Tafsir al-Tustari

Sahl al-Tustari — b. 203 AH / 818 CE · d. 283 AH / 896 CE Sunni (Sufi) Early Sufi Master

Tafsir al-Tustari al-Hujurat الحُجُرَات (The Private Apartments, The Inner Apartments, The Chambers) 18 verses · Medinan

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بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
49:1 ›
۞ یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلَّذِینَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا تُقَدِّمُوا۟ بَیۡنَ یَدَیِ ٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦۖ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ سَمِیعٌ عَلِیمࣱ ۝١
Abdel Haleem
Believers, do not push yourselves forward in the presence of God and His Messenger––be mindful of God: He hears and knows all––
Sahl al-Tustari

O you who believe! Do not be forward in the presence of God and His Messenger�He said:Verily, God, Exalted is He, has instructed His believing servants in propriety (adab). The meaning is: �Do not speak before he [the Prophet] speaks�. Then when he speaks, move forward towards him, hearkening and listening to him; �and fear God, regarding the neglect of His rights, and the loss of reverence for Him. Surely God hears what you say, and knows what you do.His words:

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49:2 ›
یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلَّذِینَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا تَرۡفَعُوۤا۟ أَصۡوَ ٰتَكُمۡ فَوۡقَ صَوۡتِ ٱلنَّبِیِّ وَلَا تَجۡهَرُوا۟ لَهُۥ بِٱلۡقَوۡلِ كَجَهۡرِ بَعۡضِكُمۡ لِبَعۡضٍ أَن تَحۡبَطَ أَعۡمَـٰلُكُمۡ وَأَنتُمۡ لَا تَشۡعُرُونَ ۝٢
Abdel Haleem
believers, do not raise your voices above the Prophet’s, do not raise your voice when speaking to him as you do to one another, or your [good] deeds may be cancelled out without you knowing
Sahl al-Tustari

�and do not raise your voices above the voice of the Prophet�That is, �Do not address him except when seeking to understand [from him].� Then He explains the honour of the one who reveres Him, and says:

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49:3 ›
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِینَ یَغُضُّونَ أَصۡوَ ٰتَهُمۡ عِندَ رَسُولِ ٱللَّهِ أُو۟لَـٰۤىِٕكَ ٱلَّذِینَ ٱمۡتَحَنَ ٱللَّهُ قُلُوبَهُمۡ لِلتَّقۡوَىٰۚ لَهُم مَّغۡفِرَةࣱ وَأَجۡرٌ عَظِیمٌ ۝٣
Abdel Haleem
It is those who lower their voices in the presence of God’s Messenger whose hearts God has proved to be aware––they will have forgiveness, and a great reward––
Sahl al-Tustari

�they are the ones whose hearts God has tested for mindfulness of Him�That is, He has made their intentions pure for Him.His words:

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49:4 ›
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِینَ یُنَادُونَكَ مِن وَرَاۤءِ ٱلۡحُجُرَ ٰتِ أَكۡثَرُهُمۡ لَا یَعۡقِلُونَ ۝٤
Abdel Haleem
but most of those who shout to you [Prophet] from outside your private rooms lack understanding
49:5 ›
وَلَوۡ أَنَّهُمۡ صَبَرُوا۟ حَتَّىٰ تَخۡرُجَ إِلَیۡهِمۡ لَكَانَ خَیۡرࣰا لَّهُمۡۚ وَٱللَّهُ غَفُورࣱ رَّحِیمࣱ ۝٥
Abdel Haleem
It would have been better for them if they had waited patiently for you to come out to them but God is all forgiving and merciful
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49:6 ›
یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلَّذِینَ ءَامَنُوۤا۟ إِن جَاۤءَكُمۡ فَاسِقُۢ بِنَبَإࣲ فَتَبَیَّنُوۤا۟ أَن تُصِیبُوا۟ قَوۡمَۢا بِجَهَـٰلَةࣲ فَتُصۡبِحُوا۟ عَلَىٰ مَا فَعَلۡتُمۡ نَـٰدِمِینَ ۝٦
Abdel Haleem
Believers, if a troublemaker brings you news, check it first, in case you wrong others unwittingly and later regret what you have done
Sahl al-Tustari

�If a reprobate comes to you with some tiding�He said:The reprobate (fāsiq) is a liar (kadhdhāb). The inner meaning of the verse is to teach (taʾdīb) a person who has been informed of someone�s derogation of him, that he should not rush into exacting retribution on them, without having found out about [the matter] for himself.His words:

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49:7 ›
وَٱعۡلَمُوۤا۟ أَنَّ فِیكُمۡ رَسُولَ ٱللَّهِۚ لَوۡ یُطِیعُكُمۡ فِی كَثِیرࣲ مِّنَ ٱلۡأَمۡرِ لَعَنِتُّمۡ وَلَـٰكِنَّ ٱللَّهَ حَبَّبَ إِلَیۡكُمُ ٱلۡإِیمَـٰنَ وَزَیَّنَهُۥ فِی قُلُوبِكُمۡ وَكَرَّهَ إِلَیۡكُمُ ٱلۡكُفۡرَ وَٱلۡفُسُوقَ وَٱلۡعِصۡیَانَۚ أُو۟لَـٰۤىِٕكَ هُمُ ٱلرَّ ٰشِدُونَ ۝٧
Abdel Haleem
and be aware that it is God’s Messenger who is among you: in many matters you would certainly suffer if he were to follow your wishes. God has endeared faith to you and made it beautiful to your hearts; He has made disbelief, mischief, and disobedience hateful to you. It is people like this who are rightly guide
Sahl al-Tustari

�God had endeared faith to you and made it beautiful to your hearts�He said:As a kindness (ʿaṭf) from Him, He singled out your hearts for His worship and endowed them with sincerity. [This is so] because being singled out (istikhlāṣ) is from His kindness (ʿaṭf), while [your] sincerity (ikhlāṣ) is His right (ḥaqq). A servant cannot fulfil His right save through His kindness in granting him assistance through the means of faith (asbāb al-īmān), which are the irrefutable proofs and wondrous signs (āyāt muʿjiza).His words:�He has made disbelief, mischief and disobedience hateful to you�due to the fear of His abhorrent punishment.His words:

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49:8 ›
فَضۡلࣰا مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَنِعۡمَةࣰۚ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِیمٌ حَكِیمࣱ ۝٨
Abdel Haleem
through God’s favour and blessing: God is all knowing and all wise
Sahl al-Tustari

[that is] a favour from God and a blessing�He said:God has favoured them by that which He initially granted them, and He has guided them to Him with various kinds of proximity (qurb) and intimacy (zulf).His words:

49:9 ›
وَإِن طَاۤىِٕفَتَانِ مِنَ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنِینَ ٱقۡتَتَلُوا۟ فَأَصۡلِحُوا۟ بَیۡنَهُمَاۖ فَإِنۢ بَغَتۡ إِحۡدَىٰهُمَا عَلَى ٱلۡأُخۡرَىٰ فَقَـٰتِلُوا۟ ٱلَّتِی تَبۡغِی حَتَّىٰ تَفِیۤءَ إِلَىٰۤ أَمۡرِ ٱللَّهِۚ فَإِن فَاۤءَتۡ فَأَصۡلِحُوا۟ بَیۡنَهُمَا بِٱلۡعَدۡلِ وَأَقۡسِطُوۤا۟ۖ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ یُحِبُّ ٱلۡمُقۡسِطِینَ ۝٩
Abdel Haleem
If two groups of the believers fight, you [believers] should try to reconcile them; if one of them is [clearly] oppressing the other, fight the oppressors until they submit to God’s command, then make a just and even-handed reconciliation between the two of them: God loves those who are even-handed
Sahl al-Tustari

If two parties of believers fall to fighting, you [believers] make peace between them�He said:The outward meaning of the verse is as those specialised in exegesis have explained. However, in its inner meaning it refers to the spirit (rūḥ), intellect (ʿaql), heart (qalb), basic nature (ṭabʿ), desire (hawā) and lust (shahwa). If natural instinct, desire and lust take up arms against the heart, intellect and spirit, the servant must fight them with the swords of vigilance (murāqaba), the arrows of inspection (muṭālaʿa) and the lights of conformity (muwāfaqa), so that the spirit and the intellect gain the upper hand, and desire and lust are vanquished.His words:

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49:10 ›
إِنَّمَا ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ إِخۡوَةࣱ فَأَصۡلِحُوا۟ بَیۡنَ أَخَوَیۡكُمۡۚ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تُرۡحَمُونَ ۝١٠
Abdel Haleem
The believers are brothers, so make peace between your two brothers and be mindful of God, so that you may be given mercy
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49:11 ›
یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلَّذِینَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا یَسۡخَرۡ قَوۡمࣱ مِّن قَوۡمٍ عَسَىٰۤ أَن یَكُونُوا۟ خَیۡرࣰا مِّنۡهُمۡ وَلَا نِسَاۤءࣱ مِّن نِّسَاۤءٍ عَسَىٰۤ أَن یَكُنَّ خَیۡرࣰا مِّنۡهُنَّۖ وَلَا تَلۡمِزُوۤا۟ أَنفُسَكُمۡ وَلَا تَنَابَزُوا۟ بِٱلۡأَلۡقَـٰبِۖ بِئۡسَ الْاِسْمُ ٱلۡفُسُوقُ بَعۡدَ ٱلۡإِیمَـٰنِۚ وَمَن لَّمۡ یَتُبۡ فَأُو۟لَـٰۤىِٕكَ هُمُ ٱلظَّـٰلِمُونَ ۝١١
Abdel Haleem
Believers, no one group of men should jeer at another, who may after all be better than them; no one group of women should jeer at another, who may after all be better than them; do not speak ill of one another; do not use offensive nicknames for one another. How bad it is to be called a mischief-maker after accepting faith! Those who do not repent of this behaviour are evildoers
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49:12 ›
یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلَّذِینَ ءَامَنُوا۟ ٱجۡتَنِبُوا۟ كَثِیرࣰا مِّنَ ٱلظَّنِّ إِنَّ بَعۡضَ ٱلظَّنِّ إِثۡمࣱۖ وَلَا تَجَسَّسُوا۟ وَلَا یَغۡتَب بَّعۡضُكُم بَعۡضًاۚ أَیُحِبُّ أَحَدُكُمۡ أَن یَأۡكُلَ لَحۡمَ أَخِیهِ مَیۡتࣰا فَكَرِهۡتُمُوهُۚ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ تَوَّابࣱ رَّحِیمࣱ ۝١٢
Abdel Haleem
Believers, avoid making too many assumptions- some assumptions are sinful- and do not spy on one another or speak ill of people behind their backs: would any of you like to eat the flesh of your dead brother? No, you would hate it. So be mindful of God: God is ever relenting, most merciful
Sahl al-Tustari

�Shun much suspicion�He said:That is, �Do not discredit anyone [by holding] a bad opinion (sūʾ al-ẓann) about them without [knowing] the truth (ḥaqīqa) [of the matter].� Indeed the Prophet said: �The most untruthful of reports is that of opinion (ẓann).� Then Sahl said:Bad opinion comes from ignorance and pertains to the natural self (nafs al-ṭabʿ). The most ignorant person is the one who estranges his heart [from God] without being aware of it. Indeed, God, Exalted is He, has said: And that suspicion of yours which you held about your Lord has ruined you, so you have become among the losers. [41:23] Certainly, the servant is deprived of blessed provision and prayer at night because of bad opinion.One night a man, one of [God�s] servants, slept through [and missed] his customary rite (wird) and felt regret over it. [He] was asked: �Do you feel regret about [missing] that which you are wont to perform?� He replied, �I do not feel regret because of that, but rather because of the sin through which I became deprived of that good [deed].�Sahl was asked, �What is the meaning of the Prophet�s words : �Be on your guard with people, [by holding a] bad opinion (sūʾ al-ẓann).�� He replied:The meaning of this is [that protection from people] is [gained by holding a] bad opinion of yourself, not of other people. In other words, accuse your own self for not treating them fairly in your dealings with them. His words:�and do not spy�He said:That is, �Do not search out the faults that God has covered for His servants, for you may well be afflicted by that [fault].It was related of Jesus that he used to say, �Do not speak too much other than in remembranceof God, Mighty and Majestic is He, for your hearts will be hardened, and the heart that is hard is far from God. Do not regard the faults of people as if you were their masters, but look at your own works as if they were your slaves.

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49:13 ›
یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلنَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقۡنَـٰكُم مِّن ذَكَرࣲ وَأُنثَىٰ وَجَعَلۡنَـٰكُمۡ شُعُوبࣰا وَقَبَاۤىِٕلَ لِتَعَارَفُوۤا۟ۚ إِنَّ أَكۡرَمَكُمۡ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ أَتۡقَىٰكُمۡۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَلِیمٌ خَبِیرࣱ ۝١٣
Abdel Haleem
People, We created you all from a single man and a single woman, and made you into races and tribes so that you should recognize one another. In God’s eyes, the most honoured of you are the ones most mindful of Him: God is all knowing, all aware
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49:14 ›
۞ قَالَتِ ٱلۡأَعۡرَابُ ءَامَنَّاۖ قُل لَّمۡ تُؤۡمِنُوا۟ وَلَـٰكِن قُولُوۤا۟ أَسۡلَمۡنَا وَلَمَّا یَدۡخُلِ ٱلۡإِیمَـٰنُ فِی قُلُوبِكُمۡۖ وَإِن تُطِیعُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ لَا یَلِتۡكُم مِّنۡ أَعۡمَـٰلِكُمۡ شَیۡءًاۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورࣱ رَّحِیمٌ ۝١٤
Abdel Haleem
The desert Arabs say, ‘We have faith.’ [Prophet], tell them, ‘You do not have faith. What you should say instead is, “We have submitted,” for faith has not yet entered your hearts.’ If you obey God and His Messenger, He will not diminish any of your deeds: He is most forgiving and most merciful
Sahl al-Tustari

�Say, �You do not have faith; rather say, �We have submitted��� He said:This means [they should admit], �We [only] affirmed [the faith] from fear of being taken captive or killed; for faith (īmān) is in the truthful affirmation of the tongue (iqrār al-lisān ṣidqan), and certainty within the heart as a binding pact [with God] (īqān fī�l-qalb ʿaqdan), along with the realisation (taḥqīq) of these through the bodily members with sincerity (ikhlāṣ). Faith (īmān) has nothing to do with affiliations (ansāb); rather affiliations are only a part of Islam. The Muslim is beloved of people but the believer is in no need (ghanī) of people. His words:

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49:15 ›
إِنَّمَا ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ ٱلَّذِینَ ءَامَنُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِۦ ثُمَّ لَمۡ یَرۡتَابُوا۟ وَجَـٰهَدُوا۟ بِأَمۡوَ ٰلِهِمۡ وَأَنفُسِهِمۡ فِی سَبِیلِ ٱللَّهِۚ أُو۟لَـٰۤىِٕكَ هُمُ ٱلصَّـٰدِقُونَ ۝١٥
Abdel Haleem
The true believers are the ones who have faith in God and His Messenger and leave all doubt behind, the ones who have struggled with their possessions and their persons in God’s way: they are the ones who are true
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Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.

49:16 ›
قُلۡ أَتُعَلِّمُونَ ٱللَّهَ بِدِینِكُمۡ وَٱللَّهُ یَعۡلَمُ مَا فِی ٱلسَّمَـٰوَ ٰتِ وَمَا فِی ٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ وَٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَیۡءٍ عَلِیمࣱ ۝١٦
Abdel Haleem
Say, ‘Do you presume to teach God about your religion, when God knows everything in the heavens and earth, and He has full knowledge of all things?’
Connections 2 single-source 2 commentators

Multi-source connections

No verses on this ayah are cited by 2 or more commentators using numeric S:A notation. All extracted references come from a single source's commentary.

Single-source mentions (2) cited by only one commentator
By commentator who cites how many verses on this ayah

Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.

49:17 ›
یَمُنُّونَ عَلَیۡكَ أَنۡ أَسۡلَمُوا۟ۖ قُل لَّا تَمُنُّوا۟ عَلَیَّ إِسۡلَـٰمَكُمۖ بَلِ ٱللَّهُ یَمُنُّ عَلَیۡكُمۡ أَنۡ هَدَىٰكُمۡ لِلۡإِیمَـٰنِ إِن كُنتُمۡ صَـٰدِقِینَ ۝١٧
Abdel Haleem
They think they have done you [Prophet] a favour by submitting. Say, ‘Do not consider your submission a favour to me; it is God who has done you a favour, by guiding you to faith, if you are truly sincere.’
Sahl al-Tustari

They deem it to be a favour to you that they have submitted�Namely, that they affirmed as true that to which you were summoning them. (Say) ��Rather it is God who has done you a favour in that He has guided you to faith, if you are being truthful,�that is, if you are aware that it is God who blessed you with guidance from the beginning.Sahl said:I practised scrupulous piety (waraʿ) for forty years and it happened that [my] attention was turned from me ⸢towards Him⸣ and He corrected me with His words: They deem it to be a favour to you that they have submitted. But God Glorified and Exalted is He knows best.His words, Exalted is He:

Connections 2 single-source 2 commentators

Multi-source connections

No verses on this ayah are cited by 2 or more commentators using numeric S:A notation. All extracted references come from a single source's commentary.

Single-source mentions (2) cited by only one commentator
By commentator who cites how many verses on this ayah

Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.

49:18 ›
إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ یَعۡلَمُ غَیۡبَ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَ ٰتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ وَٱللَّهُ بَصِیرُۢ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُونَ ۝١٨
Abdel Haleem
God knows the secrets of the heavens and earth: He sees everything you do
Connections 2 single-source 2 commentators

Multi-source connections

No verses on this ayah are cited by 2 or more commentators using numeric S:A notation. All extracted references come from a single source's commentary.

Single-source mentions (2) cited by only one commentator
By commentator who cites how many verses on this ayah

Note: these connections are extracted from numeric S:A references inside the commentary text and are therefore biased toward mufassirun who use that notation. Prose-style references (e.g. "Surat al-Baqarah verse 30") will be added later, which should surface additional multi-source consensus.

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