وشهيد ، مثل قادر وقدير .وقوله من دون الله أي من غيره ، ودون نقيض فوق ، وهو تقصير عن الغاية ، ويكون ظرفا . والدون : الحقير الخسيس ، قال :إذا ما علا المرء رام العلاء ويقنع بالدون من كان دوناولا يشتق منه فعل ، وبعضهم يقول منه : دان يدون دونا . ويقال : هذا دون ذاك ، أي أقرب منه . ويقال في الإغراء بالشيء : دونكه . قالت تميم للحجاج : أقبرنا صالحا - وكان قد صلبه - فقال : دونكموه .قوله تعالى : إن كنتم صادقين فيما قلتم من أنكم تقدرون على المعارضة ، لقولهم في آية أخرى : لو نشاء لقلنا مثل هذا والصدق : خلاف الكذب ، وقد صدق في الحديث . والصدق : الصلب من الرماح . ويقال : صدقوهم القتال . والصديق : الملازم للصدق . ويقال : رجل صدق ، كما يقال : نعم الرجل . والصداقة مشتقة من الصدق في النصح والود .
God alone has created man and all that is in the heavens and on earth. He has invested the world with profound significance and He constantly looks after its needs. The proper course for a man is to take God as his Creator, Master and Sustainer, and not attempt to set up anyone as a partner with Him; that is, a man should give himself up entirely to God. But since He is invisible, it often happens that man gives importance to some visible object and worships that instead of God. He equates the created with the Creator—sometimes just a part of it and sometimes creation in its entirety, at times calling it by the name of God and at times doing so without taking God’s name. Therein lies man’s basic error. The prophets taught man to glorify God alone, and forsake the other things that he had elevated to a position of glory. People whose hearts are attached to objects other than God consider the call of true religion repugnant. They have become so greatly attached to their supposed ‘deities’ that they cannot believe that they are unreal. They cannot believe that the truth is what is proclaimed by a mortal just like themselves.
The Guidance which the Holy Qur'an provides to man rests on two basic principles - Tauhid توحید (the Oneness of God) and Risalah (Prophethood). The two preceding verses (21 and 22) affirm the Oneness of God in presenting certain acts peculiar to Allah alone as a proof; these two verses (23 and 24) affirm the prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ in presenting the word of Allah as a proof. In both the places, the mode of argument is the same. The preceding verses mention certain things which no one could or can do except Allah - for example, creating the sky and the earth, sending down water from the sky, bringing forth fruits with water; and the point of the argument is that since no one except Allah can do these things, no one else can be worthy of being worshipped. These two verses refer to a kind of speech which cannot possibly come from anyone except Allah, and the like of which no human being can ever produce just as the helplessness of man and other creatures in the matter of creating the sky and the earth etc. is a demonstration of the fact that these are the acts of Allah alone, in the same way the helplessness of all created beings in the matter of producing something equal to or resembling the Word of Allah is a demonstration of the fact that this is the Word of Allah alone. Here the Holy Qur'an challenges all men the world over, those of the present and those of the future, to produce even a small passage like this, if they suppose it to be the work of a man, for other men may also be capable of accomplishing what one man has achieved. In case individuals should fail in such an effort, the Holy Qur'an allows them the facility of calling to their aid all possible helpers - they could even hold an international 'workshop' for the purpose. The next verse fore-warns them that such a venture would never succeed, and threatens with the fires of hell, for having once acknowledged his inability to produce something to equal the Holy Qur'an, which is a clear evidence of its being the word, not of man but of a Being who stands above all created things, if a man still persists in his disbelief, he is only seeking a place in hell. The Holy Qur'an asks men to beware of such a fate.
The Miraculous Qur'an is a prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ
Thus, the verses, in emphasizing the miraculous character of the Holy Qur'an, present it as the evidence of the prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ and of his truth. No doubt, the miracles of the Holy Prophet ﷺ are innumerable, each more marvelous than the other, but in mentioning only one of these here - one that pertains to the sphere of knowledge, namely, the Holy Qur'an - Allah has pointed out that this is the greatest. Even among the miracles of all the prophets (علیہم السلام) this particular miracle has a special distinction. It has been the way of Allah to show His omnipotence by manifesting some miracles through each prophet or messenger. But each miracle appears with a certain prophet, and ends with him. The Holy Qur'an, on the contrary, is a miracle which is to survive till the end of time.
As for the phrase: وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ :"And if you are in doubt," we may remark that the verse employs the Arabic word, raib رَيْب for 'doubt'. According to Imam Raghib al-Isfahani, raib رَيْب signifies a kind of hesitation or indecision or suspicion which has no basis, and can therefore be easily overcome with the help of a little reflection. That is why the Holy Qur'an says that having this kind of doubt (raib رَيْب) is not consistent with being a man of knowledge, even if he were not a Muslim:
وَلَا يَرْتَابَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ
"So that the people of the Book and Muslims should have no doubt". (74:31)
Similarly, at the very beginning of the Surah Al-Bagarah the Holy Qur'an refers to itself as the Book :"In which there is no doubt (raib رَيْب)." In the present verse again it uses the word raib رَيْب to say: وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ :"if you are in doubt", the implication being that the truths enunciated by the Holy Qur'an are so clear and evident that there is no room for any hesitation or indecision or suspicion to arise except for those who do not possess knowledge.
As for the people who hesitate in accepting the Holy Qur'an as the Word of Allah, and suspect that it is the work of the Holy Prophet ﷺ or of some other man, the verse proposes an easy test - they should produce a passage (a Surah) resembling or equalling the Holy Qur'an in order to substantiate their claim; but if they fail, they should finally acknowledge the Holy Qur'an to be undoubtedly the Word of Allah. The Arabic word "Surah" means a "limited or definite piece"; as a technical term, a Surah is a passage of the Holy Qur'an which has been set apart from other passages by Divine Commandment (Wahy وحی), there being 114 Surahs in the Holy Qur'an, some long and others very short. The present verse uses the word Surah without the definite article "Al', and hence includes the shortest of the Surahs in the challenge thrown out to the doubters.
At this point, the objection can arise that the failure of one man or one group of men does not necessarily argue the inability of another man or group in the matter. The Holy Qur'an meets this objection by declaring:
وَادْعُوْا شُهَدَاۗءَكُمْ مِّنْ دُوْنِ اللّٰهِ اِنْ كُنْتُمْ صٰدِقِيْنَ
"And do call your supporters other than Allah, if you are true".
The Arabic word used here is Shuhada شُهَدَا ، the plural or Shahid which signifies 'one who is present'- a witness is called a Shahid شھید ، for he has to be present in the court of law. In this verse, the word Shuhada- شُهَدَا '' refers either to men in general - implying that the doubters could call to their aid any men whatsoever from anywhere in the world -, or specifically to the idols of the disbelievers of Makkah who thought that these blocks of stone would appear on the, Day of Judgment as witnesses in their favour.
The next verse foretells that the doubters shall never succeed, even if they tried with all their individual or collective might, in producing a passage which could resemble the Holy Qur'an. If they should still persist in their denial, the verse threatens them with the fire of Hell, which has already been prepared for such stubborn disbelievers.
The infidels of Makkah, history tells us, were ready to give up their very lives for the purpose of obliterating Islam. In throwing out to them this challenge, the Holy Qur'an gave them an easy chance of accomplishing their purpose, and even hurt their tribal sense of honour by predicting that they would never be able to take up the challenge. And yet not a single contender came up for the trial, which was a clear admission of their helplessness and an acknowledgment of the Holy Qur'an being the Word of Allah. This fact establishes the Holy Qur'an as the evident miracle of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . Since the challenge still stands, the miracle too lives on, and shall live to the end of the world.
The Holy Qur'an: A living miracle
As for the Holy Qur'an being a miracle, the subject has been thoroughly discussed in scores of books by the greatest scholars in all the ages and in different languages. We may mention a few outstanding ones: Nazm نظم al-Qur'an by al-Jahiz, written in the 3rd century A.H.; 'I'jaz al-Qur'an' by Abu 'Abdullah Wasiti, written early in the 4th century; a small book, اعجاز 'I'jaz al-Qur'an' by Ibn 'Isa Rabbani, written later in the 4th century; a long and comprehensive book, اعجاز 'I'jaz al-Qur'an' by Qadi Abu Bakr Bagillani, written early in the 5th century; the subject has also been discussed at length in well-known books like Al-Itqan' by Jalal al-Din al-Suyati, 'Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra' by the same author, 'At-Tafsir al-Kabir' by Imam Razi, and 'Ash-Shifa' by Qadi 'Iyad; more recently still, اعجاز 'I'jaz al-Qur'an', by Mustafa Sadiq al-Rafi'i', and 'Al-Wahy al-Muhammadi' by Sayyid Rashid Rid-a; and finally 'I'jaz al-Qur'an' by Shabbir Ahmad Uthmani. We may, in passing, draw attention to another peculiar quality of the Holy Qur'an that, beside comprehensive and voluminous commentaries, scores of books have been written on different aspects of the Book of Allah and on the innumerable considerations which arise from it.
We cannot provide even a brief resume of all that has been written on the subject, the literature being so vast. We shall, however, give a few brief indications as to why the Holy Qur'an is held to be a miracle of the Prophet of Islam: ﷺ
Qualities that make the Qur'an a miracle
(1) The Holy Qur'an is incomparable for its comprehensiveness even among the Sacred Books of the world; on the one hand, it brings to man the ultimate knowledge of a metaphysical order, and, on the other, provides guidance for all the spheres of human life, spiritual or physical, individual or collective. Those who suspect the Book to have been the product of a human agency should remind themselves of the simple fact that it appeared at a time and in a place which offered no facilities for acquiring the kind of education which is necessary for composing such a book - in fact, the Arabs were in those days known as the Ummiyyun, 'the illiterates', and that the Book came through the Holy Prophet ﷺ who could not even read or write, and who had not tried to learn even the arts of poetry and rhetoric on which the Arabs prided themselves. This fact, in itself, is nothing short of a miracle.
(2) The Holy Qur'an is, no doubt, guidance for all men without any distinction of time or place, but the first to be addressed were the Arabs of the Age of Ignorance. In affirming that no human being could produce even a few verses comparable to its own, the Holy Qur'an did not confine the challenge merely to the richness of meaning and the quality of wisdom, but included the mode of expression as well. Now, the 'illiterates' of Arabia had no pretensions to wisdom or knowledge, but they certainly fancied themselves for their eloquence - to them, the aliens were just 'The Dumb' (Al-'Ajam العجم). And some of them were so mad in their hostility to the Holy Prophet ﷺ that, if they could see a chance of hurting him in doing so, they would readily have slit their own throats out of sheer spite. And yet no one came forward to accept the challenge. This helplessness in a contest which should have been easy for a people so gifted with a spontaneous eloquence - does it not argue that the Holy Qur'an is not the word of man, but the Word of Allah? As a matter of fact, the most discriminating among the contemporary Arabs did admit, though in private, that the Holy Qur'an was inimitable; some of them had the honesty to say so in public and some accepted Islam, while others in spite of this admission, could not give up the ways of their forefathers, or sufficiently overcome tribal rivalries, particularly their hostility to Banu ` Abd Munaf, the tribe of the Holy Prophet ﷺ to embrace Islam.
Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (رح) has, in his 'Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra', reported a number of incidents which illustrate the point. When the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the Holy Qur'an began to attract the attention of people even outside Makkah, the enemies of Islam became worried about the huge crowds that would assemble there for the annual pilgrimage and would be likely to fall under his spell. Their tribal chiefs wanted to find an effective stratagem to prevent such a situation from arising, and they referred the problem to Walid ibn Mughirah, the eldest and the wisest among them. To begin with, they suggested that they could tell the pilgrims that the Holy Qur'an was (May Allah forgive us for reporting a blasphemy) only the ravings of a lunatic. But Walid could foresee that when the pilgrims heard the Holy Prophet ﷺ speaking with such lucidity and eloquence, they would immediately know that the allegation was not true. Next they thought of dismissing him as a mere poet. But Walid warned them that, an understanding of the arts of poetry being innate in most Arabs, the pilgrims would easily see that he was no poet. Then, they considered the possibility of putting him down as one of the soothsayers. But Walid feared that they would again discover how false the imputation was, and would only turn against the accusers. In summing up his own impression of the Holy Qur'an, he said: "By God, there is not a single man among you who knows more about Arabic poetry than me. And, by God, I find in this speech a kind of sweetness and grace which I have never found in the speech of any poet or of any eloquent man." After a good deal of thought, he finally advised them to accuse the Holy Prophet ﷺ of being a sorcerer who employed his black art in separating sons from fathers, and wives from husbands.
Exactly the same was the impression made by the Holy Qur'an on many other people, who expressed similar views - for example, Nadr ibn Harith, a tribal chief; Unais, the brother of the blessed Companion, Abu Dharr; As'ad ibn Zurarah, another tribal chief, and Qais ibn Nasibah of the Banu Sulaim tribe. Even the vilest enemies of the Holy Prophet ﷺ like Akhnas ibn Shariq, Abu Sufyan and, of all persons, Abu Jahl himself are reported to have stealthily crept in the darkness of night to the house of the Holy Prophet ﷺ to hear him reciting the Holy Qur'an, and to have been so entranced by the Word of Allah that they could not tear themselves away from the place till it was dawn. Yet they continued to be stubborn in their denial, for, as Abu Jahl confessed in so many words, they had been successfully vying with the tribe of Banu ` Abd Munaf in all possible virtues, but now that their rivals had produced a prophet, they could not come up with something to match the claim.
In short, the Arabs failed to take up the challenge of the Holy Qur'an, and admitted their helplessness; nor has anyone else succeeded in the attempt since then - all of which goes to show that the Holy Qur'an can only be the Word of Allah, not of man.
(3) The Holy Qur'an made many predictions about future events, and things turned out to be exactly as it had declared. For example, the infidels of Makkah were not prepared to believe the prophecy that the people of Rum روم ، or the Byzantians, would finally rout the Persians after having suffered an initial defeat. The infidels made it a point of honour, and put a wager on it, but were humiliated to see the prophecy come true before the stipulated period of ten years was over.
(4) The Holy Qur'an gives a clear account of some of the earlier prophets, of their Shari’ ah and of their peoples, and of many historical events since the beginning of the world. Even the best scholars among the Jews and the Christians did not possess such exact information. The Holy Prophet ﷺ ، who had never attended a school nor been in the company of a learned man, could not have provided all these details for himself without having received the knowledge from Allah.
(5) Several verses of the Holy Qur'an disclosed what certain people had tried to keep concealed in their hearts, and they had to confess that this was just what they had been thinking. We shall cite only two instances.
اِذْ ھَمَّتْ طَّاۗىِٕفَتٰنِ مِنْكُمْ اَنْ تَفْشَلَا
"When two of your battalions thought of falling away..." (3:122)
يَقُولُونَ فِي أَنفُسِهِمْ لَوْلَا يُعَذِّبُنَا اللَّـهُ بِمَا نَقُولُ
"They say in their hearts, Why does Allah not punish us for what we say?'
(6) The Holy Qur'an predicted that such and such men would not be able to do such and such things, and then it turned out that, in spite of having the power, they could not do these things. The Jews claimed to be the 'Chosen of God' and His friends. Since one is always eager to meet one's friends, the Holy Qur'an asked them to substantiate their claim by wishing for death and for going back to Allah, but at the same time declared وَلَا يَتَمَنَّوْنَهُ أَبَدًا :"And they shall never wish for it" (62:7). Now, expressing a wish for death should not be difficult for anyone, if he wishes to establish his bonafides; for the Jews in particular, it would have been an easy way of refuting the Holy Qur'an. But, in spite of all their hatred for the Holy Prophet ﷺ they knew in their hearts that the Holy Qur'an was the Book of Allah, and feared that if they told a lie in this matter, they would actually die. And they kept quiet.
(7) When the Holy Qur'an is recited (in Arabic, of course), it affects in a strange and indefinable way the heart of even a casual listener, Muslim or non-Muslim. History reports many instances of people accepting Islam merely because they happened to be passing by when the Holy Prophet ﷺ was reciting the Holy Qur'an - such was the case, for example, of the blessed Companion Jubair ibn Mut'im ؓ .
(8) The best book in the world, if read four or five times, begins to lose its charm even for the most fervent admirer. But the peculiar quality of the Holy Qur'an, and of it alone, is that the more one reads or recites it, the more eager one becomes to do so again and again. Even among the sacred books of the world, the Holy Qur'an is unique in this respect.
(9) The sacred books of many religions have been lost or no longer exist in an integral and authentic form. But Allah has promised in the Holy Qur'an that He Himself will protect this Book, and preserve it against the slightest change upto the end of time. During the fourteen centuries of the history of Islam, millions of copies, written by hand or printed, have been spread all over the globe as no other sacred book has been. But in this respect the greatest miracle of the Holy Qur'an is that in all the ages and in all the places where Muslims have lived, there have been millions of people who have known the Book by heart without the alteration of a single consonant or vowel. So, Allah has preserved His Last Book not merely in the shape of written words, but, above all in the hearts of men. Allah is Ever-Living, so will His Word live forever beyond the interference of created beings.
(10) There is no other book which should comprehend all the forms of knowledge and wisdom in so short a space as does the Holy Qur'an, fulfilling all possible spiritual needs of man, and providing him with guidance for all the spheres of his internal or external, individual or social activity.
(11) It is not merely a theoretical guidance that the Holy Qur'an has offered. Which other book, sacred or otherwise, has had such a vast and deep impact on the history of mankind in such a short time? Which other book has brought about such a radical change in the individual and collective life of millions of men within the space of a few years? For when the Holy Prophet ﷺ departed from this world, Islam had, in spite of all opposition and without the modern media of communication, already established a new order of life all over the Arabian peninsula, and within the next few decades the message of the Holy Qur'an had reached India on one side, and Spain on the other. Can such pervasiveness be anything but a miracle?
Answers to some doubts
Before we leave the subject, we may also deal with certain doubts which have been expressed with regard to the miraculous nature of the Holy Qur'an. It has, for example, been suggested that some people, at one time or another, must have taken up the challenge of the Holy Qur'an, and produced something comparable to it, but their compositions have not been preserved and have not come down to us. But the objection is fanciful. The number of people hostile to Islam has, in any age, been much larger than that of Muslims, and they have possessed far greater and much more efficacious means of publicity than Muslims ever have. If any seemingly successful attempt had been made to produce an imitation of the Holy Qur'an, it would not only have been preserved but also been widely publicised. After all, the infidels of Makkah used to bring all kinds of wild and fanatic charges against the Holy Prophet ﷺ For instance, they accused him of having learnt all that he taught from the monk, Buhira whom he had met only once in Syria; or, they imputed the Holy Qur'an to the authorship of a Roman slave who, being an alien, could not have been a master of the Arabic language and of the characteristically Arab form of eloquence - the Holy Qur'an itself has reported this calumny. But even they, for all their venom, never pretended to have produced something resembling the Holy Qur'an. Anyhow, whatever funny or flimsy attempts have been made to match the Holy Qur'an are on record in the books of history. For example, Musaylama کّذاب of Yemen, known as the Great Liar, came out with a string of obscenities as a reply to the Word of Allah, but his own people dismissed them for what they were worth. At a later date, the famous man of letters, ` Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa' thought of trying his wits against the Holy Qur'an, but soon gave up in despair.ll
11. A latter-day adventurist has been the Irish novelist James Joyce who congratulated himself on having faced up to the Challenge of the Holy Qur'an in his "Finnegans Wake". Soon recognized to be at least very funny, this book can already be seen to be going up in a smoke of jokes.
The point, however, is that if someone had really produced even three or four verses comparable to those of the Holy Qur'an, the matter could not have gone without being passed down to us at least by the enemies of Islam. Of late a different kind of objection has sometimes been raised. They say that the impossibility of successfully imitating a book does not by itself argue that it is the Word of Allah or a miracle, for poets like Shakespeare or Hafiz too have never been imitated successfully. But a miracle is, by definition, something which occurs without the like means having been employed. Every poet or writer in the world, even the greatest, is known to have undergone a process of education and training in his art, and to have made use of certain means and methods which are humanly possible. But the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، as we have said before, did not even know reading or writing, and was never interested in learning the arts of eloquence. Moreover, it is not merely a question of literary style. In considering the Holy Qur'an as a miracle, we must, above all, take into account the spiritual efficacy and. the transforming power it has, and which it has been showing these last fourteen hundred years.12
12. We may conclude this discussion by quoting a passage from the well-known scholar of comparative religion and traditional civilizations, Frithjof Schuon: The superhuman value of a revealed Book cannot be apparent in an absolute fashion from its earthly form, nor from its conceptual content alone; in reality, the Divine and therefore miraculous quality of such a Book is of an order quite other than that of the most perfect dialectic or the most brilliant poetry. This quality shows itself first of all in a richness of meanings - a feature that is incapable of being imitated - and also in what might be called the underlying divine 'magic' which shines through the formal expression and proves itself by its results in souls, and in the world, in space and in time. Only this Divine substance can explain the spiritual and theurgic efficacy of the Qura'nic verses, with its consequences in miraculously rapaid expansion of primitive Islam in the conditions in which it took place, as well as in the stability of Moslem institutions and the extraordinary fruitfulness of Islamic doctrine." ("Dimensions of Islam", London, 1970 page 55).
(And if ye are in doubt concerning that which We revealed) through the Archangel Gabriel (unto Our slave) Muhammad whom you accuse of fabrication, (then produce a surah like it) produce a surah like the surah of the Cow (al-Baqarah), (and call your witnesses), seek help from the gods that you worship, (apart from Allah), it is said that this refers to their leaders, (if ye are truthful) in your claim.
And if you are in doubt in uncertainty concerning what We have revealed to Our servant Muhammad (s) of the Qur’ān that it is from God then bring a sūra like it that is also revealed min mithlihi min is explicative that is a sūra like it in its eloquence fine arrangement and its bestowal of knowledge of the Unseen; a sūra is a passage with a beginning and end made up of a minimum of three verses; and call your witnesses those other gods that you worship besides God that is other than Him so that it can be seen if you are truthful in your claim that Muhammad (s) speaks it from himself. So do this for you are also fluent speakers of Arabic like him. When they could not do this God said
The Message of Messenger of Allah ﷺ is True
Allah begins to prove the truth of prophethood after He stated that there is no deity worthy of worship except Him. Allah said to the disbelievers,
وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِى رَيْبٍ مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا
(And if you (Arab pagans, Jews, and Christians) are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down (i.e. the Qur'an) to Our servant) meaning, Muhammad ,
فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ
(then produce a Surah (chapter)) meaning, similar to what he brought to you. Hence, if you claim that what he was sent with did not come from Allah, then produce something similar to what he has brought to you, using the help of anyone you wish instead of Allah. However, you will not be able to succeed in this quest. Ibn `Abbas said that,
شُهَدَآءَكُمُ
(your witnesses) means "Aids." Also, As-Suddi reported that Abu Malik said the Ayah means, "Your partners, meaning, some other people to help you in that. Meaning then go and seek the help of your deities to support and aid you." Also, Mujahid said that,
وَادْعُواْ شُهَدَآءَكُم
(and call your witnesses) means, "People, meaning, wise and eloquent men who will provide the testimony that you seek."
The Challenge
Allah challenged the disbelievers in various parts of the Qur'an. For instance, Allah said in Surat Al-Qasas (28:49),
قُلْ فَأْتُواْ بِكِتَـبٍ مِّنْ عِندِ اللَّهِ هُوَ أَهْدَى مِنْهُمَآ أَتَّبِعْهُ إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(Say (to them, O Muhammad ): "Then bring a Book from Allah, which is a better guide than these two (the Tawrah (Torah) and the Qur'an), that I may follow it, if you are truthful"). Also, Allah said in Surat Al-Isra' (17:88),
قُل لَّئِنِ اجْتَمَعَتِ الإِنسُ وَالْجِنُّ عَلَى أَن يَأْتُواْ بِمِثْلِ هَـذَا الْقُرْءَانِ لاَ يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ وَلَوْ كَانَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ ظَهِيرًا
(Say: "If mankind and the Jinn were together to produce the like of this Qur'an, they could not produce the like thereof, even if they helped one another.") Allah said in Surat Hud (11:13),
أَمْ يَقُولُونَ افْتَرَاهُ قُلْ فَأْتُواْ بِعَشْرِ سُوَرٍ مِّثْلِهِ مُفْتَرَيَاتٍ وَادْعُواْ مَنِ اسْتَطَعْتُمْ مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(Or they say, "He (Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) forged it (the Qur'an)." Say: "Bring you then ten forged Surahs (chapters) like it, and call whomsoever you can, other than Allah (to your help), if you speak the truth!"), and in Surat Yunus (10:37-38),
وَمَا كَانَ هَـذَا الْقُرْءَانُ أَن يُفْتَرَى مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلَـكِن تَصْدِيقَ الَّذِى بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ وَتَفْصِيلَ الْكِتَابِ لاَ رَيْبَ فِيهِ مِن رَّبِّ الْعَـلَمِينَ - أَمْ يَقُولُونَ افْتَرَاهُ قُلْ فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّثْلِهِ وَادْعُواْ مَنِ اسْتَطَعْتُمْ مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمْ صَـدِقِينَ
(And this Qur'an is not such as could ever be produced by other than Allah (Lord of the heavens and the earth), but it is a confirmation of (the revelation) which was before it (i.e. the Tawrah, and the Injil), and a full explanation of the Book (i.e. Laws decreed for mankind) ـ wherein there is no doubt ـ from the Lord of all that exists.) (Or do they say: "He (Muhammad ) has forged it" Say: "Bring then a Surah (chapter) like it, and call upon whomsoever you can besides Allah, if you are truthful!"). All of these Ayat were revealed in Makkah.
Allah also challenged the disbelievers in the Ayat that were revealed in Al-Madinah. In this Ayah, Allah said,
وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِى رَيْبٍ
(And if you (Arab pagans, Jews, and Christians) are in Rayb) meaning, doubt.
مِّمَّا نَزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا
(Concerning that which We have sent down (i.e. the Qur'an) to Our servant) meaning, Muhammad ,
فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّن مِّثْلِهِ
(then produce a Surah (chapter) the like thereof) meaning, similar to the Qur'an. This is the Tafsir of Mujahid, Qatadah, Ibn Jarir At-Tabari, Az-Zamakhshari and Ar-Razi. Ar-Razi said that this is the Tafsir of `Umar, Ibn Mas`ud, Ibn `Abbas, Al-Hasan Al-Basri and the majority of the scholars. And he gave preference to this view and mentioned the fact that Allah has challenged the disbelievers as individuals and as groups, whether literate or illiterate, thus making the challenge truly complete. This type of challenge is more daring than simply challenging the disbelievers who might not be literate or knowledgeable. This is why Allah said,
فَأْتُواْ بِعَشْرِ سُوَرٍ مِّثْلِهِ
(Bring you then ten forged Surahs (chapters) like it) (11:13), and,
لاَ يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ
(They could not produce the like thereof) (17:88).
Therefore, this is a general challenge to the Arab disbelievers, the most eloquent among all nations. Allah challenged the Arab disbelievers both in Makkah and Al-Madinah several times, especially since they had tremendous hatred and enmity for the Prophet ﷺ and his religion. Yet, they were unable to succeed in answering the challenge, and this is why Allah said,
فَإِن لَّمْ تَفْعَلُواْ وَلَن تَفْعَلُواْ
(But if you do it not, and you can never do it), indicating that they will never be able to answer the challenge. This is another miracle, in that, Allah clearly stated without doubt that the Qur'an will never be opposed or challenged by anything similar to it, for eternity. This is a true statement that has not been changed until the present and shall never change. How can anyone be able to produce something like the Qur'an, when the Qur'an is the Word of Allah Who created everything How can the words of the created ever be similar to the Words of the Creator
Examples of the Miracle of the Qur'an
Whoever reads through the Qur'an will realize that it contains various levels of superiority through both the apparent and hidden meanings that it mentions. Allah said,
الركِتَـبَأُحْكِمَتْ ءايَـتُهُ ثُمَّ فُصِّلَتْ مِن لَّدُنْ حَكِيمٍ خَبِيرٍ
(Alif Lam Ra. (This is) a Book, the verses whereof are perfect (in every sphere of knowledge, etc.), and then explained in detail from One (Allah), Who is Wise and well-acquainted (with all things)) (11:1)
So the expressions in the Qur'an are perfect and its meanings are explained. Further, every word and meaning in the Qur'an is eloquent and cannot be surpassed. The Qur'an also mentioned the stories of the people of the past; and these accounts and stories occurred exactly as the Qur'an stated. Also, the Qur'an commanded every type of righteousness and forbade every type of evil, just as Allah stated,
وَتَمَّتْ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ صِدْقاً وَعَدْلاً
(And the Word of your Lord has been fulfilled in truth and in justice) (6:115). meaning, true in the stories it narrates and just in its Laws. The Qur'an is true, just and full of guidance. It does not contain exaggerations, lies or falsehood, unlike Arabic and other types of poems that contained lies. These poems, conform with the popular statement, "The most eloquent speech is the one that contains the most lies!" Sometimes, one would find a long poem that mainly contains descriptions of women, horses or alcohol. Or, the poem might contain praise or the description of a certain person, horse, camel, war, incident, fear, lion, or other types of items and objects. Such praise or descriptions do not bring any benefit, except shed light on the poet's ability to clearly and eloquently describe such items. Yet, one will only be able to find one or two sentences in many long poems that elaborate on the main theme of the poem, while the rest of the poem contains insignificant descriptions and repetitions.
As for the Qur'an, it is entirely eloquent in the most perfect manner, as those who have knowledge in such matters and understand Arabic methods of speech and expressions concur. When one reads through the stories in the Qur'an, he will find them fruitful, whether they were in extended or short forms, repeated or not. The more these stories are repeated, the more fruitful and beautiful they become. The Qur'an does not become old when one repeats reciting it, nor do the scholars ever get bored with it. When the Qur'an mentions the subject of warning and promises, it presents truths that would make solid, firm mountains shake, so what about the comprehending, understanding hearts When the Qur'an promises, it opens the hearts and the ears, making them eager to attain the abode of peace - Paradise - and to be the neighbors of the Throne of the Most Beneficent. For instance, on the subject of promises and encouragement, the Qur'an said,
فَلاَ تَعْلَمُ نَفْسٌ مَّآ أُخْفِىَ لَهُم مِّن قُرَّةِ أَعْيُنٍ جَزَآءً بِمَا كَانُواْ يَعْمَلُونَ
(No person knows what is kept hidden for them of joy as a reward for what they used to do) (32:17), and,
وَفِيهَا مَا تَشْتَهِيهِ الاٌّنْفُسُ وَتَلَذُّ الاٌّعْيُنُ وَأَنتُمْ فِيهَا خَـلِدُونَ
((There will be) therein all that inner selves could desire, and all that eyes could delight in and you will abide therein forever) (43:71).
On the subject of warning and discouragement;
أَفَأَمِنتُمْ أَن يَخْسِفَ بِكُمْ جَانِبَ الْبَرِّ
(Do you then feel secure that He will not cause a side of the land to swallow you up) (17:68), and,
أَءَمِنتُمْ مَّن فِى السَّمَآءِ أَن يَخْسِفَ بِكُمُ الاٌّرْضَ فَإِذَا هِىَ تَمُورُ - أَمْ أَمِنتُمْ مِّن فِى السَّمَآءِ أَن يُرْسِلَ عَلَيْكُمْ حَـصِباً فَسَتَعْلَمُونَ كَيْفَ نَذِيرِ
(Do you feel secure that He, Who is over the heaven (Allah), will not cause the earth to sink with you, and then it should quake Or do you feel secure that He, Who is over the heaven (Allah), will not send against you a violent whirlwind Then you shall know how (terrible) has been My warning) (67:16-17).
On the subject of threats, the Qur'an said,
فَكُلاًّ أَخَذْنَا بِذَنبِهِ
(So We punished each (of them) for his sins) (29:40). Also, on the subject of soft advice, the Qur'an said,
أَفَرَأَيْتَ إِن مَّتَّعْنَـهُمْ سِنِينَ - ثُمَّ جَآءَهُم مَّا كَانُواْ يُوعَدُونَ - مَآ أَغْنَى عَنْهُمْ مَّا كَانُواْ يُمَتَّعُونَ
(Tell Me, (even) if We do let them enjoy for years. And afterwards comes to them that (punishment) which they had been promised. All that with which they used to enjoy shall not avail them) (26:205-207).
There are many other examples of the eloquence, beauty, and benefits of the Qur'an.
When the Qur'an is discussing Laws, commandments and prohibitions, it commands every type of righteous, good, pleasing and beneficial act. It also forbids every type of evil, disliked and amoral act. Ibn Mas`ud and other scholars of the Salaf said, "When you hear what Allah said in the Qur'an, such as,
يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ
(O you who believe!), then listen with full attention, for it either contains a type of righteousness that Allah is enjoining, or an evil that He is forbidding." For instance, Allah said,
يَأْمُرُهُم بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَـهُمْ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَيُحِلُّ لَهُمُ الطَّيِّبَـتِ وَيُحَرِّمُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَبَـئِثَ وَيَضَعُ عَنْهُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ وَالاٌّغْلَـلَ الَّتِى كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ
(He (Muhammad ) commands them for Al-Ma`ruf (i.e. Islamic Monotheism and all that Islam has ordained); and forbids them from Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief, polytheism of all kinds, and all that Islam has forbidden); he allows them as lawful At-Tayyibat(i.e. all good and lawful things), and prohibits them as unlawful Al-Khaba'ith (i.e. all evil and unlawful things), he releases them from their heavy burdens and from the fetters (bindings) that were upon them) (7:157).
When the Ayat mention Resurrection and the horrors that will occur on that Day, and Paradise and the Fire and the joys and safe refuge that Allah prepared for His loyal friends, or torment and Hell for His enemies, these Ayat contain glad tidings or warnings. The Ayat then call to perform good deeds and avoid evil deeds, making the life of this world less favorable and the Hereafter more favorable. They also establish the correct methods and guide to Allah's straight path and just legislation, all the while ridding the hearts of the evil of the cursed devil.
The Qur'an is the Greatest Miracle given to the Prophet ﷺ
The Two Sahihs record that Abu Hurayrah said that the Prophet ﷺ said,
«مَا مِنْ نَبِيَ مِنَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ إِلَّا قَدْ أُعْطِيَ مِنَ الآيَاتِ مَا آمَنَ عَلَى مِثْلِهِ الْبَشَرُ، وَإنَّمَا كَانَ الَّذِي أُوتِيتُه وَحْيًا أَوْحَاهُ اللهُ إِلَيَّ فَأَرْجُو أَنْ أَكُونَ أَكْثَرَهُمْ تَابِعًا يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَة»
(Every Prophet was given a miracle, the type of which brings mankind to faith. What I was given is a revelation that Allah sent down to me. Yet, I hope that I will have the most following on the Day of Resurrection.)
This is the wording narrated by Muslim. The Prophet ﷺ stated that among the Prophets he was given a revelation, meaning, he was especially entrusted with the miraculous Qur'an that challenged mankind to produce something similar to it. As for the rest of the divinely revealed Books, they were not miraculous according to many scholars. Allah knows best. The Prophet ﷺ was also aided with innumerable signs and indications that testify to the truth of his prophethood and what he was sent with, all thanks and praise is due to Allah.
Meaning of `Stones
Allah said,
فَاتَّقُواْ النَّارَ الَّتِى وَقُودُهَا النَّاسُ وَالْحِجَارَةُ أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَـفِرِينَ
(Then fear the Fire (Hell) whose fuel is men and stones, prepared for the disbelievers) (2:24).
`Fuel' is wood, or similar substances, used to start and feed a fire. Similarly, Allah said,
وَأَمَّا الْقَـسِطُونَ فَكَانُواْ لِجَهَنَّمَ حَطَباً
(And as for the Qasitun (disbelievers who deviated from the right path), they shall be firewood for Hell) (72:15), and,
إِنَّكُمْ وَمَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ حَصَبُ جَهَنَّمَ أَنتُمْ لَهَا وَارِدُونَ
لَوْ كَانَ هَـؤُلاءِ ءَالِهَةً مَّا وَرَدُوهَا وَكُلٌّ فِيهَا خَـلِدُونَ
(Certainly you (disbelievers) and that which you are worshipping now besides Allah, are (but) fuel for Hell! (Surely) you enter it. Had these (idols) been alihah (gods), they would not have entered there (Hell), and all of them will abide therein) (21:98-99).
The stones mentioned here are the giant, rotten, black, sulfuric stones that become the hottest when heated, may Allah save us from this evil end. It was also reported that the stones mentioned here are the idols and rivals that were worshipped instead of Allah, just as Allah said,
إِنَّكُمْ وَمَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ حَصَبُ جَهَنَّمَ
(Certainly you (disbelievers) and that which you are worshipping now besides Allah,are (but) fuel for Hell!) (21:28).
Allah's statement,
أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَـفِرِينَ
(prepared for the disbelievers)
It appears most obvious that it refers to the Fire that is fueled by men and stones, and it also may refer to the stones themselves. There is no contradiction between these two views, because they are dependent upon each other. `Prepared' means, it is `kept' and will surely touch those who disbelieve in Allah and His Messenger . Ibn Ishaq narrated that Muhammad said that `Ikrimah or Sa`id bin Jubayr said that Ibn `Abbas said,
أُعِدَّتْ لِلْكَـفِرِينَ
(prepared for the disbelievers),
"For those who embrace the disbelief that you (disbelievers) have embraced."
Jahannam (Hellfire) exists now
Many of the Imams of the Sunnah used this Ayah to prove that the Fire exists now. This is because Allah said,
أُعِدَّتْ
(prepared) meaning, prepared and kept. There are many Hadiths on this subject. For instance, the Prophet ﷺ said,
«تَحَاجَّتِ الْجَنَّةُ وَالنَّار»
(Paradise and the Fire had an argument..)
Also, the Prophet ﷺ said,
«اسْتَأْذَنَتِ النَّارُ رَبَّهَا فَقَالَتْ: رَبِّ أَكَلَ بَعضِي بَعْضًا فَأذِنَ لَهَا بِنَفَسَيْنِ: نَفَسٍ فِي الشِّتَاءِ وَنَفَسٍ فِي الصَّيْف»
(The Fire sought the permission of her Lord. She said, 'O my Lord! Some parts of me consumed the other parts.' And Allah allowed her two periods to exhale, one in winter and one in summer.)
Also, there is a Hadith recorded from Ibn Mas`ud that the Companions heard the sound of a falling object. When they asked about it, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«هَذَا حَجَرٌ أُلْقِيَ بِهِ مِنْ شَفِيرِ جَهَنَّمَ مُنْذُ سَبْعِينَ سَنَةً، الْآنَ وَصَلَ إِلى قَعْرِهَا»
(This is a stone that was thrown from the top of Jahannam seventy years ago, but only now reached its bottom.) This Hadith is in Sahih Muslim.
There are many Hadiths that are Mutawatir (narrated by many different chains of narrations) on this subject, such as the Hadiths about the eclipse prayer, the night of Isra' etc.
Allah's statements,
فَأْتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ مِّن مِّثْلِهِ
(Then produce a Surah (chapter) of the like thereof) (2:23), and,
بِسُورَةٍ مِّثْلِهِ
(A Surah (chapter) like it) (10:38) this includes the short and long Surahs of the Qur'an. Therefore, the challenge to creation stands with regards to both the long and short Surahs, and there is no disagreement that I know of on this fact between the scholars of old and new. Before he became Muslim, `Amr bin Al-`As met Musaylimah the Liar who asked him, "What has recently been revealed to your fellow (meaning Muhammad ) in Makkah" `Amr said, "A short, yet eloquent Surah." He asked, "What is it" He said,
وَالْعَصْرِ - إِنَّ الإِنسَـنَ لَفِى خُسْرٍ
(By Al-`Asr (the time). Verily, man is in loss,) (103:1-2)
Musaylimah thought for a while and said, "A similar Surah was also revealed to me." `Amr asked, "What is it" He said, "O Wabr, O Wabr (i.e. a wild cat), you are but two ears and a chest, and the rest of you is unworthy and thin." `Amr said, "By Allah! You know that I know that you are lying."
القول في تأويل قوله : وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِمَّا نَـزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِنْ مِثْلِهِقال أبو جعفر: وهذا من الله عز وجل احتجاجٌ لنبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم على مشركي قومه من العرب ومنافقيهم، وكفار أهل الكتاب وضُلالهم، الذين افتتح بقصَصهم قولَه جل ثناؤه: إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَأَنْذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنْذِرْهُمْ ، وإياهم يخاطب بهذه الآيات, وضُرباءَهم يَعني بها (150) ، قال الله جلّ ثناؤه: وإن كنتم أيها المشركون من العرب والكفارُ من أهل الكتابين، في شكٍّ -وهو الريب- مما نـزّلنا على عبدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم من النور والبرهان وآيات الفرقان: أنه من عندي, وأنّي الذي أنـزلته إليه, فلم تُؤمنوا به ولم تصدّقوه فيما يقول, فأتوا بحجة تدفع حُجته، لأنكم تعلمون أن حجةَ كلّ ذي نبوّة على صدقه في دعوَاه النبوة: أن يأتي ببرهان يَعجز عن أن يأتيَ بمثله جَميعُ الخلق. ومن حجة محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم على صدقه، وبُرْهانه على حقيقة نبوته (151) ، وأنّ ما جاء به من عندي - عَجزُ جميعكم وجميع من تستعينون به من أعوانكم وأنصاركم، عن أن تَأتوا بسورةٍ من مثله. وإذا عَجزتم عن ذلك -وأنتم أهل البراعة في الفصاحة والبلاغة والذَّرابة (152) - فقد علمتم أن غيركم عما عَجزتم عنه من ذلك أعْجزُ. كما كانَ برهانُ من سَلف من رُسلي وأنبيائي على صدْقه، وحُجتهُ على نبوته من الآيات، ما يَعجز عن الإتيان بمثله جميعُ خلقي. فيتقرر حينئذ عندكم أنّ محمدًا لم يتقوَّله ولم يختلقْه, لأنّ ذلك لو كان منه اختلافًا وتقوُّلا لم تعجزوا وجميع خلقي عن الإتيان بمثله. لأن محمدًا صلى الله عليه وسلم لم يَعْدُ أن يكون بَشرًا مثلكم, وفي مثل حالكم في الجسم وبَسطة الخلق وذرَابة اللسان - فيمكن أن يُظنّ به اقتدارٌ على ما عَجزْتم عنه, أو يتوهم منكم عجزٌ عما اقتدر عليه.ثم اختلف أهل التأويل في تأويل قوله: " فأتوا بسورَة من مثله ".491- فحدثنا بشر بن معاذ, قال: حدثنا يزيد, عن سعيد, عن قتادة: " فأتوا بسورة من مثله "، يعني: من مثل هذا القرآن حقًّا وصدْقًا، لا باطل فيه ولا كذب.492- حدثنا الحسن بن يحيى, قال: أنبأنا عبد الرزّاق, قال: أخبرنا &; 1-374 &; مَعمر، عن قتادة في قوله: " فأتوا بسورة من مثله "، يقول: بسورة مثلِ هذا القرآن (153) .493- حدثني محمد بن عمرو الباهلي, قال: حدثنا أبو عاصم, عن عيسى بن ميمون, عن عبد الله بن أبي نَجيح, عن مجاهد: " فأتوا بسورة من مثله "، مثلِ القرآن.494- حدثنا المثنى, قال: حدثنا أبو حُذيفة, قال: حدثنا شِبْل، عن ابن أبي نَجيح، عن مجاهد، مثله.495- حدثنا القاسم, قال: حدثنا الحسين, قال: حدثني حجاج, عن ابن جُريج, عن مجاهد: " فأتوا بسورة مِنْ مثله "، قال: " مثله " مثلِ القرآن (154) .فمعنى قول مجاهد وقتادة اللذين ذكرنا عنهما (155) : أن الله جلّ ذكره قال لمن حاجَّه في نبيه محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم من الكفار: فأتوا بسورة من مثل هذا القرآن من كلامكم أيتها العرب, كما أتى به محمد بلغاتكم ومعاني منطقكم.وقد قال قوم آخرون: إن معنى قوله: " فأتُوا بسورة من مثله "، من مثل محمد من البشر , لأن محمدًا بشر مثلكم (156) .قال أبو جعفر: والتأويل الأول، الذي قاله مجاهد وقتادة، هو التأويل الصحيح. لأن الله جَل ثناؤه قال في سُورة أخرى: أَمْ يَقُولُونَ افْتَرَاهُ قُلْ فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِثْلِهِ [سورة يونس: 38]، ومعلومٌ أنّ السورة ليست لمحمد بنظير ولا شبيه, فيجوزُ أنْ يقال: فأتُوا بسورة مثل محمد.فإن قال قائل: إنك ذكرتَ أن الله عني بقوله (157) " ، فأتوا بسورة من مثله "، &; 1-375 &; من مثل هذا القرآن, فهل للقرآن من مثل فيقال: ائتوا بسورة من مثله؟قيل: إنه لم يعنِ به: ائتُوا بسورة من مثله في التأليف والمعاني التي باينَ بها سائرَ الكلام غيرَه, وإنما عنى: ائتوا بسورة من مثله في البيان، لأنّ القرآن أنـزله الله بلسان عربيّ, فكلام العرب لا شك له مثلٌ في معنى العربية. فأمّا في المعنى الذي باين به القرآن سائرَ كلام المخلوقين, فلا مثلَ له من ذلك الوجه ولا نظيرَ ولا شبيه.وإنما احتجّ الله جلّ ثناؤه عليهم لنبيه صلى الله عليه وسلم بما احتج به لهُ عليهم من القرآن (158) ، إذْ ظهر عجز القوم عن أن يأتوا بسورة من مثله في البيان, إذْ كان القرآن بيانًا مثلَ بيانهم, وكلامًا نـزل بلسانهم, فقال لهم جلّ ثناؤه: وإن كنتم في رَيب من أنّ ما أنـزلتُ على عَبدي من القرآن من عندي, فأتوا بسورة من كلامكم الذي هو مثلُه في العربية, إذْ كنتم عربًا, وهو بيانٌ نظيرُ بيانكم, وكلامٌ شبيهُ كلامِكم. فلم يكلفهم جل ثناؤه أن يأتوا بسورة من غير اللسان الذي هو نظيرُ اللسان الذي نـزل به القرآن, فيقدِرُوا أن يقولُوا: كلفتنا ما لو أحسنَّاه أتينا به, وإنا لا نقدر على الإتيان به لأنا لسنا من أهل اللسان الذي كلفتنا الإتيان به, فليس لك علينا بهذا حجة (159) . لأنا - وإن عَجزنا عن أن نأتي بمثله من غير ألسنتنا لأنّا لسنا من أهله (160) - ففي الناس خلقٌ كثير من غير أهل لساننا يقدرُ على أن يأتيَ بمثله من اللسان الذي كلفتنا الإتيان به. ولكنه جل ثناؤه قال لهم: ائتوا بسورة مثله, لأن مثله من الألسن ألسنكم (161) ، وأنتم - إن كان محمدٌ اختلقه وافتراه, إذا اجتمعتم وتظاهرتُم على الإتيان بمثل سورة منه من لسانكم وبيانكم - &; 1-376 &; أقدرُ على اختلاقه ورَصْفِه وتأليفه من محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم (162) ، وإن لم تكونوا أقدرَ عليه منه، فلن تعجزوا -وأنتم جميعٌ- عما قدَر عليه محمدٌ من ذلك وهو وحيدٌ (163) ، إن كنتم صادقين في دعواكم وزعمكم أنّ محمدًا افتراه واختلقه، وأنه من عند غيرِي.واختلف أهل التأويل في تأويل قوله : وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ مِمَّا نَـزَّلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا فَأْتُوا بِسُورَةٍ مِنْ مِثْلِهِ وَادْعُوا شُهَدَاءَكُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ (23)فقال ابن عباس بما:496- حدثنا به محمد بن حميد, قال: حدثنا سلمة, عن ابن إسحاق, عن محمد بن أبي محمد مولى زيد بن ثابت, عن عكرمة, أو عن سعيد, عن ابن عباس: " وادعوا شُهداءكم من دون الله "، يعني أعوانكم على ما أنتم عليه, إن كنتم صادقين.497- حدثني محمد بن عمرو, قال: حدثنا أبو عاصم, عن عيسى, عن ابن أبي نَجيح, عن مجاهد: " وادعوا شُهداءكم "، ناس يَشهدون.498- حدثني المثنى, قال: حدثنا أبو حُذيفة, قال: حدثنا شِبْل، عن ابن أبي نَجيح، عن مجاهد، مثله.499- حدثنا أبو كريب, قال: حدثنا وكيع، عن سفيان, عن رجل, عن مجاهد, قال: قوم يشهدون لكم.&; 1-377 &;500- حدثنا القاسم, قال: حدثنا الحسين, قال: حدثني حجاج, عن ابن جُريج, عن مجاهد: " وادعوا شهداءكم "، قال: ناس يشهدون. قال ابن جُريج: " شهداءكم " عليها إذا أتيتم بها - أنها مثلُه، مثل القرآن (164) .وذلك قول الله لمن شكّ من الكفار فيما جاء به محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم . وقوله " فادعوا "، يعني: استنصروا واستغيثوا (165) ، كما قال الشاعر:فَلَمَّــا الْتَقَــتْ فُرْسَـانُنَا وَرِجَـالُهُمْدَعَـوْا: يَـا لَكَـعْبٍ! وَاعْتَزَيْنَـا لِعَامِرِ (166)يعني بقوله: " دعوْا يالكعب "، استنصرُوا كعبًا واستغاثوا بهم (167) .وأما الشهداء، فإنها جمعُ شهيد, كما الشركاء جمع شريك (168) ، والخطباء جمع خطيب. والشهيد يسمى به الشاهدُ على الشيء لغيره بما يحقِّق دَعواه. وقد يسمَّى به المشاهِدُ للشيء، كما يقال: فلان جليسُ فلان -يعني به مُجالسَه, ونديمه - يعني به مُنادِمَه, وكذلك يقال: شهيده - يعني به مُشاهِدَه.فإذا كانت " الشهداء " محتملةً أن تكون جمعَ" الشهيد " الذي هو منصرف للمعنيين اللذين وصفتُ, فأولى وجهيه بتأويل الآية ما قاله ابن عباس, وهو أن يكون معناه: واستنصروا على أن تأتوا بسورة من مثله أعوانَكم وشُهداءكم الذين يُشاهدونكم ويعاونونكم على تكذيبكم الله ورسوله، ويظاهرونكم على كفركم ونفاقكم، إن كنتم مُحقّين في جُحودكم أنّ ما جاءكم به محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم اختلاق وافتراء, لتمتحنوا أنفسكم وغيرَكم: هل تقدرون على أن تأتوا بسورة من &; 1-378 &; مثله، فيقدرَ محمد على أن يأتي بجميعه من قِبَل نَفسه اختلاقًا؟وأما ما قاله مجاهد وابن جُريج في تأويل ذلك، فلا وجه له. لأن القوم كانوا على عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أصنافًا ثلاثة: أهل إيمان صحيح, وأهل كفر صحيح, وأهلَ نفاق بين ذلك. فأهل الإيمان كانوا بالله وبرسوله مؤمنين, فكان من المحال أن يدّعي الكفار أن لهم شُهداء - على حقيقة ما كانوا يأتون به، لو أتوا باختلاق من الرسالة, ثم ادَّعوا أنه للقرآن نَظير - من المؤمنين (169) . فأما أهلُ النفاق والكفر، فلا شكّ أنهم لو دُعُوا إلى تَحقيق الباطل وإبطال الحق لتتارعوا إليه مع كفرهم وضَلالهم (170) ، فمن أي الفريقين كانت تكون شُهداؤهم لو ادعوْا أنهم قد أتوْا بسورة من مثل القرآن (171) ؟ولكنْ ذلك كما قال جل ثناؤه: قُلْ لَئِنِ اجْتَمَعَتِ الإِنْسُ وَالْجِنُّ عَلَى أَنْ يَأْتُوا بِمِثْلِ هَذَا الْقُرْآنِ لا يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ وَلَوْ كَانَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ ظَهِيرًا [سورة الإسراء: 88]، فأخبر جل ثناؤه في هذه الآية، أنّ مثل القرآن لا يأتي به الجنّ والإنس ولو تظاهروا وتعاونوا على الإتيان به، وتحدَّاهم بمعنى التوبيخ لهم في سورة البقرة فقال تعالى: " وإنْ كنتم في ريب مما نـزلنا على عبدنا فأتوا بسورة من مثله وادعوا شهداءكم من دون الله إنْ كنتمْ صَادقين ". يعني بذلك: إن كنتم في شَكّ في صدق محمد فيما جاءكم به من عندي أنه من عندي, فأتوا بسورة &; 1-379 &; من مثله, وليستنصر بعضُكم بعضًا على ذلك إن كنتم صادقين في زعمكم، حتى تعلموا أنكم إذْ عَجزتم عن ذلك - أنّه لا يقدر على أن يأتي به محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، ولا من البشر أحدٌ, ويَصحَّ عندكم أنه تنـزيلي وَوحيي إلى عبدي.-------------------الهوامش :(150) في المطبوعة : "وأخبر بأهم نعوتها" ، وهي في المخطوطة"+وحرناهم تعنى بها" غير منقوطة ولا بينة ، فاختار المصححون لها قراءة لا تحمل معنى! والضرباء : جمع ضريب؛ فلان ضريب فلان : نظيره أو مثله .(151) في المطبوعة : "وبرهانه على نبوته" .(152) في المطبوعة : "والدارية" ، ولا معنى لها هنا ، وستأتي بعد أسطر على الصواب . والذرابة : الحدة في كل شيء ، وحدة اللسان وفصاحته ولدده . ذرب الرجل يذرب ذربًا وذرابة : فصح وصار حديد اللسان ، فهو ذرب اللسان (بفتح الذال وكسر الراء) .(153) الأثر 492- في الدر المنثور 1 : 35 ، والشوكاني 1 : 40 .(154) الآثار 493 - 495 في الدر المنثور 1 : 35 ، والشوكاني 1 : 40 ، وابن كثير 1 : 108 .(155) في المطبوعة : "اللذين ذكرنا عنهما" .(156) يعني فأتوا بسورة من عند بشر مثل محمد .(157) في المطبوعة : "إنك ذكرت" ، بغير فاء .(158) في المطبوعة : "بما احتج له عليهم" ، أسقط"به" .(159) في المطبوعة : "حجة بهذا" على التأخير .(160) في المطبوعة : "لسنا بأهله" .(161) في المطبوعة : "ألسنتكم" .(162) يقول : "وأنتم . . . أقدر على اختلاقه . . " ، مبتدأ وخبر ، وما بينهما فصل . وفي المطبوعة مكان"ورصفه" ، "ووضعه" . والرصف : ضم الشيء بعضه إلى بعض ونظمه وإحكامه حتى يستوي . ومنه : كلام رصيف : أي محكم لا اختلاف فيه .(163) في المطبوعة"وهو وحده" ، وهذه أجود .(164) الآثار 496 - 500 : في ابن كثير 1 : 108 بعضها ، والدر المنثور 1 : 35 ، والشوكاني 1 : 40 ، وفي المخطوطة في بعض المواضع : "أناس" مكان"ناس" ، وهما سواء .(165) في المطبوعة : "واستعينوا" ، وهما متقاربتان ، والأولى أجود ، وهي كذلك في معاني القرآن للفراء 1 : 19 .(166) البيت للراعي النميري ، اللسان (عزا) . واعتزى : انتسب ، ودعا في الحرب بمثل قوله : يا لفلان ، أو يا للمهاجرين ، أو يا للأنصار ، والاسم العزاء والعزوة ، وهي دعوى المستغيث .(167) في المطبوعة : "واستعانوا" ، كما سلف في أختها قبل .(168) في المطبوعة : "كالشركاء" .(169) قوله"من المؤمنين" متعلق بقوله آنفًا "أن لهم شهداء . . " ، يعني شهداء من المؤمنين . ثم فصل ، لأن قوله"على حقيقة ما كانوا يأتون به . . " متعلق أيضًا ، بشهداء .(170) في المطبوعة : "لسارعوا إليه مع كفرهم وضلالهم" . وتترع إلى الشيء : تسرع إليه ، يقال في التسرع إلى الشر وما لا ينبغي . وما في المخطوطة"تتارعوا" صحيح في اشتقاق العربية ، وإن لم تذكره المعاجم ، وهو مثل تسرع وتسارع ، سواء .(171) في المطبوعة"فمن أي الفرق . . " ، وكلام الطبري استفهام واستنكار . لأن من المحال أن يشهد المؤمنون على هذا الباطل ، والكفار وأهل النفاق يتسرعون إلى الشهادة بالباطل لإبطال الحق ، فكان محالا أن يكون معنى"الشهداء" هنا : الذين يشهدون لهم ، أن ما جاءوا به نظير ما جاء به رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من عند الله تعالى . وصار حتما أن يكون معنى"الشهداء" : الذين يظاهرونهم ويعاونونهم ، كما جاء في الآية التالية .
The Guidance which the Holy Qur'an provides to man rests on two basic principles - Tauhid توحید (the Oneness of God) and Risalah (Prophethood). The two preceding verses (21 and 22) affirm the Oneness of God in presenting certain acts peculiar to Allah alone as a proof; these two verses (23 and 24) affirm the prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ in presenting the word of Allah as a proof. In both the places, the mode of argument is the same. The preceding verses mention certain things which no one could or can do except Allah - for example, creating the sky and the earth, sending down water from the sky, bringing forth fruits with water; and the point of the argument is that since no one except Allah can do these things, no one else can be worthy of being worshipped. These two verses refer to a kind of speech which cannot possibly come from anyone except Allah, and the like of which no human being can ever produce just as the helplessness of man and other creatures in the matter of creating the sky and the earth etc. is a demonstration of the fact that these are the acts of Allah alone, in the same way the helplessness of all created beings in the matter of producing something equal to or resembling the Word of Allah is a demonstration of the fact that this is the Word of Allah alone. Here the Holy Qur'an challenges all men the world over, those of the present and those of the future, to produce even a small passage like this, if they suppose it to be the work of a man, for other men may also be capable of accomplishing what one man has achieved. In case individuals should fail in such an effort, the Holy Qur'an allows them the facility of calling to their aid all possible helpers - they could even hold an international 'workshop' for the purpose. The next verse fore-warns them that such a venture would never succeed, and threatens with the fires of hell, for having once acknowledged his inability to produce something to equal the Holy Qur'an, which is a clear evidence of its being the word, not of man but of a Being who stands above all created things, if a man still persists in his disbelief, he is only seeking a place in hell. The Holy Qur'an asks men to beware of such a fate.
The Miraculous Qur'an is a prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ
Thus, the verses, in emphasizing the miraculous character of the Holy Qur'an, present it as the evidence of the prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ and of his truth. No doubt, the miracles of the Holy Prophet ﷺ are innumerable, each more marvelous than the other, but in mentioning only one of these here - one that pertains to the sphere of knowledge, namely, the Holy Qur'an - Allah has pointed out that this is the greatest. Even among the miracles of all the prophets (علیہم السلام) this particular miracle has a special distinction. It has been the way of Allah to show His omnipotence by manifesting some miracles through each prophet or messenger. But each miracle appears with a certain prophet, and ends with him. The Holy Qur'an, on the contrary, is a miracle which is to survive till the end of time.
As for the phrase: وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ :"And if you are in doubt," we may remark that the verse employs the Arabic word, raib رَيْب for 'doubt'. According to Imam Raghib al-Isfahani, raib رَيْب signifies a kind of hesitation or indecision or suspicion which has no basis, and can therefore be easily overcome with the help of a little reflection. That is why the Holy Qur'an says that having this kind of doubt (raib رَيْب) is not consistent with being a man of knowledge, even if he were not a Muslim:
وَلَا يَرْتَابَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ
"So that the people of the Book and Muslims should have no doubt". (74:31)
Similarly, at the very beginning of the Surah Al-Bagarah the Holy Qur'an refers to itself as the Book :"In which there is no doubt (raib رَيْب)." In the present verse again it uses the word raib رَيْب to say: وَإِن كُنتُمْ فِي رَيْبٍ :"if you are in doubt", the implication being that the truths enunciated by the Holy Qur'an are so clear and evident that there is no room for any hesitation or indecision or suspicion to arise except for those who do not possess knowledge.
As for the people who hesitate in accepting the Holy Qur'an as the Word of Allah, and suspect that it is the work of the Holy Prophet ﷺ or of some other man, the verse proposes an easy test - they should produce a passage (a Surah) resembling or equalling the Holy Qur'an in order to substantiate their claim; but if they fail, they should finally acknowledge the Holy Qur'an to be undoubtedly the Word of Allah. The Arabic word "Surah" means a "limited or definite piece"; as a technical term, a Surah is a passage of the Holy Qur'an which has been set apart from other passages by Divine Commandment (Wahy وحی), there being 114 Surahs in the Holy Qur'an, some long and others very short. The present verse uses the word Surah without the definite article "Al', and hence includes the shortest of the Surahs in the challenge thrown out to the doubters.
At this point, the objection can arise that the failure of one man or one group of men does not necessarily argue the inability of another man or group in the matter. The Holy Qur'an meets this objection by declaring:
وَادْعُوْا شُهَدَاۗءَكُمْ مِّنْ دُوْنِ اللّٰهِ اِنْ كُنْتُمْ صٰدِقِيْنَ
"And do call your supporters other than Allah, if you are true".
The Arabic word used here is Shuhada شُهَدَا ، the plural or Shahid which signifies 'one who is present'- a witness is called a Shahid شھید ، for he has to be present in the court of law. In this verse, the word Shuhada- شُهَدَا '' refers either to men in general - implying that the doubters could call to their aid any men whatsoever from anywhere in the world -, or specifically to the idols of the disbelievers of Makkah who thought that these blocks of stone would appear on the, Day of Judgment as witnesses in their favour.
The next verse foretells that the doubters shall never succeed, even if they tried with all their individual or collective might, in producing a passage which could resemble the Holy Qur'an. If they should still persist in their denial, the verse threatens them with the fire of Hell, which has already been prepared for such stubborn disbelievers.
The infidels of Makkah, history tells us, were ready to give up their very lives for the purpose of obliterating Islam. In throwing out to them this challenge, the Holy Qur'an gave them an easy chance of accomplishing their purpose, and even hurt their tribal sense of honour by predicting that they would never be able to take up the challenge. And yet not a single contender came up for the trial, which was a clear admission of their helplessness and an acknowledgment of the Holy Qur'an being the Word of Allah. This fact establishes the Holy Qur'an as the evident miracle of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . Since the challenge still stands, the miracle too lives on, and shall live to the end of the world.
The Holy Qur'an: A living miracle
As for the Holy Qur'an being a miracle, the subject has been thoroughly discussed in scores of books by the greatest scholars in all the ages and in different languages. We may mention a few outstanding ones: Nazm نظم al-Qur'an by al-Jahiz, written in the 3rd century A.H.; 'I'jaz al-Qur'an' by Abu 'Abdullah Wasiti, written early in the 4th century; a small book, اعجاز 'I'jaz al-Qur'an' by Ibn 'Isa Rabbani, written later in the 4th century; a long and comprehensive book, اعجاز 'I'jaz al-Qur'an' by Qadi Abu Bakr Bagillani, written early in the 5th century; the subject has also been discussed at length in well-known books like Al-Itqan' by Jalal al-Din al-Suyati, 'Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra' by the same author, 'At-Tafsir al-Kabir' by Imam Razi, and 'Ash-Shifa' by Qadi 'Iyad; more recently still, اعجاز 'I'jaz al-Qur'an', by Mustafa Sadiq al-Rafi'i', and 'Al-Wahy al-Muhammadi' by Sayyid Rashid Rid-a; and finally 'I'jaz al-Qur'an' by Shabbir Ahmad Uthmani. We may, in passing, draw attention to another peculiar quality of the Holy Qur'an that, beside comprehensive and voluminous commentaries, scores of books have been written on different aspects of the Book of Allah and on the innumerable considerations which arise from it.
We cannot provide even a brief resume of all that has been written on the subject, the literature being so vast. We shall, however, give a few brief indications as to why the Holy Qur'an is held to be a miracle of the Prophet of Islam: ﷺ
Qualities that make the Qur'an a miracle
(1) The Holy Qur'an is incomparable for its comprehensiveness even among the Sacred Books of the world; on the one hand, it brings to man the ultimate knowledge of a metaphysical order, and, on the other, provides guidance for all the spheres of human life, spiritual or physical, individual or collective. Those who suspect the Book to have been the product of a human agency should remind themselves of the simple fact that it appeared at a time and in a place which offered no facilities for acquiring the kind of education which is necessary for composing such a book - in fact, the Arabs were in those days known as the Ummiyyun, 'the illiterates', and that the Book came through the Holy Prophet ﷺ who could not even read or write, and who had not tried to learn even the arts of poetry and rhetoric on which the Arabs prided themselves. This fact, in itself, is nothing short of a miracle.
(2) The Holy Qur'an is, no doubt, guidance for all men without any distinction of time or place, but the first to be addressed were the Arabs of the Age of Ignorance. In affirming that no human being could produce even a few verses comparable to its own, the Holy Qur'an did not confine the challenge merely to the richness of meaning and the quality of wisdom, but included the mode of expression as well. Now, the 'illiterates' of Arabia had no pretensions to wisdom or knowledge, but they certainly fancied themselves for their eloquence - to them, the aliens were just 'The Dumb' (Al-'Ajam العجم). And some of them were so mad in their hostility to the Holy Prophet ﷺ that, if they could see a chance of hurting him in doing so, they would readily have slit their own throats out of sheer spite. And yet no one came forward to accept the challenge. This helplessness in a contest which should have been easy for a people so gifted with a spontaneous eloquence - does it not argue that the Holy Qur'an is not the word of man, but the Word of Allah? As a matter of fact, the most discriminating among the contemporary Arabs did admit, though in private, that the Holy Qur'an was inimitable; some of them had the honesty to say so in public and some accepted Islam, while others in spite of this admission, could not give up the ways of their forefathers, or sufficiently overcome tribal rivalries, particularly their hostility to Banu ` Abd Munaf, the tribe of the Holy Prophet ﷺ to embrace Islam.
Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (رح) has, in his 'Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra', reported a number of incidents which illustrate the point. When the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the Holy Qur'an began to attract the attention of people even outside Makkah, the enemies of Islam became worried about the huge crowds that would assemble there for the annual pilgrimage and would be likely to fall under his spell. Their tribal chiefs wanted to find an effective stratagem to prevent such a situation from arising, and they referred the problem to Walid ibn Mughirah, the eldest and the wisest among them. To begin with, they suggested that they could tell the pilgrims that the Holy Qur'an was (May Allah forgive us for reporting a blasphemy) only the ravings of a lunatic. But Walid could foresee that when the pilgrims heard the Holy Prophet ﷺ speaking with such lucidity and eloquence, they would immediately know that the allegation was not true. Next they thought of dismissing him as a mere poet. But Walid warned them that, an understanding of the arts of poetry being innate in most Arabs, the pilgrims would easily see that he was no poet. Then, they considered the possibility of putting him down as one of the soothsayers. But Walid feared that they would again discover how false the imputation was, and would only turn against the accusers. In summing up his own impression of the Holy Qur'an, he said: "By God, there is not a single man among you who knows more about Arabic poetry than me. And, by God, I find in this speech a kind of sweetness and grace which I have never found in the speech of any poet or of any eloquent man." After a good deal of thought, he finally advised them to accuse the Holy Prophet ﷺ of being a sorcerer who employed his black art in separating sons from fathers, and wives from husbands.
Exactly the same was the impression made by the Holy Qur'an on many other people, who expressed similar views - for example, Nadr ibn Harith, a tribal chief; Unais, the brother of the blessed Companion, Abu Dharr; As'ad ibn Zurarah, another tribal chief, and Qais ibn Nasibah of the Banu Sulaim tribe. Even the vilest enemies of the Holy Prophet ﷺ like Akhnas ibn Shariq, Abu Sufyan and, of all persons, Abu Jahl himself are reported to have stealthily crept in the darkness of night to the house of the Holy Prophet ﷺ to hear him reciting the Holy Qur'an, and to have been so entranced by the Word of Allah that they could not tear themselves away from the place till it was dawn. Yet they continued to be stubborn in their denial, for, as Abu Jahl confessed in so many words, they had been successfully vying with the tribe of Banu ` Abd Munaf in all possible virtues, but now that their rivals had produced a prophet, they could not come up with something to match the claim.
In short, the Arabs failed to take up the challenge of the Holy Qur'an, and admitted their helplessness; nor has anyone else succeeded in the attempt since then - all of which goes to show that the Holy Qur'an can only be the Word of Allah, not of man.
(3) The Holy Qur'an made many predictions about future events, and things turned out to be exactly as it had declared. For example, the infidels of Makkah were not prepared to believe the prophecy that the people of Rum روم ، or the Byzantians, would finally rout the Persians after having suffered an initial defeat. The infidels made it a point of honour, and put a wager on it, but were humiliated to see the prophecy come true before the stipulated period of ten years was over.
(4) The Holy Qur'an gives a clear account of some of the earlier prophets, of their Shari’ ah and of their peoples, and of many historical events since the beginning of the world. Even the best scholars among the Jews and the Christians did not possess such exact information. The Holy Prophet ﷺ ، who had never attended a school nor been in the company of a learned man, could not have provided all these details for himself without having received the knowledge from Allah.
(5) Several verses of the Holy Qur'an disclosed what certain people had tried to keep concealed in their hearts, and they had to confess that this was just what they had been thinking. We shall cite only two instances.
اِذْ ھَمَّتْ طَّاۗىِٕفَتٰنِ مِنْكُمْ اَنْ تَفْشَلَا
"When two of your battalions thought of falling away..." (3:122)
يَقُولُونَ فِي أَنفُسِهِمْ لَوْلَا يُعَذِّبُنَا اللَّـهُ بِمَا نَقُولُ
"They say in their hearts, Why does Allah not punish us for what we say?'
(6) The Holy Qur'an predicted that such and such men would not be able to do such and such things, and then it turned out that, in spite of having the power, they could not do these things. The Jews claimed to be the 'Chosen of God' and His friends. Since one is always eager to meet one's friends, the Holy Qur'an asked them to substantiate their claim by wishing for death and for going back to Allah, but at the same time declared وَلَا يَتَمَنَّوْنَهُ أَبَدًا :"And they shall never wish for it" (62:7). Now, expressing a wish for death should not be difficult for anyone, if he wishes to establish his bonafides; for the Jews in particular, it would have been an easy way of refuting the Holy Qur'an. But, in spite of all their hatred for the Holy Prophet ﷺ they knew in their hearts that the Holy Qur'an was the Book of Allah, and feared that if they told a lie in this matter, they would actually die. And they kept quiet.
(7) When the Holy Qur'an is recited (in Arabic, of course), it affects in a strange and indefinable way the heart of even a casual listener, Muslim or non-Muslim. History reports many instances of people accepting Islam merely because they happened to be passing by when the Holy Prophet ﷺ was reciting the Holy Qur'an - such was the case, for example, of the blessed Companion Jubair ibn Mut'im ؓ .
(8) The best book in the world, if read four or five times, begins to lose its charm even for the most fervent admirer. But the peculiar quality of the Holy Qur'an, and of it alone, is that the more one reads or recites it, the more eager one becomes to do so again and again. Even among the sacred books of the world, the Holy Qur'an is unique in this respect.
(9) The sacred books of many religions have been lost or no longer exist in an integral and authentic form. But Allah has promised in the Holy Qur'an that He Himself will protect this Book, and preserve it against the slightest change upto the end of time. During the fourteen centuries of the history of Islam, millions of copies, written by hand or printed, have been spread all over the globe as no other sacred book has been. But in this respect the greatest miracle of the Holy Qur'an is that in all the ages and in all the places where Muslims have lived, there have been millions of people who have known the Book by heart without the alteration of a single consonant or vowel. So, Allah has preserved His Last Book not merely in the shape of written words, but, above all in the hearts of men. Allah is Ever-Living, so will His Word live forever beyond the interference of created beings.
(10) There is no other book which should comprehend all the forms of knowledge and wisdom in so short a space as does the Holy Qur'an, fulfilling all possible spiritual needs of man, and providing him with guidance for all the spheres of his internal or external, individual or social activity.
(11) It is not merely a theoretical guidance that the Holy Qur'an has offered. Which other book, sacred or otherwise, has had such a vast and deep impact on the history of mankind in such a short time? Which other book has brought about such a radical change in the individual and collective life of millions of men within the space of a few years? For when the Holy Prophet ﷺ departed from this world, Islam had, in spite of all opposition and without the modern media of communication, already established a new order of life all over the Arabian peninsula, and within the next few decades the message of the Holy Qur'an had reached India on one side, and Spain on the other. Can such pervasiveness be anything but a miracle?
Answers to some doubts
Before we leave the subject, we may also deal with certain doubts which have been expressed with regard to the miraculous nature of the Holy Qur'an. It has, for example, been suggested that some people, at one time or another, must have taken up the challenge of the Holy Qur'an, and produced something comparable to it, but their compositions have not been preserved and have not come down to us. But the objection is fanciful. The number of people hostile to Islam has, in any age, been much larger than that of Muslims, and they have possessed far greater and much more efficacious means of publicity than Muslims ever have. If any seemingly successful attempt had been made to produce an imitation of the Holy Qur'an, it would not only have been preserved but also been widely publicised. After all, the infidels of Makkah used to bring all kinds of wild and fanatic charges against the Holy Prophet ﷺ For instance, they accused him of having learnt all that he taught from the monk, Buhira whom he had met only once in Syria; or, they imputed the Holy Qur'an to the authorship of a Roman slave who, being an alien, could not have been a master of the Arabic language and of the characteristically Arab form of eloquence - the Holy Qur'an itself has reported this calumny. But even they, for all their venom, never pretended to have produced something resembling the Holy Qur'an. Anyhow, whatever funny or flimsy attempts have been made to match the Holy Qur'an are on record in the books of history. For example, Musaylama کّذاب of Yemen, known as the Great Liar, came out with a string of obscenities as a reply to the Word of Allah, but his own people dismissed them for what they were worth. At a later date, the famous man of letters, ` Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa' thought of trying his wits against the Holy Qur'an, but soon gave up in despair.ll
11. A latter-day adventurist has been the Irish novelist James Joyce who congratulated himself on having faced up to the Challenge of the Holy Qur'an in his "Finnegans Wake". Soon recognized to be at least very funny, this book can already be seen to be going up in a smoke of jokes.
The point, however, is that if someone had really produced even three or four verses comparable to those of the Holy Qur'an, the matter could not have gone without being passed down to us at least by the enemies of Islam. Of late a different kind of objection has sometimes been raised. They say that the impossibility of successfully imitating a book does not by itself argue that it is the Word of Allah or a miracle, for poets like Shakespeare or Hafiz too have never been imitated successfully. But a miracle is, by definition, something which occurs without the like means having been employed. Every poet or writer in the world, even the greatest, is known to have undergone a process of education and training in his art, and to have made use of certain means and methods which are humanly possible. But the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، as we have said before, did not even know reading or writing, and was never interested in learning the arts of eloquence. Moreover, it is not merely a question of literary style. In considering the Holy Qur'an as a miracle, we must, above all, take into account the spiritual efficacy and. the transforming power it has, and which it has been showing these last fourteen hundred years.12
12. We may conclude this discussion by quoting a passage from the well-known scholar of comparative religion and traditional civilizations, Frithjof Schuon: The superhuman value of a revealed Book cannot be apparent in an absolute fashion from its earthly form, nor from its conceptual content alone; in reality, the Divine and therefore miraculous quality of such a Book is of an order quite other than that of the most perfect dialectic or the most brilliant poetry. This quality shows itself first of all in a richness of meanings - a feature that is incapable of being imitated - and also in what might be called the underlying divine 'magic' which shines through the formal expression and proves itself by its results in souls, and in the world, in space and in time. Only this Divine substance can explain the spiritual and theurgic efficacy of the Qura'nic verses, with its consequences in miraculously rapaid expansion of primitive Islam in the conditions in which it took place, as well as in the stability of Moslem institutions and the extraordinary fruitfulness of Islamic doctrine." ("Dimensions of Islam", London, 1970 page 55).