Tafsir al-Tustari

Sahl al-Tustari — b. 203 AH / 818 CE · d. 283 AH / 896 CE Sunni (Sufi) Early Sufi Master

Tafsir al-Tustari al-Fajr الفَجْر (The Dawn, Daybreak) 30 verses · Meccan

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بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
89:1 ›
وَالْفَجْرِ
Abdel Haleem
By the Daybreak
Sahl al-Tustari

By the daybreak,He said:In its outward meaning, daybreak (fajr) refers to the dawn (subḥ).

Connections 7 single-source 2 commentators

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89:2 ›
وَلَيَالٍ عَشْرٍ
Abdel Haleem
by the Ten Nights
Sahl al-Tustari

and by the ten nights,His words:[In its outer meaning] it refers to the [first] ten nights of Dhū al-Ḥijja, which are the Well-known Days.

Connections 7 single-source 2 commentators

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89:3 ›
وَالشَّفْعِ وَالْوَتْرِ
Abdel Haleem
by the even and the odd
Sahl al-Tustari

and by the even,[That is], Adam and Eve. It has also been said that it refers to all that God has created as opposites,such as the night and day, light and darkness, and death and life; and the odd: this [refers to] God, Exalted is He.

Connections 4 multi-source 10 single-source 4 commentators

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89:4 ›
وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَسْرِ
Abdel Haleem
by the passing night––
Sahl al-Tustari

and by the night when it passes away!Night is the Night of the Assembly (laylat al-jamʿ): it passes away along with all that is in it.[89:1�4]He said:The inner meaning of [the verses] is [the following: By the dawn [89:1] refers to Muḥammad , from whom the lights of faith, the lights of acts of obedience and the lights of the two worlds of existence gushed forth (tafajjarat); and by the ten nights, [89:2] [refers to] the ten Companions, regarding whom [the Prophet] testified [that they would] enter Paradise; by the even, [refers to] the obligatory practice (farḍ) and the Sunna; and the odd [89:3], [refers to having] the intention of sincerity (nīyat al-ikhlāṣ) towards God, Exalted is He, in all acts of obedience, without regard for anyone else during them. And by the night when it passes away [89:4], [refers to] the Prophet�s nation and the �great blackness� (sawād aʿẓam), as [was mentioned by the Prophet when] he said, �On the night I was taken on the journey, I saw a great blackness from heaven to earth, so I asked, �What is this blackness, O Gabriel?� He replied, �This is your nation (umma), and there are belonging to you seventy thousand among them who will enter Paradise [directly] without reckoning (ḥisāb). They are not harmed by misdeeds (khaṭāyā), they did not becometainted in this life, and they are cognisant only of God.� Thus has God sworn an oath by him, his Companions and his nation.That which is sworn to by the oath is:

Connections 13 single-source 3 commentators

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89:5 ›
هَلْ فِي ذَٰلِكَ قَسَمٌ لِّذِي حِجْرٍ
Abdel Haleem
is this oath strong enough for a rational person
Connections 10 single-source 2 commentators

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89:6 ›
أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِعَادٍ
Abdel Haleem
Have you [Prophet] considered how your Lord dealt with [the people] of 'Ad
Connections 9 single-source 2 commentators

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89:7 ›
إِرَمَ ذَاتِ الْعِمَادِ
Abdel Haleem
of Iram, [the city] of lofty pillars
Connections 6 single-source 1 commentator

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89:8 ›
الَّتِي لَمْ يُخْلَقْ مِثْلُهَا فِي الْبِلَادِ
Abdel Haleem
whose like has never been made in any land
Connections 6 single-source 1 commentator

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89:9 ›
وَثَمُودَ الَّذِينَ جَابُوا الصَّخْرَ بِالْوَادِ
Abdel Haleem
and the Thamud, who hewed into the rocks in the valley
Connections 6 single-source 1 commentator

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89:10 ›
وَفِرْعَوْنَ ذِي الْأَوْتَادِ
Abdel Haleem
and the mighty and powerful Pharaoh
Connections 6 single-source 1 commentator

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89:11 ›
الَّذِينَ طَغَوْا فِي الْبِلَادِ
Abdel Haleem
All of them committed excesses in their lands
Connections 6 single-source 1 commentator

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89:12 ›
فَأَكْثَرُوا فِيهَا الْفَسَادَ
Abdel Haleem
and spread corruption there
Connections 6 single-source 1 commentator

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89:13 ›
فَصَبَّ عَلَيْهِمْ رَبُّكَ سَوْطَ عَذَابٍ
Abdel Haleem
your Lord let a scourge of punishment loose on them
Connections 6 single-source 1 commentator

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89:14 ›
إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَبِالْمِرْصَادِ
Abdel Haleem
Your Lord is always watchful
Sahl al-Tustari

Assuredly your Lord is ever watchful.This means: the path of every person leads to Him. He will then reward them for their deeds and they will either be saved or otherwise. And He [elsewhere] says that He will position a patrol (raṣad) of angels with ⸢hooks (kalālīb) and⸣ pikes (ḥasak) on the Traverse over Hell (jisr jahannam), who will question people concerning the religious obligations (farāʾiḍ).

Connections 6 single-source 1 commentator

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No verses on this ayah are cited by 2 or more commentators using numeric S:A notation. All extracted references come from a single source's commentary.

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89:15 ›
فَأَمَّا الْإِنسَانُ إِذَا مَا ابْتَلَاهُ رَبُّهُ فَأَكْرَمَهُ وَنَعَّمَهُ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّي أَكْرَمَنِ
Abdel Haleem
[The nature of] man is that, when his Lord tries him through honour and blessings, he says, ‘My Lord has honoured me,’
Sahl al-Tustari

And as for man, whenever his Lord tries him with honour and blessings, he says, �My Lord has honoured me.�He said:This means, there will be among the believers one who, when his Lord tests him with blessings, says, �My Lord has honoured me in the abundance (saʿa) and provision (rizq) that He has given me.� However, this is really a way of leaving him to degenerate further (istidrāj), and a source of delusion (ightirār). Indeed, Ḥasan once said, �The servant remains in a good state as long as he is aware of that which corrupts his works. Among them [God�s servants] is he whose [action] is made to appear beautiful to him, and among them is he who has been dominated by lust (shahwa).

Connections 2 single-source 1 commentator

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89:16 ›
وَأَمَّا إِذَا مَا ابْتَلَاهُ فَقَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ رِزْقَهُ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّي أَهَانَنِ
Abdel Haleem
but when He tries him through the restriction of his provision, he says, ‘My Lord has humiliated me.’
Sahl al-Tustari

But when He tests him and restricts His provision for him�That is, He stints (qatara) His provision for him, �he says, �My Lord has humiliated me� through poverty (faqr). But God says:

Connections 2 single-source 1 commentator

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89:17 ›
كَلَّا بَل لَّا تُكْرِمُونَ الْيَتِيمَ
Abdel Haleem
No indeed! You [people] do not honour orphans
Sahl al-Tustari

�Not so!���I did not try him with wealth to honour him (karāma), nor did I try him with poverty to make him despicable to Me (hawān)�. It has been related that Fatḥ al-Mawṣilī, who was fasting on returning home to his family after the night prayer, said: �Give me some supper.� They answered that they did not have anything to give him for supper. He asked, �Why are you sitting in the dark?� They replied, �We don�t have any oil with which to light the lamp.�He said:Then he wept for joy and continued to do so until morning saying, �O God! Does someone like me get left without supper and without light? O Master, which of my hands was responsible for this?� His words, Exalted is He:

Connections 2 single-source 1 commentator

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89:18 ›
وَلَا تَحَاضُّونَ عَلَىٰ طَعَامِ الْمِسْكِينِ
Abdel Haleem
you do not urge one another to feed the poor
Connections 2 single-source 1 commentator

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89:19 ›
وَتَأْكُلُونَ التُّرَاثَ أَكْلًا لَّمًّا
Abdel Haleem
you consume inheritance greedily
Connections 2 single-source 1 commentator

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89:20 ›
وَتُحِبُّونَ الْمَالَ حُبًّا جَمًّا
Abdel Haleem
and you love wealth with a passion
Connections 2 single-source 1 commentator

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89:21 ›
كَلَّا إِذَا دُكَّتِ الْأَرْضُ دَكًّا دَكًّا
Abdel Haleem
No indeed! When the earth is pounded to dust, pounded and pounded
Connections 1 single-source 1 commentator

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89:22 ›
وَجَاءَ رَبُّكَ وَالْمَلَكُ صَفًّا صَفًّا
Abdel Haleem
when your Lord comes with the angels, rank upon rank
Connections 1 single-source 1 commentator

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89:23 ›
وَجِيءَ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِجَهَنَّمَ يَوْمَئِذٍ يَتَذَكَّرُ الْإِنسَانُ وَأَنَّىٰ لَهُ الذِّكْرَىٰ
Abdel Haleem
when Hell is that Day brought near- on that Day man will take heed, but what good will that be to him then
89:24 ›
يَقُولُ يَا لَيْتَنِي قَدَّمْتُ لِحَيَاتِي
Abdel Haleem
He will say, ‘Would that I had provided for this life to come!’
89:25 ›
فَيَوْمَئِذٍ لَّا يُعَذِّبُ عَذَابَهُ أَحَدٌ
Abdel Haleem
On that Day, no one will punish as He punishes
89:26 ›
وَلَا يُوثِقُ وَثَاقَهُ أَحَدٌ
Abdel Haleem
and no one will bind as He binds
89:27 ›
يَا أَيَّتُهَا النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئِنَّةُ
Abdel Haleem
‘[But] you, soul at peace
Sahl al-Tustari

O soul at peace!He said:This speech addresses the spiritual self (nafs al-rūḥ), through which the natural self has its life, at peace is [its] affirming God�s reward and His punishment.

Connections 1 multi-source 2 commentators

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89:28 ›
ارْجِعِي إِلَىٰ رَبِّكِ رَاضِيَةً مَّرْضِيَّةً
Abdel Haleem
return to your Lord well pleased and well pleasing
Sahl al-Tustari

Return to your Lord, pleased and pleasing.by way of the Hereafter, pleased with God through God, pleasing, due to its tranquil repose (sukūn) in God, Mighty and Majestic is He.

Connections 1 multi-source 2 commentators

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89:29 ›
فَادْخُلِي فِي عِبَادِي
Abdel Haleem
go in among My servants
Sahl al-Tustari

Then enter among My servants.That is, among the company of My friends (awliyāʾ), who are My servants in truth (ḥaqqan).

Connections 2 single-source 1 commentator

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89:30 ›
وَادْخُلِي جَنَّتِي
Abdel Haleem
and into My Garden.’
Sahl al-Tustari

And enter My paradise.Sahl said:Paradise is actually two paradises. One of them is the Garden itself, and the other is life with Life itself (ḥayāt bi-ḥayāt) and permanent subsistence with Permanent Subsistence itself. Similarly it has been related in a report that the angels say to those solely devoted to Him (munfaridūn) on the Day of Resurrection, �Proceed to your resting places in Paradise�, to which they say, �What is Paradise to us when we have devoted ourselves solely to [Him] because of a special understanding (maʿnā) which has been [granted] to us from Him? We do not want anything save Him � that is the only good life (ḥayāt ṭayyiba).� And God knows best.His words, Exalted is He:

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